Emotions,Perceptions and Health Behaviors of Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients during COVID-19 in New York City

Background:Adults with congenital heart disease(ACHD)have increased prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders.There are limited data regarding the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and health behaviors of these patients.Objective:The purpose is to evaluate the perceptions,emotions,and health behaviors of ACHD patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods:In this cross-sectional study of ACHD patients,we administered surveys evaluating self-reported emotions,perceptions and health behaviors.Logistic regressions were performed to determine the adjusted odds of displaying each perception,emotion and health behavior based on predictor variables.Results:Ninety-seven patients(mean age 38.3 years,46.4%female,85.6%moderate or complex lesion)completed the survey.The majority of patients reported feeling moderately or very sad(63.1%),and 48.4%of patients identified themselves as feeling moderately or very anxious.The majority of patients perceived their risk of COVID-19 as moderate or high.Females were more likely to report feeling sad and anxious(95%CI 1.06–10.96,p-value 0.039,and 95%CI 1.44–15.30,p-value=0.012,respectively),and were associated with higher odds of having a perceived increased risk of COVID-19(95%CI 1.33–10.59,p-value 0.012).There was no association between ACHD anatomic or physiologic classification and perceptions,emotions and health behaviors.Conclusions:Females were more likely to report feeling sad,anxious and an increased risk of COVID-19 in comparison to males.These findings indicate the need for mental health support and promotion of health behaviors during the pandemic amongst all ACHD patients,regardless of underlying condition.

Social Determinants of Health Behaviors in Primary School Children：A Cross-sectional Study of both Migrant and Resident Children in Beijing,China

Childhood risky behaviors always result in adverse health outcomes. These behaviors are greatly affected by social environment and individual factors. However, few studies explored the social determinants of schoolchildren＇s health behaviors. In this cross-sectional study, the social determinants of health behaviors were examined among both migrant and resident students in Beijing, China. Data of 967 children from six urban and suburban primary schools were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that less than 60% of children performed some healthy behaviors, although their health knowledge was generally good. Children＇s health behavior scores were greatly determined by school characteristics, health knowledge, demographic characteristics, and family context. Therefore, improving health education and conditions in primary schools is the priority to promote children＇s healthy behaviors, especially for disadvantaged children.

Pandemic prevention and personality psychology: Gender differences in preventive health behaviors during COVID-19 and the roles of agreeableness and conscientiousness

One of the greatest public health crises in recent times,the COVID-19 pandemic,has come with a myriad of challenges in terms of health communication and public cooperation to prevent the spread of the disease.Un-derstanding which are the key determinants that make certain individuals more cooperative is key in effectively tackling pandemics and similar future challenges.In the present study(N=800),we investigated whether gen-der differences in compliance with preventive health behaviors(PHB)at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic could be established,and,if so,whether the personality traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness could help explain this presumed relationship.Consistent with our theorizing,we found women to score higher than men on agreeableness and conscientiousness,and to be more willing to comply with a set of PHB.Importantly,both per-sonality traits were found to mediate the gender-compliance link.This means that women’s greater compliance levels with PHB could,at least in part,be attributed to their higher agreeableness and conscientiousness scores.A greater understanding of the determinants of PHB in terms of gender and associated personality traits may help identify options for developing more effective communication campaigns,both in terms of communication channel selection and message content.

Health-promoting behaviors among hypertensive adult patients with and without comorbidities in Indonesia:a cross-sectional study

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate health-promoting behaviors among hypertensive patients with and without comorbidities.Methods:A cross-sectional study using multistage cluster sampling in Indonesia was applied.The health-promoting behaviors were assessed using Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2 and analyzed using independent t-test,point-biserial correlation,and logistic regression.Results:A total of 116 participants joined this study.The score of health-promoting behaviors in adults with and without hypertension was 2.90 and 2.79,respectively.Hypertensive patients with comorbidities had significantly higher results than those without comorbidities,with the following results for the considered subscales:total score(t=-2.00,P=0.047);health responsibility(t=-3.46,P=0.001);and nutrition(t=-2.82,P=0.006).Positive correlations were found between health responsibility(r_(pb)=0.260,P<0.01),nutrition(r_(pb)=0.255,P<0.01),and health-promoting behaviors(r_(pb)=0.185,P<0.05)and the existing comorbidity.Only gender indicated a significant outcome for the existing comorbidity in hypertensive patients(odds ratio=4.314,P=0.027,95%confidence interval=1.185-15.706).Conclusions:Hypertensive patients with comorbidities showed higher engagement in health-promoting behaviors and the male gender was a significant predictor for existing comorbidity among patients with hypertension.

A Cross-sectional Study of Health-related Behaviors in Rural Eastern China

Objective This study examined the status of health-related behaviors among rural residents and the factors influencing the practice of such behaviors. Methods One thousand and ninety subjects aged 15 years or over in a rural community, Anhui Province, China were surveyed. A questionnaire was used to collect information on the health knowledge, attitude and behavior of the subjects. Information on health behavior included smoking, drinking, dietary habits, regular exercises, sleeping pattern and oral health behavior. Results The prevalence of smoking and drinking in the male subjects was 46.5% and 46.9%, respectively. There was a positive significant association between smoking and drinking. Only 8.3% of all subjects ate three regular meals a day regularly. Among subjects who ate two meals a day, 89.7% did not have breakfast. Only 1.7% of subjects took part in regular exercise. About 85% of subjects slept 6 to 8 h per day. Only 38.4 % of the respondents had the habit of hand washing before eating and after using the lavatory. 79.3% of the subjects brushed their teeth every day, and among them, only 10.6 percent brushed their teeth twice a day Further analyses showed that 64.8% of subjects had 3-5 items of positive health behaviors out of 8 items and only 16.9% had six or more items. Logistical regression analyses suggested that better health behavior was affected by sex, age, years of education, income and health knowledge. Conclusion The status of health behaviors among rural residents was generally poor. It is thus urgent to reinforce health education in rural communities in China.

Study on Public Health Behavior against the Background of COVID-19 Pandemic - Based on Bandura Reciprocal Determinism

Objective To explore the factors influencing public health behaviors in China in the context of COVID-19 pandemic,and to propose suggestions and countermeasures for enhancing public health behaviors.Methods A public health behavior system based on Bandura’s reciprocal determinism was constructed,and public health behavior was analyzed from the perspective of the interaction of health awareness,health behavior and environment.Results and Conclusion The public health behavior was analyzed through the public health behavior system based on Bandura’s reciprocal determinism,and the results and conclusions were draw.The public can be urged to develop better health beliefs and form better health behaviors by strengthening publicity and interventions,improving personal awareness,and increasing government investment.

Observation on the Effect of Parental Participation in Nursing Under the IMCHB Model in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of parental participation in nursing under the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior(IMCHB)model in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE).Methods:The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University included 46 newborns with HIE admitted from October 2021 to October 2023 into the study population.They were divided into a control group and an observation group according to the random number table method,with the control group adopting routine nursing,and the observation group implementing parental participation in nursing under the IMCHB model.The indicators of physical,intellectual,and psychomotor development of the two groups were compared before and after nursing.Results:The physical,intellectual,and psychomotor development of the observation group was higher than that of the control group after 3 months of nursing,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The implementation of the IMCHB model of parental participation in the clinical care of HIE neonates can further promote their physical,intellectual,and psychomotor development.

Family Health History and Behavioral Change among Undergraduate Students: A Mixed Methods Study

Background: We examined family health history (FHH) as a public health intervention tool in undergraduate students. We hypothesized that the FHH assignment would positively relate to students’ FHH knowledge and health and healthcare-seeking behavioral change. Methods: Health professional students’ (n = 103) pre/post-test surveys and research papers were collected in 2011-2012, from a mid-western and southern university in the United States of America, using mixed methods research. Results: The majority of students were aged 18 - 30, women, White, had healthcare access and health insurance, and awareness of the term FHH. Significant logistic regression relationships existed between: 1) helping students understand important strengths and weaknesses in their health and quality of life and outcomes of talking with family and doctors about FHH;and 2) improving students’ understanding of what they needed to do to maintain their health and the outcome statement “FHH tells you about inherited genes.” Key themes from the research papers included actions and FHH and proposed behavioral changes. Conclusions: Quantitative findings supported the relationship between students’ assignment evaluation and knowledge change, while qualitative findings supported relationships between assignment evaluation and knowledge and behavioral change. This study highlights regional differences in students’ FHH and the need to address family support barriers to behavioral change.

Research on the Model of Consumer Health Information Seeking Behavior via Social Media

Purpose: We aim to create a model of consumer health information seeking behavior via social media, then to have a better understand of it. After that further efforts should be made to provide targeted recommendations for media managers to promote health communication via social media. Methods: Our custom model was derived from literature review, empirical research was tested by the use of questionnaire investigation, and then the collected data were analyzed by structural equation model tool SmartPLS. Finally, the custom model was modified according to the experimental results of SmartPLS. Results: A total of 239 (66.39%) of the respondents were female and 121 (33.61%) were male. The maximum of two stages of age were 18 - 29 (70.56%), 30 - 39 (13.89%). Wechat (60.28%), QQ Zone (55.22%), Micro-blog (48.89%) were the most commonly used social media to obtain health information. About 44.72% of respondents used social media to obtain health information multiple times a day. The whole numerical values of AVE, cronbach’s alpha, CR and square roots of AVE were above the benchmarks of themselves and showed great reliability and validity. All the 11 hypotheses had obvious statistical significance, the P-value of eight path coefficients exhibited <0.001, one path coefficient exhibited <0.01 and two path coefficients exhibited <0.05. Conclusions: A suitable model of consumer health information seeking behavior via social media was created and some inner relationships were found. Namely, gratification of health information and its platform had a positive effect on attitudes toward health information seeking behavior. Health information literacy and health status were proved to have a significant influence on attitudes toward health information seeking behavior, subject norms and perceived behavioral control respectively. In addition, attitudes toward the health information seeking behavior, subject norms and perceived behavioral control were proved to positively associate with health information seeking behavior intention.

Chinese Immigrants’Health Beliefs and Practices of Traditional Chinese Medicine in British Columbia of Canada

Objective:This study is to address the health beliefs and health behavior of Chinese immigrants residing in the Greater Vancouver area of British Columbia(BC)Province in Canada.This article discussed Chinese immigrants’traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)use,health beliefs,and health behaviors.Methods:Information used in this study is based on data collected in the Chinese-speaking community in the Greater Vancouver area of BC in 2020–2022.Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to this study.The first stage recruited 314 participants for the quantitative study to cross-validate an instrument tool,followed by the 2nd stage of 20 stratified random sampling out of the 314 participants for TCM-related in-depth qualitative interviews.This study focuses on the second stage of TCM qualitative interviews.Results:Results indicated that TCM health beliefs have cultural and spiritual meanings tied to the Chinese-speaking participants.There are barriers for the Chinese-speaking population to access the existing healthcare services due to their TCM health beliefs and other health needs,for example,family doctors,integrated medicine for better health outcomes,and mental health services especially during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Conclusion:Integrating TCM health beliefs and behaviors of Chinese-speaking immigrants into existing Canadian mainstream health services are strongly recommended.

Qualitative Study on Health Self-Help Behavior of the Elderly in a Community

Objective:To investigate the current status quo of health self-help behavior of elderly in a community and its influencing factors using a semi-structured interview in a qualitative study.Methods:A phenomenological method is employed for purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods.The elderly(>60 years old),who had lived in the Minhang District of Shanghai for>5 years,with an annual residence duration≥10 months,were selected.Data were collected in person by a semi-structured and an in-depth interview;the topics were identified according to data arrangement,analysis,and coding.Results:A total of 10 subjects were enrolled,from Pujiang Town,Minhang District of Shanghai.The cohort constituted of 7 males and 3 females,aged 60-68 years,with an average of(63.40±9.19)years.After data arrangement and analysis,the following topics were obtained:(1)various forms of health self-help behaviors existed among elderly in the community;(2)some factors influenced the health self-help behavior among the elderly in the community;(3)a deviation was observed in the health self-help behavior among the elderly in the community.Conclusion:The health self-help behaviors of the elderly in the community should be rectified to carry out self and the environmental establishment of the health self-help behaviors of the elderly in the community,as well as,to guide and develop the personalized health self-help behavior program.

Exploring the Influences of Continuous Self-Management Education on the Self-Care Skills and Health Behavior of Patients with PICC Intubation

Objective:To analyze the effects of continuous self-management education on the selfcare ability and health behavior of patients with tumor through peripherally inserted central venous catheters(PICC).Methods:The period from August 2018 to August 2020 was used as the research time range,and the random number table method was used as the basis for grouping.80 patients with malignant tumors who regularly performed fixed catheter maintenance care in the PICC clinic of our hospital were admitted in the experimental group(given PICC specialist nursing,and implemented continuous self-management education),and 80 patients with PICC tube malignant tumors discharged from the superior hospital during this time range served as the control group(return to the original catheterization hospital from time to time or perform catheter maintenance care in the nursing clinic of our hospital).The self-care ability scores,health behavior scores,and complications during intubation between both groups were analyzed.Results:(1)There was no significant difference in self-care ability score and healthy behavior score between groups before the intervention,P>0.05;the self-care ability score and health behavior score of the research group were better than the control group after intervention,P<0.05;(2)After investigation,the incidence of complications in the research group(2.50%)was lower than that of the control group(10.00%),but there was no difference between the groups,P>0.05.Conclusion:Continuous self-management education has good effects on improving the self-care ability of tumor patients with PICC intubation.It can urge patients to maintain good health behaviors and reduce complications.It is worthy of promotion.

Promoting Health Behavior Change in Canada: A Quality Improvement Project Integrating Prevention and Wellness in Frontline Care

Background: The critical need for Health Behaviour Change (HBC) for preventative care has been highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This quality improvement project assessed the effectiveness and acceptability of Fountain of Health HBC tools as a minimal intervention for primary and secondary prevention among Canadian clinicians and their patients. Methods: Clinicians received HBC education and tools (paper tools and app-based) to assist their patients in setting a S.M.A.R.T (Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, Time-limited) goal at baseline and assessed four weeks later. Primary outcome measures were: 1) patient self-report of success at goal attainment;2) patient self-reported evaluation of change in well-being and health attitudes;and 3) clinician experience and engagement. Results: A total of 2184 clinicians received HBC education. Of these, 759 clinicians registered to participate in the project. 961 patients set S.M.A.R.T. HBC goals using either the paper tools (PT) or the app format. Patient data revealed nearly all patients (89% of PT users and 90% of app users) at least partially succeeded in attaining their goal at a four-week follow-up. Most patients (85% of PT and 80% of app users) also reported improvement in their well-being. A significant difference in health beliefs and attitudes was found in both PT (p < 0.001) and app users (p = 0.003). Conclusions: HBC is challenging. Educating and providing clinicians with HBC tools as a minimal intervention was found to be a successful health prevention strategy to improve patient well-being and health attitudes, and achieve S.M.A.R.T. goals. Results show HBC tools, education, and support for clinicians are both acceptable and effective for HBC in frontline care. These findings are relevant and timely given greater reliance on virtual care in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research with rigorous methodology is needed to implement programs to achieve sustainable HBC to promote health on a large scale.

A Study on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Its Influencing Factors in Elderly Diabetic Patients

Objective:To investigate the oral health related quality of life in elderly diabetic patients and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:Convenience sampling was used to select 190 elderly patients with diabetes under the Department of Endocrinology and Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University as the research subjects.The Chinese version of the Oral Health Influence Scale(OHIP-14)was used to conduct a questionnaire survey,and univariate analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of oral health related quality of life in elderly diabetic patients.Results:The elderly diabetic patients'oral health related quality of life score was 34.48±3.23,which is in the middle-lower range.The findings of multivariate stepwise regression analysis revealed that the course of disease,regular visits to the dentist,sleep quality,oral health knowledge,and oral health attitude together explained 58.9%of the total variance in elderly diabetic patients in terms of their oral health related quality of life(p<0.05).Conclusion:The oral health related quality of life of elderly diabetic patients is generally low,and is affected by the duration of diabetes,sleep quality,and oral health knowledge,attitude,and behavior(regular visits to the dentist).Improving patientsJ attention to oral health problems by improving sleep as well as their own oral health knowledge,attitude,and behavior is an effective way to enhance oral health related quality of life.

老年患者门诊预约挂号的影响因素:基于安德森健康行为模型的实证研究

目的基于安德森健康行为模型,研究老年患者门诊预约挂号的影响因素,为优化门诊预约挂号服务、推进老年患者预约挂号提供参考。方法以安德森健康行为模型为理论框架设计问卷,采用方便抽样法向上海某三级甲等综合医院门诊老年患者发放调查问卷。将各维度因素纳入二分类logistic回归模型,采用单因素分析和logistic回归分析探讨老年患者门诊预约挂号的影响因素。结果共回收282份有效问卷,预约挂号187人,占66.31%。曾使用过1~2种预约挂号服务、存在社会支持、距离医院路程80 min以上、收入为>5000~7500元、就诊科室预约率25.00%以上、有预约挂号使用意愿的老年患者更倾向于预约挂号。患慢性病数量在5种及以上的老年患者更不倾向于预约挂号。结论老年患者门诊预约需求较大且受多种因素影响。须关注老年人预约挂号“痛点”,关怀老年群体,共建支持网络,加强有效宣传,优化医疗资源配置,激发使用意愿。

Integrated Behavioral Healthcare in Thailand:A Case Study from Chiang Mai

Purpose:This study aims to examine the level of behavioral health integration in primary care clinics among patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Chiang Mai,Thailand.It also aims to explore the provider perceived prevalence of behavioral problems and need for an expert behavioral health consultant on the primary care team and the risk and protective factors of the patients’psychological and cardio-metabolic health outcomes.Methodology:Using survey data between 2017 and 2018 regarding the level of integration as measured by a Practice Integration Profile,provider ratings of prevalence and need based on a Provider Survey,and patient lifestyle and behavioral problems with a Health Risk Assessment in six primary health care settings in Chiang Mai,Thailand(n=335).We conducted ordinary least squares regressions to explore the relationship between each of the patient psychological and cardio-metabolic health outcomes and physical,mental health and substance abuse variables while controlling for the demographics.Results:The results showed overall high levels of integration,but significant variability across clinics.Providers rated prevalence of health risk and need for a Behavioral Health Consultant as moderate.Results of the patient health risk assessment were variable,with some problems high severity,others low.Conclusion:The results reflect a need for integrated behavioral health into the health care system in Thailand especially for those who are in the chronic illness condition.Recommendations for future study include an evaluation of the translation quality and validity and reliability of the study measures under the Thai context.This study fills the research gap of lacking research on the level of integrated care in clinics in Thailand.

Dysphagia and daily oral fluids among cerebrovascular stroke patients:an theory-based nursing intervention protocol

Objective:To evaluate the improvement of dysphagia and the daily amounts of oral fluids served among people who had recently experienced a cerebrovascular stroke(CVS)after applying a nursing intervention protocol.Methods:A quasi-experimental design was used to examine 60 stroke patients who were randomly and alternatively divided equally into a study group and a control group.Gugging Swallowing Screen(GUSS)and fluid balance chart were used.Within the first 24 h of a patient’s admission,expert nurses were trained in nursing intervention protocol to manage dysphagia and daily oral fluids.Results:Post-nursing intervention,the severity of dysphagia decreased among the study group more than in the control group.Additionally,the study group began taking greater amounts of fluids by the oral route than before the nursing intervention.Conclusions:A standardized nursing intervention protocol is needed to decrease the severity of dysphagia after CVS and increase the amount of daily oral fluids.The presence of a structured theory-based nursing intervention protocol for dysphagia management will greatly contribute to decreasing the consequences of dysphagia after CVS,and can also be expected to attenuate the effects of aspiration pneumonia,dehydration,and malnutrition;further,it also increases adherence to the protocol by both nurses and patients.

Health related behaviors among HIV-infected people who are successfully linked to care:an institutional-based crosssectional study

Background:By the end of October 2019,there were 958 thousand people were reported living with HIV/AIDS in China.Unhealthy lifestyle factors,such as smoking,drinking alcohol,using illicit drugs and no physical activity have been found to mitigate the positive impact of antiretroviral therapy(ART)on viral load and HIV-related quality of life.Moreover,risky sexual behavior among HIV-positive persons places their partners at risk for HIV transmission and other sexually transmitted infections.The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of unhealthy behavior of people living with HIV/AIDS and related influencing factors,particularly those that are closely connected with HIV infection and ART effects.Methods:An institutional based cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA)in Beijing and Yunnan Province.The following information was included in the questionnaire survey:social-demographic characteristics,health behavior information,sexual risk behaviors.Binary logistic regression model was conducted to analyze the influencing factors of unhealthy general health behaviors and risky sexual behaviors.Results:In total,2575 PLWHA were included in the study and 78.3%(2017/2575)were male.For the general health behaviors,34.2%(987/2544)smoke;33.8%(870/2575)drank alcohol and 2.3%(49/2134)reported the use of illicit drugs in the previous 6 months.From the sexual behaviors perspective,59.0%(1519/2575)had sex in the previous 6 months.Among people who had sex,92.0%(1398/1519)had fixed sexual partners.Among those with no fixed sexual partner,38.0%(46/121)had more than three partners.Among men who had sex,34.7%(448/1292)reported having sex with men in the previous 6 months and 167%(75/448)of these had group sexual activity.Among participants,72.2%(1053/1458)used condoms every time they had sex while 6.4%(94/1458)of people never used condom.Male people living with HIV/AIDS were more likely to have sexual risk behaviors(adjusted odds ratio[OR]=2.208,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.147-4.252)and unhealthy general health behaviors(adjusted OR=2.029,95%CI:1.480-2.783).The odds of higher risk sexual behaviors was 1.546 times(95%CI:1.302-1.827,P=0.001)greater among participants who drank alcohol compared with their non-drinking counterparts.Conclusions:PLWHA is a group that is vulnerable to problematic health behaviors,especially for men who were more likely to drink alcohol,have more sexual partners,more sexual risk behaviors including group sexual activity,not using condoms and using drugs.Therefore,interventions focusing on gender-specific risk behaviors reduction for people living with HIV/AIDS are now necessary to control the spread of HIV infection and improve the efficacy of antiviral treatment.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation: potential treatment for co-occurring alcohol, traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorders

Alcohol use disorder （AUD）, mild traumatic brain injury （mTBI）, and posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） commonly co-occur （AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD）. These conditions have overlapping symptoms which are, in part, reflective of overlapping neuropathology. These conditions become problematic because their co-occurrence can exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, treatments must be developed that are inclusive to all three conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） is non-invasive and may be an ideal treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. There is accumulating evidence on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, mTBI, and PTSD each alone. However, there are no published studies to date on rTMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review article advances the knowledge base for rTMS as a treatment for AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review provides background information about these co-occurring conditions as well as rTMS. The existing literature on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, TBI, and PTSD each alone is reviewed. Finally, neurobiological findings in support of a theoretical model are discussed to inform TMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. The peer-reviewed literature was identified by targeted literature searches using PubMed and supplemented by cross-referencing the bibliographies of relevant review articles. The existing evidence on rTMS as a treatment for these conditions in isolation, coupled with the overlapping neuropathology and symptomology of these conditions, suggests that rTMS may be well suited for the treatment of these conditions together.

Knowledge and preventive measures practiced by junior high school students from Mexico City regarding influenza A (H1N1)

Background: Influenza A (H1N1) is the most recent pandemic disease that has affected the human population. Objective: To evaluate knowledge and preventive measures related with this disease one year after the epidemic of Mexico- that took place in 2009. Material and methods: An epidemiologic survey regarding influenza A (H1N1) was conducted in June 2010 among 2541 students from the second grade of all public high schools in a borough in Mexico City. The questionnaire included items on the knowledge of the disease and practice of preventive measures. Results: Most students obtained the information from television, half of them from parents and only one fifth from teachers;72% of the participants had a favorable knowledge about the disease and the measures to avoid being infected. However, only 37% practiced such preventive measures. Conclusion: Knowledge has a positive influence on practices towards health. Parents and teachers have an important role in health education, thus efforts should be directed to involve them more intensely in health education.