INTERPOLATION OF HEAD-RELATED TRANSFER FUNCTIONS USING SPHERICAL FOURIER EXPANSION

A new interpolation algorithm for Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) is proposed to realize 3D sound reproduction via headphones in arbitrary spatial direction. HRTFs are modeled as a weighted sum of spherical harmonics on a spherical surface. Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is adopted to calculate the weights of the model. The truncation number is chosen according to Frobenius norm ratio and the partial condition number. Compared with other interpolated methods, our proposed approach not only is continuous but exploits global information of available directions. The HRTF from any desired direction can be obtained more accurately and robustly. Reconstructed and interpolated results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm acquired better performance.

Multiple Scattering Between Adjacent Sound Sources in Head-Related Transfer Function Measurement System

To accelerate head-related transfer functions(HRTFs)measurement,two or more independent sound sources are usually employed in the measurement system.However,the multiple scattering between adjacent sound sources may influence the accuracy of measurement.On the other hand,the directivity of sound source could induce measurement error.Therefore,a model consisting of two spherical sound sources with approximate omni-directivity and a rigid-spherical head is proposed to evaluate the errors in HRTF measurement caused by multiple scattering between sources.An example of analysis using multipole re-expansion indicates that the error of ipsilateral HRTFs are within the bound of±1.0 dB below a frequency of 20 kHz,provided that the sound source radius does not exceed 0.025 m,the source distance relative to head center is not less than 0.5 m,and the angular interval between two adjacent sources is not less than 20 degrees.Similar conclusions under different conditions can also be analyzed and discussed by using this calculation method.Furthermore,the results are verified by measurements of HRTFs for a rigid sphere and a KEMAR artificial head.

基于二阶锥规划的HRTF波束形成合成方法

利用宽带波束形成器输出合成了HRTF数据。确立了波束形成器结构,建立了HRTF合成的最优问题,采用二阶锥规划最优方法得到了波束形成器的最优权向量,进而利用波束形成器的输出得到HRTF合成数据。同时结合MIT实验室的HRTF测量数据的基本特性,在求解最优问题的过程中利用了HRTF的最小相位表示,进一步降低了滤波器阶次,简化了波束形成器结构。计算机仿真和主观听觉定位实验表明,在一定频段内该方法得到的HRTF合成近似值和测量数据具有较好的一致性,验证了该方法的有效性。

基于对数误差准则的HRTF共极点/零点建模方法

共声学极点/零点(CAPZ)逼近是头相关传递函数(HRTF)建模的一种高效方法,与极零点模型相比,它可以用更少的参数表示HRTF。传统的CAPZ模型参数估计方法是基于最小均方误差准则,而人的听觉感知系统更适合于对数误差准则,为此,该文提出一种基于对数幅度误差最小化的CAPZ模型参数估计方法。该方法首先使用Haneda方法估计出声学共极点,然后在对数幅度误差准则下,使用迭代加权最小二乘算法估计零点,从而得到完整的CAPZ模型。仿真实验结果验证了其有效性。

基于HRTF频谱特征优化MDCT域滤波

面向音频多声道虚拟环绕处理的应用,提出一种改进离散余弦变换(MDCT)域的头相关传输函数(HRTF)高效滤波算法.通过MDCT的多相滤波结构分解,得到MDCT域滤波矩阵,再根据矩阵稀疏表征的思想,以及HRTF的频谱动态范围大的特点,对MDCT滤波矩阵进行动态邻域优化,有效地提高了MDCT域滤波的效率.通过大量的实验对比表明:该方法较以往的MDCT域滤波方法大大降低了运算复杂度,且保持滤波结果的一致性;该动态邻域算法与传统时域?频域处理方法相比,主观质量差异较小;该方法大大降低了虚拟环绕处理的算法复杂度,尤其适合采用MDCT编码的压缩音频格式.

用幅度矢量合成定位法改进HRTF的定位效果

为了改进虚拟3D立体声技术的定位准确性,依据头相关传递函数(HRTF)的原理,采用CIPIC实验室根据KEMAR假人头测得的HRTF数据,利用多媒体计算机合成了两通道虚拟3D立体声。通过对HRTF在声源前后定位的“混淆锥”问题的分析,提出了用幅度矢量合成定位(VBAP)方法改进定位效果。实验结果证明,使用VBAP改进后的HRTF能够显著提高声源前后定位的准确性,表明VBAP的声音加权能够对HRTF的混淆锥问题有较大改进。

Head-related transfer function database and its analyses

Based on the measurements from 52 Chinese subjects (26 males and 26 females), a high-spatial-resolution head-related transfer function (HRTF) database with corre- sponding anthropometric parameters is established. By using the database, cues relating to sound source localization, including interaural time difference (ITD), interaural level difference (ILD), and spectral features introduced by pinna, are analyzed. Moreover, the statistical relationship between ITD and anthropometric parameters is estimated. It is proved that the mean values of maximum ITD for male and female are significantly different, so are those for Chinese and western sub- jects. The difference in ITD is due to the difference in individual anthropometric parameters. It is further proved that the spectral features introduced by pinna strongly depend on individual; while at high frequencies (f≥ 5.5 kHz), HRTFs are left-right asymmetric. This work is instructive and helpful for the research on bin- aural hearing and applications on virtual auditory in future.

Performance Comparison of Neural Networks for HRTFs Approximation

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基于小波神经网络的HRTFs逼近与声频仿真

头部相关传递函数（HRTFs）是指从声源到耳鼓的谱滤波器，它因提取了声源的方位信息，所以在声频仿真中，它是非常重要的立体听觉定位曲线．由于HRTFs随声源的相对位置、频率和听觉对象不同而变化，并与其自变量之间还存在着非常复杂的非线性关系，所以王维声音仿真的实现需要处理庞大的HRTFs数据．提出了基于小波神经网络的HRTFs近似模型，即通过训练网络重新设置模型数据来获取空间任意位置的非个人HRTFs数据．声频仿真实验结果表明此逼近方法不仅保持了原始HRTFs的相关特征，而且还在三维声频仿真中提高了计算效率．

基于Gammatone滤波器分解的HRTF和GMM的双耳声源定位算法

针对数字助听器中现存声源定位算法精确度低和算法复杂度高的问题,提出一种新的双耳声源定位算法.首先,采集到的双耳声源信号通过Gammatone滤波器分解为若干个子带信号,根据能量的大小对数据进行压缩.然后,利用头相关传递函数(head-related transfer function,HRTF)中包含的双耳线索,即双耳时间差、双耳声级差及耳间相关性,提取声源位置的特征.最后,声源的位置信息由高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model,GMM)分类器识别.实验结果表明,建议的算法具有高精确度、低复杂度及强鲁棒性.

A head-related transfer function model for fast synthesizing multiple virtual sound sources

A head-related transfer function （HRTF） model for fast and real-time synthesizing multiple virtual sound sources is proposed. A head-related impulse response （HRIR, time- domain version of HRTF） is first decomposed by a two-level wavelet packet and then represented by a model composed of subband filters and reconstruction filters. The coefficients of the subband filters are the zero interpolation of the wavelet coefficients of the HRIR. The coefficients of the reconstruction filters can be calculated from the wavelet function. The model is simplified by applying a threshold method to reduce the wavelet coefficients. The calculated results indicate that for a model with 30 wavelet coefficients, the error of reconstructed HRIR is about 1%. And the result of a psychoacoustic test shows that a model with 35 wavelet coefficients is perceptually indistinguishable from the original HRIR. When multiple virtual sound sources are synthesized simultaneously, the computational cost of the proposed model is much less than the traditional HRTF filters.

On the low frequency characteristics of head-related transfer function

A method to correct the measured head-related transfer functions （HRTFs） at low frequency was proposed. By analyzing the HRTFs from the spherical head model at low frequency, it is proved that below the frequency of 400 Hz, magnitude of HRTF is nearly constant and the phase is a linear function of frequency both for the far and near field. Therefore, if the HRTFs above 400 Hz are accurately measured by experiment, it is able to correct the HRTFs at low frequency by the theoretical model. The results of calculation and subjective experiment show that the feasibility of the proposed method.

Design and validation on a multiple sound source fast-measurement system of near-field head-related transfer functions

Near-field head-related transfer functions （HRTFs） are essential to scientific re- searches of binaural hearing and practical applications of virtual auditory display. High ef- ficiency, accuracy and repeatability are required in a near-field HRTF measurement. Hence, there is no reference which intents on solving the measuring difficulties of near-field HRTF for human subjects. In present work, an efficient near-field HRTF measurement system based on computer control is designed and implemented, and a fast calibration method for the system is proposed to first solve the measurement of near-field HRTF for human subjects. The efficiency of measurement is enhanced by a comprehensive design on the acoustic, electronic and mechanical parts of the system. And the accuracy and repeatability of the measurement are greatly im- proved by carefully calibrating the positions of sound source, subject and binaural microphones. This system is suitable for near-field HRTF measurement at various source distances within 1.0 m, for both human subject and artificial head. The time costs of HRTF measurement at a single sound source distance and full directions has been reduced to less than 20 minutes. The measurement results indicate that the accuracy of the system satisfies the actual requirements. The system is applicable to scientific research and can be used to establish an individualized near-field HRTF database for human subjects.

基于生理参数与角度的个性化HRTF深度学习重建方法

本文设计实现了一个深度神经网络模型,根据人体生理参数及角度信息重建个性化头相关传递函数(Head Related Transfer Function,HRTF),仅需一次训练即可得到全部方向的预测HRTFs。网络模型由将人体测量参数作为输入的深度神经网络、将角度信息作为输入的展开层以及将前两者的输出作为输入的深度神经网络组成。最后对所提出方法的整体性能进行了客观评价。

三维音频技术综述

三维(Three-dimension,3D)多媒体技术,尤其是和3D视频相比有所差距的3D音频技术受到了广泛的关注。当前三维音频技术研究可分为基于物理声场重建的多声道音频技术和基于感知的声音场景重建的多声道音频技术两大类。物理声场重建技术的重要代表是基于球谐分解的声重放技术和波场合成技术(Wave field synthesis,WFS),基于感知的声音场景重建技术主要包括幅度平移技术(Amplitude panning,AP)和基于头相关传输函数的双耳重建技术(Head related transfer function,HRTF)。本文对上述4类三维音频技术及其对应的典型系统进行了介绍及对比分析,并对三维音频技术当前3大主要研究热点:空间听觉机制、三维音频压缩编码以及三维音频系统精简的现状与前沿技术进行了介绍。

头相关传输函数的研究进展(一)

综述了头相关传输函数(HRTF)的研究进展,主要包括HRTF的定义、获取方式以及各种分析、近似和评价方法。同时,还探讨了HRTF研究中存在的问题。

采用扬声器的虚拟声滤波器简化及其主观评价(英文)

对用扬声器的5.1通路环绕声虚拟重放系统的滤波器进行了简化,提出通过零极点的抵消可减少滤波器的脉冲响应长度。主观评价实验表明,在48kHz的采样频率下,采用128点(2.7ms)脉冲响应长度的滤波器进行处理可得到理想的主观听觉效果。采用64点(1.3ms)脉冲响应长度的滤波器会导致主观听觉效果略为下降,但实际中仍然可用。因而简化滤波器的脉冲响应长度较传统方法的5到10ms的量级要短,采用简单的FIR滤波器即可实现。

可听化技术综述

概述了可听化技术的研究现状及发展方向．在给出可听化技术的分类标准之后，文中重点讨论了在计算机系统中实现可听化系统的一般过程，即通常可分成室内声学仿真、双耳房间脉冲响应的计算及卷积３个步骤来实现．另外，文中还介绍了涉及可听化系统实现的主要软硬件产品，分析了该领域今后的研究方向，并指出了其在多个领域广泛的应用前景．

衣服、耳廓对肩部反射及头相关传输函数的综合影响(英文)

通过对人工头/躯干系统和真人的头相关传输函数进行测量和分析,研究了衣服、耳廓对肩部反射及头相关传输函数的综合影响。实验结果表明,在3.0kHz以下肩部反射声几乎与衣服无关;而无耳廓时,不同的衣服对5.0kHz以上的肩部反射声以及头相关传输函数有一定的影响,但耳廓的存在会掩盖肩部反射的高频部分。因此,3.0kHz以下的肩部反射能够成为一个稳定的声源定位因素。

基于与头相关传递函数的神经网络声源定位方法研究

机器定位要求对声源方位建立简便高效的判断模式。根据与头相关传递函数(HRTF)和方位之间的紧密联系,该文研究基于HRTF的神经网络定位方法,利用前馈神经网络来模拟HRTF和方位的对应关系,从中提取出方位信息并进行多种形式编码,然后提出一种有效的加权估计方法识别方位。仿真表明该方法对方位识别的精确度较高,网络简洁更具泛化性。最后并通过鲁棒性分析给出定位结果的验证和说明。