Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food...Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China＇s trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China＇s trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures （SPS） and on Technical Barriers to Trade （TBTAgreement）, import and export, and geographical indications （GIs）. It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.展开更多
目的采用基于共识的健康测量工具遴选标准(Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments,COSMIN)系统评价分娩恐惧量表的测量属性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Scopus、CINAHL、Web of Science.中国生...目的采用基于共识的健康测量工具遴选标准(Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments,COSMIN)系统评价分娩恐惧量表的测量属性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Scopus、CINAHL、Web of Science.中国生物医学文献数据库、知网和万方数据库中有关分娩恐惧测量工具的研究,检索时限为建库至2021年3月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献及提取数据,采用COSMIN偏倚风险清单及质量标准对测量工具属性进行系统评价。结果共纳入27项研究,包括5种分娩恐惧测量工具。其中,分娩预期/体验问卷(Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire,W-DEQ)内容效度质量为充分,证据质量水平为低级;结构效度质量为充分,证据质量水平为中级;内部一致性质量为充分,证据质量水平为中级;稳定性质量为充分,证据质量水平为高级;假设检验质量为充分,证据质量水平为高级。结论推荐应用W-DEQ测量分娩恐惧,其余分娩恐惧量表测量属性质量尚不完善,有待于进一步探究。展开更多
目的:采用基于健康测量工具的共识标准(COSMIN)指南对母婴依恋测量工具进行系统评价。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Scopus、Embase、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库、维普网中有关母婴依恋测量工具的研究,...目的:采用基于健康测量工具的共识标准(COSMIN)指南对母婴依恋测量工具进行系统评价。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Scopus、Embase、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库、维普网中有关母婴依恋测量工具的研究,检索时限均为建库至2023年10月30日。由2名接受过循证方法学培训的评审员独立筛选文献,提取并汇总整理数据,采用COSMIN指南偏倚风险清单及良好测量学属性标准对测量工具的属性进行系统评价。结果:共纳入35项研究,包括7种母婴依恋测量工具,其中母胎依恋工具内容效度质量充分(证据质量为高级)、结构效度质量不确定(证据质量为中级)、内部一致性质量为充分(证据质量为高级)、假设检验质量为充分(证据质量为高级),为A级推荐。结论:本研究系统评价了7种母婴依恋的测量工具,其中母胎依恋工具为A类工具,推荐使用。展开更多
基金Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, ChinaPeking University School of Transnational Law, China
文摘Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China＇s trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China＇s trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures （SPS） and on Technical Barriers to Trade （TBTAgreement）, import and export, and geographical indications （GIs）. It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.
文摘目的采用基于共识的健康测量工具遴选标准(Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments,COSMIN)系统评价分娩恐惧量表的测量属性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Scopus、CINAHL、Web of Science.中国生物医学文献数据库、知网和万方数据库中有关分娩恐惧测量工具的研究,检索时限为建库至2021年3月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献及提取数据,采用COSMIN偏倚风险清单及质量标准对测量工具属性进行系统评价。结果共纳入27项研究,包括5种分娩恐惧测量工具。其中,分娩预期/体验问卷(Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire,W-DEQ)内容效度质量为充分,证据质量水平为低级;结构效度质量为充分,证据质量水平为中级;内部一致性质量为充分,证据质量水平为中级;稳定性质量为充分,证据质量水平为高级;假设检验质量为充分,证据质量水平为高级。结论推荐应用W-DEQ测量分娩恐惧,其余分娩恐惧量表测量属性质量尚不完善,有待于进一步探究。
文摘目的:采用基于健康测量工具的共识标准(COSMIN)指南对母婴依恋测量工具进行系统评价。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Scopus、Embase、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库、维普网中有关母婴依恋测量工具的研究,检索时限均为建库至2023年10月30日。由2名接受过循证方法学培训的评审员独立筛选文献,提取并汇总整理数据,采用COSMIN指南偏倚风险清单及良好测量学属性标准对测量工具的属性进行系统评价。结果:共纳入35项研究,包括7种母婴依恋测量工具,其中母胎依恋工具内容效度质量充分(证据质量为高级)、结构效度质量不确定(证据质量为中级)、内部一致性质量为充分(证据质量为高级)、假设检验质量为充分(证据质量为高级),为A级推荐。结论:本研究系统评价了7种母婴依恋的测量工具,其中母胎依恋工具为A类工具,推荐使用。
