Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) as an Alternative Evaluation Tool for Historical Built Heritages in Lahore, Pakistan

Heritage Impact Assessments(HIAs)are progressively needed to investigate potential impacts and outcomes of development on the Outstanding Universal Value(OUV)of world heritage properties.However,many key stakeholders involved in implementing the World Heritage Convention lack the management system,methodological tools,and guidelines to conduct effective impact assessments in areas without these resources.The paper explores the successful utilization of the Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA)tool to address concerns raised by UNESCO and civil society.This occurred when the Punjab government initiated the Orange Line Metro Train Project(OLMT)near the World Heritage Shalimar Garden and other historic monuments in Lahore.The project aimed to meet the daily transportation needs of around 2.5 million commuters.

Ecosystem health: ecological sustainability target of strategic environment assessment

Strategic environment assessment (SEA) and ecosystem health are two new ideas on environmental management. On the basis of reviewing some relevant literature, this paper made discussions on the ecological sustainability target of SEA, the content of ecosystem health as well as the interrelations between SEA and ecosystem health. For a good SEA, its ecological sustainability principles should be provided with distinct content and a general assessment system. A framework for ecosystem health assessment was established according to the content of ecosystem health, and combined into SEA as SEA抯 ecological sustainability target, we can effectively guide decision-makers to make suitable indigenous means and local solutions. , The basic principles and procedure of SEA for ecosystem health are also discussed in the paper.

Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health and Adaptation Strategies in South China

This study reviews the impacts of climate change on human health and presents corresponding adaptation strategies in South China. The daily mean surface air temperatures above or below 26.4~C increase the death risk for people in Guangzhou, especially the elderly are vulnerable to variations in temperature. Heat waves can cause insomnia, fatigue, clinical exacerbation, or death from heatstroke etc., while cold spells show increases in patients with fractures. During a cold spell period, the rates of both on-site emergency rescues and non-implementable rescues increase, and the risk of non-accidental deaths and respiratory disease deaths significantly rise as well. Both time series of hazy days and ozone concentrations have significant positive correlations with the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Both malaria and dengue fever reach higher altitudes and mountainous areas due to climate warming. Climate change is likely to bring stronger heat waves in the future, thereby increasing heat wave-related illnesses and deaths, particularly in the metropolitan areas of the Pearl River Delta. The projected increase of consecutive cold days in Guangdong province and parts of northern Guangxi province will affect residents＇ health in the future. The rising temperature exaggerates ozone pollution, but it is not clear whether climate change is aggravating or mitigating haze pollution. The transmission potential of malaria in South China will increase by 39%-140% and the transmission season will extend by 1 2 months with an air temperature increase of 1-2~C. By 2050, most areas in Hainan province are projected to convert from non-endemic dengue into endemic dengue areas. The aging population will cause more vulnerable people. To mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on human health, sound and scientific adaptation strategies must be adopted in advance, such as strengthening the surveillance of epidemic diseases in potential transmission areas, conducting timely weather forecasting for human health, evaluating health vulnerability to climate change, improving environmental and health education, and strengthening hazard management and the cooperation between meteorological and health departments.

Health Risk Assessment of Mobility-Related Air Pollution in Ha Noi, Vietnam

Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam and the second largest city of the country, just behind Ho Chi Minh City. During the last two decades, Hanoi developed fast and expanded steadily. Since the city acquired large parts of the surrounding provinces in 2008, Hanoi tripled its size and doubled its population. The new development aims to spread the concentrated population and economic activities to alleviate the stress caused by pollution and the decreasing quality of life of the residents. Hanoi has a very fast growing fleet of motor vehicles, at the rate of 12% - 15% annually. The fast transition from bikes to motorcycles and to cars results in a most serious environmental burden in particular on the air quality and human health. This paper overviews the air quality and pollution caused by road traffic in central Hanoi (5 old districts) and the related health outcomes due to particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5). It uses dose-response functions to quantify the number of extra deaths resulting from traffic-related particulate matters. The results are compared with those of other studies to assess the impacts of air pollution on human health in large, crowded and fast developing cities in Southeast Asia. Assessment of the health risk caused by traffic shows that mobility in Hanoi causes a high health burden. In 2009, mobility caused 3200 extra deaths by traffic related PM10. The result shows that health impacts due to air pollution are by far larger than the number of fatalities due to traffic accidents.

Traffic Impacts on Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution at the Urban Project Scale: A Quantitative Assessment

Formal health impact assessment (HIA), currently underused in the United States, is a relatively new process for assisting decision-makers in non-health sectors by estimating the expected public health impacts of policy and planning decisions. In this paper we quantify the expected air quality impacts of increased traffic due to a proposed new university campus extension in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In so doing, we build the evidence base for quantitative HIA in the United States and develop an improved approach for forecasting traffic effects on exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air. Very few previous US HIAs have quantified health impacts and instead have relied on stakeholder intuition to decide whether effects will be positive, negative, or neutral. Our method uses an air dispersion model known as CAL3QHCR to predict changes in exposure to airborne, traffic-related PM2.5 that could occur due to the proposed new campus development. We employ CAL3QHCR in a new way to better represent variability in road grade, vehicle driving patterns (speed, acceleration, deceleration, and idling), and meteorology. In a comparison of model predictions to measured PM2.5 concentrations, we found that the model estimated PM2.5 dispersion to within a factor of two for 75% of data points, which is within the typical benchmark used for model performance evaluation. Applying the model to present-day conditions in the study area, we found that current traffic contributes a relatively small amount to ambient PM2.5 concentrations: about 0.14 μg/m3 in the most exposed neighborhood—relatively low in comparison to the current US National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 12 μg/m3. Notably, even though the new campus is expected to bring an additional 40,000 daily trips to the study community by the year 2025, vehicle-related PM2.5 emissions are expected to decrease compared to current conditions due to anticipated improvements in vehicle technologies and cleaner fuels.

Assessment of Risk to Human Health from Landfill Gas at Sharra Landfill, Tirana--Albania

Urban waste management and particularly dumpsites represents one of the most significant problems tot the long term protection of public health and environment in Albania. All waste management options, including landfilling, involve an element of risk to human health. This article addresses the question, if sources of emissions from Sharra landfill lead theoretically to public exposures exceeding health criteria？ This question is approached using an exposure pathway analysis framework, which link a source of one or more harmful pollutants at a site with a human receptor that inhales the pollutant. The risk posed to human health from HCHO （formaldehyde） and dioxin is estimated for on-site and off-site receptors in Sharra landfill. For on-site receptors, the average risk to get harm through the inhalation pathway from HCHO is in the range of 20 times to 300 times greater than allowed risk value, while for off-site receptors the average risk is in the range of 10 times to 180 times greater. While for dioxin the risk is in the range from 50 to 600 for on-site receptors and 10 to 35 for off-site receptors, times greater than often allowed risk.

基于HIA的老旧小区户外空间适老化改造研究——以成都市82小区为例

本文采用国外健康影响评估(HIA)工具与国内文献研究成果结合,形成较为系统的老旧小区改造HIA框架,对成都市82小区更新改造进行评估。研究发现:(1) 82小区更新改造需要进行HIA,空气质量、安全、户外环境与质量三个方面需要进行深入分析:(2)小区改造过程中空气质量得不到保证,改造后户外活动空间适老化程度仍然较低,照明安全与交通安全需要提升;(3)从健康影响视角进行评估能够充分关注到老年群体对户外活动空间的本质需求,具有一定的研究和实用价值。

城市规划健康影响评估理论框架构建

健康影响评估为预测城市发展、城市规划方案和项目的健康效益提供框架,但在融入我国城市规划中仍面临内容体系不清、技术流程不明、模型体系未建立和工作方法缺失等问题。本文构建了城市规划健康影响评估理论框架,系统性地明确了面向城市规划的健康影响评估内容体系、技术流程、模型体系和工作方法。面向城市规划的健康影响评估可从“健康风险控制影响评估”“健康资源支撑保障评估”和“健康行为促进效益评估”3个方面开展;主要技术流程包括参照对象确定、评估范围界定、评估框架构建、评估方法选取和评估开展5个步骤;模型体系由核心模型、相关模型和外围模型构成;最后,规划编制团队与健康影响评估团队可协作推进健康影响评估“全过程”融入规划。本文可为面向城市规划开展健康影响评估提供基本的理论、方法和机制指导。

HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS A Tool for Designing Climate Change Resilience into Green Building and Planning Projects

INTRODUCTION Historical records have documented considerable changes to the global climate,with significant health,economic,and environmental consequences.Climate projections predict more intense hurricanes;increased sea level rise;and more frequent and more intense natural disasters such as heat waves,heavy rainfall,and drought in the future(1;2).The coast along the Gulf of Mexico is particularly vulnerable to many of these environmental hazards and at particular risk when several strike simultaneously-such as a hurricane disrupting electricity transmission during a heat wave.

城市设计中健康影响评估(HIA)方法的应用——以亚特兰大公园链为例

在大城市流行病肆虐的背景下,健康和防病日益成为城市设计不可忽略的影响因子。本文研究健康城市设计中的重要研究方法:健康影响评估(HIA)。分析HIA的定义及其必要性,阐述如何判断是否需要HIA及城市社区设计中主要考虑的HIA因子等,并以亚特兰大公园链项目为例展示了HIA在城市设计中的应用。

加拿大遗产影响评估(HIAs)方法——以安大略省为例

遗产影响评估是遗产保护管理的一种新方法,加拿大是较早开展的国家之一,其在实践中逐步建立起适合该国遗产保护和规划管理制度的方法体系。加拿大遗产影响评估实施的目标是强化涉及遗产及遗产保护地区的建设项目和相关规划的行政许可审查,确保遗产价值在建设开发活动中能得以延续。应用中,通过遗产管理系统识别受影响遗产及其价值所在,并研究评估影响,提出决策建议及缓解措施,最终通过规划管理系统采纳评估结果并予以落实。

针对特定人群的营养食品加工方法及其健康影响评估

随着现代食品加工方法的不断发展和人们对健康的日益重视,研发针对特定人群的营养食品已成为食品工业的重要发展方向。本文分析特定人群的营养需求,阐述针对婴幼儿、老年人、运动员和慢性病患者等特定人群的食品加工方法以及评估加工方法对特定人群健康的影响。

基于生态系统健康指标的环境影响评价方法探讨

本文探讨了基于生态系统健康指标的环境影响评价方法,通过分析生态系统的健康状况,可以更全面地评估人类活动对环境的潜在影响;综述了现有的环境影响评价框架,并探讨了如何结合生态系统健康指标来提高评估的准确性和可靠性,此项研究可为环境管理和政策制定提供重要的参考依据。

食品添加剂的安全性评估及其对健康的影响

食品添加剂主要用于改善食品质量、延长保质期和提升感官特性,在现代食品工业中的应用非常广泛,但违法和超量使用会对人体健康造成严重威胁,其安全性和对人体的潜在影响引发广泛关注。本研究深入探讨了食品添加剂的作用及应用原则,分析了违规添加造成的不利影响,并提出政府加强监管、提升检测技术以及加强公众培训等对策来保障食品安全和公众健康。

河道堤防与涵闸管理可持续发展研究

河道堤防和涵闸在水资源管理中扮演着重要角色,既用于防洪、蓄水,又用于供水、农田灌溉。为保障河道堤防与涵闸的可持续发展,探讨了其功能、可持续性原则、评估方法以及管理技术和策略。强调了环境影响评估、生态系统健康评估和可持续性指标的重要性,同时提出了创新工程方法、高效维护策略、洪水预警系统和减少灾害措施等关键管理技术和策略,以确保河道堤防与涵闸管理的可持续发展。

健康影响评价(HIA)对风景园林规划设计的主动干预及其策略

既有研究表明将“被动防御”转变为“主动预判与预防”的意识或行为是风景园林关注公共健康的重要发展趋势,也亟待以科学理性的态度重新审视风景园林促进公共健康的重要意义。基于此,本文提出健康影响评价将成为未来风景园林主动干预公共健康的有效方式与技术工具,在阐述健康影响评价概念、内涵及其主动干预风景园林规划设计的价值与意义基础上,从认识与方法层面探讨了风景园林规划设计未来应用健康影响评价工具需要解决的关键问题;并基于健康的“原因”影响“过程”与健康“结果”的逻辑,从“主动预防”、“路径阻断”、“制度保障”层面初步提出了基于健康主动干预的绿色开放空间体系优化策略,为新时代建设健康的人居环境贡献风景园林的智慧提供参考。

健康影响评价(HIA)在医疗建筑中的运用--以澳大利亚利物浦医院重建项目为例

对国内外现行的医疗建筑评价体系的优缺点进行概述;以澳大利亚利物浦医院重建项目的健康影响评价实践为例,探讨HIA对医疗建筑的评价原则、程序、机制等;结合现有医疗建筑评价体系及我国国情,总结出引入HIA对医疗建筑进行评价的价值及优点。

Climate Change in Southwest China during 1961–2010:Impacts and Adaptation

Due to climate change, the regional agro-climatic conditions in Southwest China have undergone changes. The heat sources for the growth of crops have been improved. The number of days with temperatures steadily above 0℃ and 10℃ （two criteria） have increased during 1960-2010. The area suitable for multiple cropping has increased; the growth period has shortened; the climatic potential productivity has declined; the pest damage has worsened. During 1986-2010, the desired cooling degree days in Southwest China has increased at 38.9℃ d per decade. Forest fires and pests have increased. The area of meadow and wetlands has decreased. Heterogeneous invasion has intensified; endangered animal and plant species have increased. The tourism landscape has been damaged.＇ The risk of human health has increased. In the 21st century, with the increase of temperature and precipitation, the number of days with temperature steadily above 10℃ and the accumulated temperature will continue to increase, most notably in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The area of intercropping will expand; multiple cropping will move to higher altitudes. The impacts of agro- meteorological disasters, pests and diseases will intensify. The summer cooling energy consumption continues to increase; energy supply will show larger variability; the gap between energy supply and demand will be widened. The phenology will keep on changing, and the habitat will be worsening. Biological population will move northward and to higher altitudes. Some species are at risk of extinction. Negative effects on health will increase.

Does the Environmental Gain of Switching to the Healthy New Nordic Diet Outweigh the Increased Consumer Cost？

The new Nordic diet （NND） was designed by gastronomic, nutritional and environmental specialists to be a palatable, healthy and sustainable diet containing 30%-40% less meat than the average Danish diet （ADD）, ≥ 75% organics, and more locally grown wholegrain products, nuts, fruit and vegetables. In this study, the NND was based on economic modelling to represent a ＂realistic NND bought by Danish consumers＂. The objective was to investigate whether the ADD-to-NND diet-shift has environmental consequences that outweigh the increased consumer cost of the diet-shift. The diet-shift reduced the three most important environmental impacts by 16%-22%, mainly caused by reduced meat content. The surcharge to consumers of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was ∈216/capita/year. In monetary terms, the savings related to the environmental impact of the diet-shift were ∈151/capita/year. 70% of the increased consumer cost of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was countered by the reduced socioeconomic advantage associated with the reduced environmental impact of the NND.

地质环境健康适宜性评价指标体系与评价方法研究

人的健康与地质环境息息相关,地质环境对人群健康的影响一直以来备受环境、地质、医学等多学科领域研究者的关注。在环境健康影响评估方面,已有的研究注重从化学物质或工程建设等单一视角对健康风险进行评估,而从地球系统角度综合评估地质环境健康影响的研究尚不多见。本文提出从环境地球化学、区域地质背景、气候状况及人为活动强度等多维度出发,开展基于复合视角的地质环境健康适宜性评价指标体系与评价方法研究。本文建立了地质健康指数(GHI)评价方法,该方法按照GHI得分情况,将区域地质环境的健康适宜性分为优(85分及以上)、良(75~85)、一般(60~75)、较差(50~60)和差五个等级,分别代表区域地质环境处于极适宜、适宜、较适宜、可能适宜与不适宜人群健康的状况。本文以浙江省安吉与龙游两县为例,对GHI法的应用进行了案例分析。GHI法评价结果显示,两地在“气候状况”、“地质背景”与“人类活动强度”等三个分指数上得分相当,而在“环境地球化学”分指数上存在较大分异。这是因为安吉富硒土地农产品在富硒的同时重金属超标严重,而龙游富硒土地则无此类现象。两地GHI总指数得分显示,安吉地质环境的人群健康适宜性处于“良”级(78.16分),而龙游则处于“优”级(85.50分)。调查发现,两地居民健康状况差异不大,居民平均预期寿命均优于全国平均水平,说明虽然安吉地质环境存在高Cd、Ni的地球化学特征,但富硒环境起到了一定弥补作用,使得安吉整体上仍处于“适宜”人群健康的水平。GHI评价方法能够从总体上考虑与人群健康相关的地质环境要素,客观反映区域地质环境的健康适宜性状况,评价结果可以为合理利用有益健康的地质资源,以及规避不利健康的地质风险提供指导。