According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased ...According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased accordingly. For these we must use and add some feed additives such as antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic and synbiotic for the animal feed to increase production (meat, egg, milk and fish) and improve health. In early cases, probiotic as mono or mixed beneficial live microorganism was used as feed additive that plays a significant role in several health conditions and performances. In another way, the scientists use some ingredients indigestible with carbohydrates origin, especially oligosaccharides as a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms in the body which were called prebiotic, and it is indigestible fermented food substrates that stimulate the growth, composition and activity of microorganisms in gastrointestinal and improve host. Most of the scientists urged to use all the above in such way that have more benefits in animal health and performance which were therefore called synbiotic, that was a combination between probiotic and prebiotic which beneficially had significant effects on the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, and thus improving animal health and performance. So, it was proposed that the synbiotic in this research increased beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and improved intestinal architect, and then promoted intestine environment. Consequently, it can improve blood indices, and especially decrease bad cholesterol (Low-density lipoprotein), decrease harmful microorganisms and toxins. However, it can also improve ingredient product, increase mineral absorption and nutrient. In conclusion, it can improve animal health and performance.展开更多
目的系统梳理新一轮医药卫生体制改革以来农村基本医疗卫生服务综合评价指标体系,基于PHCPI概念框架(primary health care performance initiative conceptual framework)探寻目前评价指标普遍关注的内容和可能被忽略的评价内容,为后续...目的系统梳理新一轮医药卫生体制改革以来农村基本医疗卫生服务综合评价指标体系,基于PHCPI概念框架(primary health care performance initiative conceptual framework)探寻目前评价指标普遍关注的内容和可能被忽略的评价内容,为后续科学、全面地评价农村基本医疗卫生服务提供参考依据。方法通过中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文科技期刊数据库检索2009—2019年有关农村基本医疗卫生服务综合评价指标体系的文献,基于SPIDER规范制定纳入排除标准,采用批判评估技术方案对纳入文献进行质量评价,运用框架合成法,选取PHCPI概念框架对纳入的文献进行归纳和总结。结果共纳入25篇文献,总体质量良好。评价体系中的指标可分为5个一级领域、16个二级领域、24个三级领域指标。综合对比各领域对应指标的文献数,卫生资金、效率等领域对应指标的文献数较多,均有20篇左右的文献,高于其他多数领域;投入、产出和结果的相应领域中,近85%的领域对应指标的文献在15篇及以上;服务提供的各领域中,仅18%左右的领域对应指标的文献达到15篇,40%以上领域对应指标的文献未超过5篇。结论农村基本医疗卫生服务综合评价体系对经济效益相关指标关注度较高,投入、产出和结果多数领域的指标重合度较高,评价体系对服务提供领域的关注度较低且内容分散。今后可加强对社会效益和服务提供相关指标的探索,以全面、综合地评价农村基本医疗卫生服务。展开更多
Background:China has achieved zero indigenous malaria case report in 2017.However,along with the increasing of international cooperation development,there is an increasing number of imported malaria cases from Chinese...Background:China has achieved zero indigenous malaria case report in 2017.However,along with the increasing of international cooperation development,there is an increasing number of imported malaria cases from Chinese nationals returning from malaria-affeaed countries.Previous studies have focused on malaria endemic areas in China.There is thus limited information on non-endemic areas in China,especially on the performance of malaria surveillance and response in health facilities.Methods:A comparative retrospective study was carried out based on routine malaria surveillance data collected from 2013 to 2017.All imported malaria cases reported within the mainland of China were included.Variables used in the comparative analysis between cases in former endemic and former non-endemic areas,included age,gender and occupation,destination of overseas travel,Plasmodium species and patient health outcome.Monthly aggregated data was used to compare seasonal and spatial characteristics.Geographical distribution and spatial-temporal aggregation analyses were conducted.Time to diagnosis and report,method of diagnosis,and level of reporting/diagnosing health facilities were used to assess performance of health facilities.Results:A total of 16733 malaria cases,out of which 90 were fatal,were recorded in 31 provinces.The majority of cases(96.2%)were reported from former malaria endemic areas while 3.8%were reported from former non-malaria endemic areas.Patients in the age class from 19 to 59 years and males made the highest proportion of cases in both areas.There were significant differences between occupational categories in the two areas(P c 0.001).In former endemic areas,the largest proportion of cases was among outdoor workers(80%).Two peaks(June,January)and three peaks(June,September and January)were found in former endemic and former non-endemic areas,respeaively.Time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis at clinics was significantly different between the two areas at different level of health facilities(P<0.05).Conclusions:All the former non-endemic areas are now reporting imported malaria cases.However,the largest proportion of imported cases is still reported from former endemic areas.Health facilities in former endemic areas outperformed those in former non-endemic areas.Information,treatment,and surveillance must be provided for expatriates while capacity building and continuous training must be implemented at health facilities in China.展开更多
文摘According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased accordingly. For these we must use and add some feed additives such as antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic and synbiotic for the animal feed to increase production (meat, egg, milk and fish) and improve health. In early cases, probiotic as mono or mixed beneficial live microorganism was used as feed additive that plays a significant role in several health conditions and performances. In another way, the scientists use some ingredients indigestible with carbohydrates origin, especially oligosaccharides as a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms in the body which were called prebiotic, and it is indigestible fermented food substrates that stimulate the growth, composition and activity of microorganisms in gastrointestinal and improve host. Most of the scientists urged to use all the above in such way that have more benefits in animal health and performance which were therefore called synbiotic, that was a combination between probiotic and prebiotic which beneficially had significant effects on the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, and thus improving animal health and performance. So, it was proposed that the synbiotic in this research increased beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and improved intestinal architect, and then promoted intestine environment. Consequently, it can improve blood indices, and especially decrease bad cholesterol (Low-density lipoprotein), decrease harmful microorganisms and toxins. However, it can also improve ingredient product, increase mineral absorption and nutrient. In conclusion, it can improve animal health and performance.
文摘目的系统梳理新一轮医药卫生体制改革以来农村基本医疗卫生服务综合评价指标体系,基于PHCPI概念框架(primary health care performance initiative conceptual framework)探寻目前评价指标普遍关注的内容和可能被忽略的评价内容,为后续科学、全面地评价农村基本医疗卫生服务提供参考依据。方法通过中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文科技期刊数据库检索2009—2019年有关农村基本医疗卫生服务综合评价指标体系的文献,基于SPIDER规范制定纳入排除标准,采用批判评估技术方案对纳入文献进行质量评价,运用框架合成法,选取PHCPI概念框架对纳入的文献进行归纳和总结。结果共纳入25篇文献,总体质量良好。评价体系中的指标可分为5个一级领域、16个二级领域、24个三级领域指标。综合对比各领域对应指标的文献数,卫生资金、效率等领域对应指标的文献数较多,均有20篇左右的文献,高于其他多数领域;投入、产出和结果的相应领域中,近85%的领域对应指标的文献在15篇及以上;服务提供的各领域中,仅18%左右的领域对应指标的文献达到15篇,40%以上领域对应指标的文献未超过5篇。结论农村基本医疗卫生服务综合评价体系对经济效益相关指标关注度较高,投入、产出和结果多数领域的指标重合度较高,评价体系对服务提供领域的关注度较低且内容分散。今后可加强对社会效益和服务提供相关指标的探索,以全面、综合地评价农村基本医疗卫生服务。
文摘Background:China has achieved zero indigenous malaria case report in 2017.However,along with the increasing of international cooperation development,there is an increasing number of imported malaria cases from Chinese nationals returning from malaria-affeaed countries.Previous studies have focused on malaria endemic areas in China.There is thus limited information on non-endemic areas in China,especially on the performance of malaria surveillance and response in health facilities.Methods:A comparative retrospective study was carried out based on routine malaria surveillance data collected from 2013 to 2017.All imported malaria cases reported within the mainland of China were included.Variables used in the comparative analysis between cases in former endemic and former non-endemic areas,included age,gender and occupation,destination of overseas travel,Plasmodium species and patient health outcome.Monthly aggregated data was used to compare seasonal and spatial characteristics.Geographical distribution and spatial-temporal aggregation analyses were conducted.Time to diagnosis and report,method of diagnosis,and level of reporting/diagnosing health facilities were used to assess performance of health facilities.Results:A total of 16733 malaria cases,out of which 90 were fatal,were recorded in 31 provinces.The majority of cases(96.2%)were reported from former malaria endemic areas while 3.8%were reported from former non-malaria endemic areas.Patients in the age class from 19 to 59 years and males made the highest proportion of cases in both areas.There were significant differences between occupational categories in the two areas(P c 0.001).In former endemic areas,the largest proportion of cases was among outdoor workers(80%).Two peaks(June,January)and three peaks(June,September and January)were found in former endemic and former non-endemic areas,respeaively.Time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis at clinics was significantly different between the two areas at different level of health facilities(P<0.05).Conclusions:All the former non-endemic areas are now reporting imported malaria cases.However,the largest proportion of imported cases is still reported from former endemic areas.Health facilities in former endemic areas outperformed those in former non-endemic areas.Information,treatment,and surveillance must be provided for expatriates while capacity building and continuous training must be implemented at health facilities in China.
