Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Snowstorm in Ulanqab City in Recent 30 Years

Based on the data of daily snowfall and weather phenomena of 11 national meteorological stations in Ulanqab City from 1991 to 2020,the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of snowstorm were analyzed.The results show that the snowstorm in Ulanqab had obvious seasonal distribution characteristics,mainly happening in spring(March-May)and autumn(September-November).It also had obvious regional distribution in space,and the snowstorm center appeared in Chahar Right Wing Middle Banner and Jining District,namely the east side of the Yinshan Mountain.In the past 30 years,the amount of snowstorm in the whole year in Ulanqab showed a certain fluctuation trend,and the number of snowstorm days had shown an obvious upward trend since 2011.

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.

Types, Metallogenic Environments and Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Copper Deposits in China

Based upon a comprehensive study of 123 copper deposits in China. this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1. The crust in China was solidified pretty late; with the accretion of the plate, the copper mineralization moved towards its margin in space and became successively younger in age. 2. The major copper ore types ever found in the world have mostly been discovered in China, in which the porphyry type seems to be the most important and the massive sulfide type in the transitional bed between marine clastic and carbonate rocks is clearly defined. 3. Carbonate strata are widespread in China and their deposition lasted for a long geological period, so the proportion of copper deposits occurring in them is large as compared with other parts of the world. 4. Seven metallogenic epochs can be recognized, in which the Mesozoic one plays the leading role and the middle(late) Palaeozoic and Cenozoic ones are next in importance. Mineralization was comparatively simple in the early geological period. and became diversified later on. In the early epochs copper deposits related to basaltic magmatism and metamorphosed marine sediments predominated, whereas in the later epochs those related to granitic magmatism and continental sedimentation were dominant. 5. There exist in China thirteen metallogenic provinces, of which the Lower Yangtze downwarping belt, Sanjiang fold system, Jiangnan axis and Xikang-Yunnan axis are of greater significance. 6. The crustal mobility in China was rather pronounced, the polycyclic evolution of the crust has resulted in such obvious phenomena as the inheritance of mineralization, the coexistence of various types and the superposition of different genetic types.

Multifractal characteristics and spatial variability of soil particle-size distribution in different land use patterns in a small catchment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China

Characterizing soil particle-size distribution is a key measure towards soil property.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the multifractal characteristics of soil particle-size distribution among different land-use from a purple soil catchment and to generalize the spatial variation trend of multifractal parameters across the catchment.A total of 84 soil samples were collected from four kinds of land use patterns(dry land,orchard,paddy,and forest)in an agricultural catchment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China.The multifractal analysis method was applied to quantitatively characterize the soil particle size distribution.Six soil particle size distribution(PSD)multifractal parameters(D(0),D(1),D(2),(35)a(q),(35)f[a(q)],α(0))were computed.Additionally,a geostatistical analysis was employed to reveal the spatial differentiation and map the spatial distribution of these parameters.Evident multifractal characteristics were found.The trend of generalized dimension spectrum of four land use patterns was basically consistent with the range of 0.8 to 2.0.However,orchard showed the largest monotonic decline,while the forest demonstrated the smallest decrease.D(0)of the four land use patterns were ranked as:dry land<orchard<forest<paddy,the order of D(1)was:dry land<paddy<orchard<forest,D(2)presented a rand-size relationship as dry land<forest<paddy<orchard.Furthermore,all land-use patterns presented asΔf[α(q)]<0.The rand-size relationship ofα(0)was same as D(0).The best-fitting model for D(0),D(1),D(2)andΔf[α(q)]was spherical model,forΔα(q)was gaussian model,and forα(0)was exponential model with structure variance ratio was 1.03%,49.83%,0.84%,1.48%,22.20%and 10.60%,respectively.The results showed that soil particles of each land use pattern were distributed unevenly.The multifractal parameters under different land use have significant differences,except forΔα(q).Differences in the composition of soil particles lead to differences in the multifractal properties even though they belong to the same soil texture.Farming behavior may refine particles and enhance the heterogeneity of soil particle distribution.Our results provide an effective reference for quantifying the impact of human activities on soil system in the Three Gorges Reservoir region.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Surface Tidal Currents in the Southwest of Taiwan Strait

This study was conducted on the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of current data obtained by two high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR) systems. The analysis shows that the tidal current pattern in the southwestern Taiwan Strait is primarily semi-diurnal and influenced significantly by shallow water constituents. The spatial distribution of tidal current ellipses of M2 is probably affected by the interaction between two different systems of tide wave, one from the northern mouth of Taiwan Strait and the other from the Bashi Channel. The directions of the major axes of M2 tidal current ellipses coincide roughly with the axis of the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of the magnitudes of the probable maximum current velocity(PMCS) shows gradual increase of the velocity from northeast to southwest, which is in accordance with the spatial distribution of the measured maximum current velocity(MMCS). The directions of the residual currents are in accordance with the direction of the prevailing monsoon wind at the Taiwan Strait and the direction of the Taiwan warm current during summer. The bathymetry also shows a significant effect on the spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents.

Numerical modeling calculation for the spatial distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions

Applying 3-dimension finite difference method, the distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions for rectangular conductor have been computed, and the law of distribution for Re-part and Im-part has been given. The influences of source field period, the conductivity, the buried depth and the length of the conductor on the transfer functions were studied. The extrema of transfer functions appear at the center, the four corners and around the edges of conductor, and move with the edges. This feature demonstrates that around the edges are best places for transfer functions' observation.

Research on the Variation of Population Distribution and Its Characteristics Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Method: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region in Jiangxi Province

According to Statistical Yearbook of Jiangxi Province(2001～2006),We analyze the time-space variation of population distribution of Poyang Lake region from the two points of view.The former is quality of population,which involves culture structure,occupational structure,age structure and sex structure of population.The latter is quantity of population,which only involves the amount of population.Furthermore,we can reveal the internal relations and action mechanism of variation of population distribution by analyzing the regional economic development,population urbanization,land use and ecological landscape of Poyang Lake region.It is important to provide help for region planning,ecological landscape planning and environmental protection by correct understanding the man-land relationship of natural-human ecosystem in Poyang Lake region.

General Patterns of Spatial Distribution of the Integral Characteristics of Benthic Macrofauna of the Northwestern Pacific and Biological Structure of Ocean

Horizontal (geographic) and vertical (geonemic) spatial distribution of the integral properties of a large multispecies assemblage (1306 species of fish and invertebrate with body size ≥ 1 cm) from northwest Pacific sea bottom is investigated. There are total number and biomass, average animal size (mean individual weight), species diversity (Shannon’s index) and its components: species richness and evenness (Pielou’s index), i.e. generalized parameters describing benthic macrofauna as a whole. Correlations of these parameters with distance from shore and depth have been found as well as very weak latitudinal zonality display in the region. Even such well-known generalization as Humboldt-Wallace’s law and Bergman’s rule has no noticeable manifestations here. Earlier similar, but not identical, regularities were discovered in the northwest Pacific pelagic water layer. Collation of what there is in the two different sea zones results in new supplements to Zenkevich-Bogorov’s concept of biological structure of the ocean.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Characteristic Towns in Jiangxi Province Based on GIS

Taking 66 characteristic towns in Jiangxi Province as sample data,this study divided these characteristic towns into three categories:ecotourism type,historic culture type,and characteristic industry type according to the nature of development,and analyzed their spatial distribution characteristics with the help of methods of quantitative geography and GIS spatial analysis.The research showed that:(1) the spatial distribution of characteristic towns in Jiangxi Province was concentrated;(2) from the perspective of city scale,the distribution of characteristic towns was concentrated and uneven;(3) there were two high-density gathering areas of Jiujiang and Yingtan and three secondary dense areas of Xinyu,Ganzhou,and Pingxiang;(4) the construction of various characteristic towns was highly correlated with regional economic development scale and population density.

Trace elements spatial distribution characteristics,risk assessment and potential source identification in surface water from Honghu Lake,China

Five trace elements including Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and As were investigated in surface water from ten typical sampling sites in Honghu Lake. The consequence indicated that all of the detected trace element levels were within the allowed standard of China’s safe water guideline. The hazard quotients （HQ） and the hazard index （HI） value levels of all the five heavy metals in all sampling sites did not exceed the acceptable risk limits of non-carcinogenic value through the selected assessment method. Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis （PCA） indicated that Zn and Cu mainly originated from the natural alluviation and non-point agricultural sources, whereas Cr and As were mainly derived from industrial effluents. Moreover, Cd mainly originated from both non-point agricultural and industrial pollution sources. In addition, cluster analysis （CA） implied that cluster 1 （including S3, S5, S6 and S10） was considered the set of high pollution sites and cluster 2 （including S4 and S9） was identified as the set of moderate pollution sites.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND TYPES OF APRIL-SEPTEMBER RAINFALL IN THE PEARL RIVER BASIN

With rainfall data of 51 stations in April - September in the Pearl River basin during 1954 - 2003, we have applied the Principal Component Analysis method to research the spatial distribution characteristics of April - September rainfall. The results reveal the following. In the Pearl River basin, there is different precipitation varying from 600 mm to 1900 mm in April - September and precipitation decreases gradually from southeast to northwest. The standard deviation distribution decreases gradually from east to west on the whole. The rainfall distribution of the Pearl River basin has five main types： Type I： there is flood （drought） in the whole region, Type Ⅱ： there is flood （drought） in the north and drought （flood） in the south, Type IlI： there is flood （drought） in the east and drought （flood） in the west, Type IV： there id flood （drought） in the central part and drought （flood） in the east and west, and Type V： there is flood （drought） in center and drought （flood） in north and south. The types of the flood （drought） in the whole region and flood （drought） in the north and drought （flood） in the south appear much more than the others, being 64% of the total. From the 10-year moving average, it is seen that rainfall between April and September in the Pearl River basin region is mainly dry in 1983 - 1992, and mainly dry in the east and wet in the west in 1967 - 1971 and wet in the east and dryin the west in 1979.

Distribution Characteristics and Optimization Strategies of Spatial Attractiveness of the Roof Garden in Meilecheng Commercial Complex of Handan City

With the rapid development of urban commercial complex in China,its roof garden becomes an important container for outdoor consumption and activities as the link between itself and the city,and more and more attention has been paid to its attractiveness.First,roof garden of Handan Meilecheng is taken as research object,and quantitative method of spatial attractiveness is established based on the number of spontaneous and chain activities and their intensity score.On this basis,data are collected via field investigation,and spatial attractiveness of roof garden of Meilecheng is quantified,and its distribution characteristics are summarized.Second,the cause of the characteristics formation is explained from the perspective of built environment elements.Finally,corresponding optimization strategies are proposed from four aspects:setting of landscape platform,increase of interest in sculpture sketches,design of space boundary,and improvement of spatial accessibility,which could provide reference for planning,design and transformation of roof garden of commercial complex in the future.

Research on Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Bars and Their Influence on Surrounding Residents:A Case Study of Hongling Area in Shenzhen

This paper took the bar space in Hongling area of Shenzhen as the research object,analyzed the relationship between the distribution of bars and urban commercial buildings,traffic stations,residential areas,hotels and guesthouses.It also analyzed the impact of bars on urban residents in terms of noise,crime and traffic congestion.The study found that the location of bars was closely related to urban commercial centers,traffic stations,residential areas,hotels and guesthouses,the occurrence of noise and criminal cases was also highly related to bars;and the distribution of bars had an impact on traffic congestion to a certain extent.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Tibet

This paper takes seven cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region as the study area,and collects data from more than 20 monitoring stations covering the Tibet Autonomous Region in the ambient air quality online monitoring platform to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_(2),NO_(2),CO and O_(3)MAD 8(ozone daily maximum 8-h average).The results show that(1)the multi-year average PM_(2.5)concentration in Tibet Autonomous Region is 12.03μg/m^(3);the multi-year average PM_(10)concentration is 28.27μg/m^(3);the multi-year average CO concentration is 0.59 mg/m^(3);the multi-year average NO_(2)concentration is 12.34μg/m^(3);the multi-year average SO_(2)concentration is 7.00μg/m^(3);the multi-year average value of O_(3)is 89.54μg/m^(3).The concentrations of atmospheric pollutants all meet the primary concentration limits of the Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB 3095-2012).(2)The air environment in the Tibet Autonomous Region in spring is relatively poor,with about 20%of excellent days and 80%of good days.The air environment is relatively good in summer,autumn and winter,with about 65%-87%of excellent days and 35%-13%of good days.The air environment quality of Tibet Autonomous Region is excellent:winter>autumn>summer>spring,and good:spring>summer>autumn>winter.(3)Except for NO_(2)which is more influenced by automobile exhaust and SO_(2)which is more influenced by man-made source in winter,the ambient air quality in Tibet Autonomous Region is less influenced by industry.The variability characteristics of the six atmospheric pollutants studied in this paper are strongly correlated with the unique natural environment of Tibet(air pressure,altitude,wind speed,temperature,precipitation,solar radiation,etc).

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in Northern Guangxi Based on Spatiotemporal Big Data and Spatial Syntax

Public space as an extension of private living spaces carries the different social life and customs of human settlement.To analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages in northern Guangxi based on spatial syntax and its influencing factors,this paper analyzed and compared the spatial structure and morphology of traditional villages in northern Guangxi by using the theory of spatial syntax and linguistics as the quantitative analysis method of spatial syntax,and verified the feasibility of expanding the application of spatial syntax,finally,the generality and characteristics of the spatial structure and form of traditional villages in northern Guangxi were put forward.Protection has been implemented.According to the comprehensibility data in this paper,the comprehensibility of the village 1 in northern Guangxi is 0.52,the village 2 is 0.40,the village 3 is 0.35,the village 4 is 0.48,the village 5 is 0.55 and the village 6 is 0.50.It showed that in the selected 6 village samples,except for the 3 ones in northern Guangxi,the local space of the other 3 villages could better perceive the overall space,which also reflected the overall space permeability of most traditional villages in northern Guangxi was good.

Study on Air Quality and Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2021

Atmosphere is the basic environmental element on which human beings depend for survival and development,and its environmental quality is directly related to sustainable socio-economic development.China is currently in a period of accelerated urbanization,accompanied by industrialization and urbanization bringing environmental pollution problems more and more prominent.Therefore,it is particularly important to strengthen the management of atmospheric quality and improve the level of atmospheric environment.To this end,the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of AQI and six types of air pollutants in eight prefecture-level cities were analysed and studied using the month-by-month air quality monitoring data of Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2021.The results show that:(1)according to the Ambient Air Quality Standards,Chengdu,Mianyang,Zigong,Luzhou and Deyang do not meet the concentration limits of PM_(2.5),Zigong and Suining do not meet the concentration limits of PM_(10),Chengdu does not meet the concentration limits of NO_(2),and all eight cities meet the concentration limits of NO_(2)and SO_(2).(2)The seasonal concentration changes of PM_(2.5),PM_(10)and NO_(2)have the same characteristics,showing that they are winter>spring>autumn>summer.The seasonal concentration changes of CO are winter>autumn>spring>summer;the seasonal concentration changes of SO_(2)are winter>spring>summer>autumn;the seasonal concentration changes of O_(3)are summer>spring>autumn>winter.

Spatial distribution of shallow landslides caused by Typhoon Lekima in 2019 in Zhejiang Province, China

In recent years, the coastal region of Southeast China has witnessed a significant increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events associated with landfalling typhoons. The hilly and mountainous terrain of this area, combined with rapid rainfall accumulation, has led to a surge in flash floods and severe geological hazards. On August 10, 2019, Typhoon Lekima made landfall in Zhejiang Province, China, and its torrential rainfall triggered extensive landslides, resulting in substantial damage and economic losses. Utilizing high-resolution satellite images, we compiled a landslide inventory of the affected area, which comprises a total of 2,774 rainfallinduced landslides over an area of 2965 km2. The majority of these landslides were small to mediumsized and exhibited elongated, clustered patterns. Some landslides displayed characteristics of high-level initiation, obstructing or partially blocking rivers, leading to the formation of debris dams. We used the inventory to analyze the distribution pattern of the landslides and their relationship with topographical, geological, and hydrological factors. The results showed that landslide abundance was closely related to elevation, slope angle, faults, and road density. The landslides were predominantly located in hilly and low mountainous areas, with elevations ranging from 150 to 300 m, slopes of 20 to 30 degrees, and a NE-SE aspect. Notably, we observed the highest Landslide Number Density(LND) and Landslide Area Percentage(LAP) in the rhyolite region. Landslides were concentrated within approximately 4 km on either side of fault zones, with their size and frequency negatively correlated with distances to faults, roads, and river systems. Furthermore, under the influence of typhoons, regions with denser vegetation cover exhibited higher landslide density, reaching maximum values in shrubland areas. In areas experiencing significantly increased concentrated rainfall, landslide density also showed a corresponding rise. In terms of spatial distribution, the rainfall-triggered landslides primarily occurred in the northeastern part of the study area, particularly in regions characterized by complex topography such as Shanzao Village in Yantan Town, Xixia Township, and Shangzhang Township. The research findings offer crucial data on the rainfallinduced landslides triggered by Typhoon Lekima, shedding light on their spatial distribution patterns. These findings provide valuable references for mitigating risks and planning reconstruction in typhoon-affected area.

Study on the Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristic of Acid Rain in Guangxi Based on EOF Analysis

Based on acid rain data from ten monitoring sites in Guangxi from 2003 to 2009,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristic of acid rain in Guangxi were analyzed by means of empirical orthogonal function resolution(EOF).The results showed that there was fluctuating change of acid rain frequency in Guangxi,and acid rain pollution became severer in 2004-2008;acid rain frequency changed conformably in the whole region and it was obviously higher in eastern and northwestern Guangxi,while acid rain pollution became severe in western Guangxi;acid rain frequency varied out of phase between northeastern and southwestern Guangxi in an individual year.

Spatial distribution of electron characteristic in argon rf glow discharges

The spatial distributions of the electron density and the mean electron energy of argon radio frequency （rf） glow discharge plasma in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition （PECVD） system have been investigated using an established movable Langmuir probe. The results indicate that in the axial direction the electron density tends to peak at midway between the two electrodes while the axial variation trend of mean electron energy is different from that of the electron density, the mean electron energy is high near the electrodes. And the mean electron energy near the cathode is much higher than that near the anode. This article focuses on the radial distribution of electron density and mean electron energy. A proposed theoretical model distribution agrees well with the experimental one： the electron density and the mean electron energy both increase from the centre of the glow to the edge of electrodes. This is useful for better understanding the discharge mechanism and searching for a better deposition condition to improve thin film quality.

Distribution Characteristics of Provincial Traditional Villages and Their Reasons

In this paper, a total of 723 traditional villages in Hunan were selected for research. With the aid of spatial analysis of GIS, the number equilibrium and spatial autocorrelation of the traditional villages were analyzed quantitatively, watershed distribution characteristics and ethnic distribution characteristics of the traditional villages were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and the influence factors of distribution of the traditional village were explored in terms of three aspects of agricultural production and population migration, history and culture, and economic activities.