Health Care Personnel’s Attitude toward Hand Hygiene in Regard to the Prevention of Health-Care Associated Infections: A Cross Sectional Study at the University Hospital Pristine

Background: Hand hygiene is the leading measure for preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance and reducing healthcare-associated infections, but health care worker compliance with optimal practices remains low in most settings. Objective: The main aim of this paper is to determine findings and start drafting policies in implementing them into practice after finding out nurses’ opinions, beliefs and attitudes toward hand hygiene (HH). Methodology and methods: A cross sectional descriptive and observational study during November 2009. Results: From the total number of 175 health care workers employed in this unit, 67 (38.3%) were observed regarding adherence to hand hygiene. Regarding the knowledge, practices and attitudes of the nurses, data were collected from 54 (50.0%) among 108 nurses in four intensive care units within the University Clinical Centre of Kosovo (UCCK). From research findings, it was concluded that hand hygiene compliance in the intensive care units was low (51.3%). Conclusion: Research results show the necessity of organizing multimodal programs with intensive care units of University Clinical Centre of Kosovo (UCCK) on increase of knowledge level on health-care associated infections (HAI).

Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Aged 0 - 5 Years in the Yénawa District of Cotonou (Benin) in 2023

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections remain one of the main causes of mortality in children aged 0 to 5. This work aimed to study the associated factors with the occurrence of acute respiratory infections in children 0 to 5 years old in Yénawa, Cotonou in 2023. Subjects and Method: It was an analytical cross-sectional study of children aged 0 - 5 years and their mothers in Yénawa, selected by four-degree random sampling. The sampling size, calculated using the Schwartz formula, was 126 children and 126 mothers. The dependent variable was the occurrence of acute respiratory infections. The independent variables were classified into four groups: socio-demographic and economic characteristics, behavioral factors, child-related factors, and environmental factors. Data collected by observation and questionnaire survey were analyzed using STATA version 15 software. Associated factors were investigated by bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression, at the 5% significance level. Results: A total of 126 children aged 0 - 5 years and 126 mothers were surveyed, aged 23.5 (11 - 36) months and 30 (18 - 48) years respectively. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections was 74.60% (CI95% = 66.89 to 82.30). The associated factors were the mother’s age between 18 and 28 (OR = 10.77;CI95% = 1.89 to 61.27;p = 0.007), the use of charcoal/wood for cooking (OR = 7.36;IC = 1.99 to 27.10;p = 0.003)), children's poor personal hygiene (OR = 8.87;IC = 2.92 to 26.97;p 0.001)), and cohabitation with domestic animals (OR = 7.27;IC = 1.67 to 31.71;p = 0.015). Conclusion: Communicating with mothers about the factors identified will help reduce the prevalence of acute respiratory infections in children aged 0 to 5.

Latent tuberculosis infection in health-care workers in the government sector in Brunei Darussalam:A cross-sectional study

Objective:Health-care workers(HCWs)are known to be at high risk for occupational biological hazards,and this includes exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis(TB)which can result in either active or latent TB infection(LTBI).This study aims to provide an overview of the incidence of LTBI among HCWs in Brunei Darussalam,to examine associated risk factors,and to evaluate LTBI treatment compliance.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospective cross-sectional study which was conducted using data from January 2018 to December 2021,on notified cases of LTBI in HCWs which identified 115 cases.Demographic data,underlying medical conditions,and compliance to treatment were assessed through reviews of their electronic health records.Results:The incidence of LBTI was 14.6/year/1000 HCWs.The incidence rate reached a high of 24.6/1000 in 2020,and majority of cases were in the older age groups.There was good treatment acceptance and compliance(82.6%),and this was observed to be significantly higher in females than males(P=0.02).Conclusion:This study showed an average incidence of LTBI of 14.6/1000 HCWs over 4 years and high LTBI treatment acceptance(82.6%)and compliance.Emphasis on infection prevention and control measures in health-care settings and actions to increase awareness of LTBI are crucial interventions toward reducing the burden of LTBI.

Healthcare-Associated Infections: Experiences and Perceptions of Nurses at the Ziniaré District Hospital in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a worldwide concern because of their magnitude and their human and financial cost. While nurses’ non-compliance of hygiene and asepsis measures is questioned, the rationale behind it is not fully understood. We hypothesized that nurses’ experiences and perceptions are one of the reasons for their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Also, nurses’ caring approach would play an important role in patient safety. The objective of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences and perceptions of HAIs in a district hospital in Burkina Faso with the aim of developing a culture of safety in health care practices. Methods: Qualitative data were collected through unstructured interviews with twenty nurses from the Ziniaré district hospital. Data analysis followed the qualitative phenomenological method according to Giorgi. Results: Phenomenological analysis yielded the following themes: “an ignored reality”;“a denied responsibility”;and “a vulnerable problem”. These results show that nurses’ perception of the extent and seriousness of HAIs is low, and that they deny responsibility for their occurrence. As a result, HAIs are not always perceived as a concern. However, nurses deplore the situation, but remain optimistic about resolving the problem. Conclusion: These nurses’ perceptions of HAIs could explain their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Corrective action could be redirected by raising awareness, continuing training, improving working conditions and involving all players, including patients and their families, in the fight against HAIs. .

HLA class Ⅱ associated with outcomes of hepatitis B and C infections

Several factors influence the clinical course of hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection.The human leukocyte antigen(HLA)system,the major histocompatibility complex(MHC)in humans,has been considered one of the most important host factors with respect to outcomes.To date,conventional genotyping studies have shown that HLA classⅡloci are mainly associated with spontaneous clearance of HBV and HCV.However,the specific HLA locus associated with the outcomes of hepatitis virus infection remains unclear.A recent genome-wide association study(GWAS)using a comprehensive approach for human genotyping demonstrated single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)associated with the outcomes of hepatitis virus infection.Examination of large numbers of cohorts revealed that several SNPs in both HLA-DPA1 and HLADPB1 loci are associated with persistent HBV infection in Asian populations.To date,however,few studies have focused on HLA-DP because polymorphisms of HLA-DP haplotype do not vary greatly as compared with other loci of HLA.There are not enough studies to reveal the function of HLA-DP.GWAS additionally detected candidate SNPs within HLA loci associated with chronic HBV or HCV hepatitis,hepatic fibrosis,and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.The results of one cohort were not always consistent with those of other cohorts.To solve several controversial issues,it is necessary to validate reported SNPs on HLA loci in global populations and to elucidate the HLA-allele-regulated molecular response to hepatitis virus infection.

Reducing the Rate of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in the Non-ICU Setting

Background: In 2008, the catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rate at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC) was 3.8/1000 urinary catheter days with some variability between departments. KFMC is the newest tertiary, referral and teaching hospital with 1100 beds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The Infection Control Department at KFMC decided to implement a quality improvement project by applying the bladder bundle in our general ward (Non-ICU) using the model of National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England even though there was good evidence supporting this infection control practice only in ICU patients?[1][2]. Our objective was to decrease CAUTI in two non-ICU units by at least 50% in one year. Study design: This was a prospective interventional quality improvement project aiming to decrease CAUTI in two non-ICU inpatient units with a total of?193 beds including children and adult patients. Our intervention includes insertion and maintenance components. Results: CAUTI decreased significantly in both departments from 23 infections in?2008 (Rate: 5.03/1000 CDs) to 12 infections in 2009 (Rate: 1.92/1000 CDs) (P?= 0.0001);in RH (Rehabilitation hospital) from 18 in 2008 (Rate: 4/1000 CDs) to 11 infections in 2009 (Rate: 0.36/1000?CDs) (P?< 0.0001) and in NSI (National Neuroscience Institute) from 5 in 2008 (Rate: 5.42/1000?CDs) to 1 infections in 2009 (Rate: 3.16/1000 CDs) (P?< 0.0001). Conclusion: Implementation of urinarycatheter insertion and daily care bundles, and creation of a competitive spirit among employees were associated with a significant reduction in catheter associated urinary tract infections.

Expression patterns and action analysis of genes associated with hepatitis virus infection during rat liver regeneration

AIM： To study the action of hepatitis virus infectionassociated genes at transcription level during liver regeneration （LR）. METHODS： Hepatitis virus infection-associated genes were obtained by collecting the data from databases and retrieving the correlated articles, and their expression changes in the regenerating rat liver were detected with the rat genome 230 2.0 array. RESULTS： Eighty-eight genes were found to be associated with liver regeneration. The number of genes initially and totally expressed during initial LR [0.5-4 h affer partial hepatectomy （PH）], transition from （30 to G1 （4-6 h affer PH）, cell proliferation （6-66 h after PH）, cell differentiation and reorganization of structurefunction （66-168 h after PH） was 37, 8, 48, 3 and 37, 26, 80, 57, respectively, indicating that the genes were mainly triggered at the early stage of LR （0.5-4 h after PH）, and worked at different phases. These genes were classified into 5 types according to their expression similarity, namely 37 up-regulated, 9 predominantly upregulated, 34 down-regulated, 6 predominantly downregulated and 2 up/down-regulated genes. Their total up- and down-regulation frequencies were 359 and 149 during LR, indicating that the expression of most genes was enhanced, while the expression of a small number of genes was attenuated during LR. According to time relevance, they were classified into 12 groups （0.5 and 1h, 2 and 4h, 6h, 8 and 12h, 16 and 96h, 18 and 24 h, 30 and 42 h, 36 and 48 h, 54 and 60 h, 66 and 72 h, 120 and 144 h, 168 h）, demonstrating that the cellular physiological and biochemical activities during LR were fluctuated. According to expression changes of the genes, their expression patterns were classified into 23 types, suggesting that the cellular physiological and biochemical activities during LR were diverse and complicated. CONCLUSION： The anti-virus infection capacity of regenerating liver can be enhanced and 88 genes play an important role in LR.

Comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea(AAD) and Clostridum difficile infections(CDI) have been well studied for adult cases, but not as well in the pediatric population. Whether the disease process or response to treatments differs between pediatric and adult patients is an important clinical concern when following global guidelines based largely on adult patients. A systematic review of the literature using databases Pub Med(June 3, 1978-2015) was conducted to compare AAD and CDI in pediatric and adult populations and determine significant differences and similarities that might impact clinical decisions. In general, pediatric AAD and CDI have a more rapid onset of symptoms, a shorter duration of disease and fewer CDI complications(required surgeries and extended hospitalizations) than in adults. Children experience more community-associated CDI and are associated with smaller outbreaks than adult cases of CDI. The ribotype NAP1/027/BI is more common in adults than children. Children and adults share some similar risk factors, but adults have more complex risk factor profiles associated with more co-morbidities, types of disruptive factors and a wider range of exposures to C. difficile in the healthcare environment. The treatment of pediatric and adult AAD is similar(discontinuing or switching the inciting antibiotic), but other treatment strategies for AAD have not been established. Pediatric CDI responds better to metronidazole, while adult CDI responds better to vancomycin. Recurrent CDI is not commonly reported for children. Prevention for both pediatric and adult AAD and CDI relies upon integrated infection control programs, antibiotic stewardship and may include the use of adjunctive probiotics. Clinical presentation of pediatric AAD and CDI are different than adult AAD and CDI symptoms. These differences should be taken into account when rating severity of disease and prescribing antibiotics.

Health care-associated hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a blood-borne pathogen that has a worldwide distribution and infects millions of people.Care-associated HCV infections represented a huge part of hepatitis C burden in the past via contaminated blood and unsafe injections and continue to be a serious problem of public health.The present review proposes a panorama of health care-associated HCV infections via the three mode of contamination that have been identified:(1)infected patient to non-infected patient;(2)infected patient to non-infected health careworker(HCW);and(3)infected HCW to non infected patient.For each condition,the circumstances of contamination are described together with the means to prevent them.As a whole,the more important risk is represented by unsafe practices regarding injections,notably with the improper use of multidose vials used for multiple patients.The questions of occupational exposures and infected HCWs are also discussed.In terms of prevention and surveillance,the main arm for combating care-associated HCV infections is the implementation of standard precautions in all the fields of cares,with training programs and audits to verify their good application.HCWs must be sensitized to the risk of blood-borne pathogens,notably by the use of safety devices for injections and good hygiene practices in the operating theatre and in all the invasive procedures.The providers performing exposed-prone procedures must monitor their HCV serology regularly in order to detect early any primary infection and to treat it without delay.With the need to stay vigilant because HCV infection is often a hidden risk,it can be hoped that the number of people infected by HCV via health care will decrease very significantly in the next years.

Investigation and Analysis of the Status Quo of Prevention and Control Practices of Catheter-Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) in Guangxi, China

The prevention and control of catheter line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) have become the key content of medical care and have become the core improvement goal of nursing quality control. However, the prevention and control status of CLABSI in hospitals of different grades in Guangxi is not clear. In this study, we aim to investigate central venous catheter (CVC) placement and disinfectant use in second and third-level hospitals in Guangxi. This survey was conducted on the second and third-level hospitals in Guangxi, China from 13th April 2021 to 19th April 2021. The results show that a total of 283 questionnaires were collected, including 206 secondary hospitals and 77 tertiary hospitals. In terms of the CVC, tertiary hospitals were able to place CVC entirely under the guidance of B-ultrasound, which was 24 (31.6%) and secondary hospitals were 26 (20.6%). In secondary hospitals, Most CVC placements were performed in operating rooms 94 (74.6%) and 65 (85.5%) on the third level hospital, but 32.5% of secondary hospitals and 48.7% of tertiary hospitals were selected at the bedside of patients in general wards, and 27.8% of the second-level hospital, 43.4% of third-level hospitals was done in general ward treatment rooms, only 61.9% of secondary hospitals and 64.5% of tertiary hospitals could fully achieve the maximum sterile barrier. In terms of skin disinfectants, only 36.0% of tertiary hospitals and 16.4% of second-level CVC-operators chose > 0.5% chlorhexidine alcohol. In conclusion, the prevention and control of catheter line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in Guangxi are not ideal. The prevention and control department should increase training, implement guidelines and standardize management to reduce the incidence of CLABSI.

Central line-associated bloodstream infection among children with biliary atresia listed for liver transplantation

BACKGROUND Pre-transplant nutrition is a key driver of outcomes following liver transplantation in children.Patients with biliary atresia(BA) may have difficulty achieving satisfactory weight gain with enteral nutrition alone,and parenteral nutrition(PN) may be indicated.While PN has been shown to improve anthropometric parameters of children with BA listed for liver transplantation,less is known about the risks,particularly infectious,associated with this therapy among this specific group of patients.AIM To describe the incidence,microbiology,and risk factors of central line-associated bloodstream infection(CLABSI) among children with BA listed for liver transplantation.METHODS Retrospective review of children aged ≤ 2-years of age with BA who were listed for primary liver transplantation at Texas Children's Hospital from 2008 through2015(n = 96).Patients with a central line for administration of PN(n = 63) were identified and details of each CLABSI event were abstracted.We compared the group of patients who experienced CLABSI to the group who did not,to determine whether demographic,clinical,or laboratory factors correlated with development of CLABSI.RESULTS Nineteen of 63 patients(30%,95%CI:19,43) experienced 29 episodes of CLABSI during 4800 line days(6.04 CLABSI per 1000 line days).CLABSI was predominantly associated with Gram-negative organisms(14/29 episodes,48%)including Klebsiella spp.,Enterobacter spp.,and Escherichia coli.The sole polymicrobial infection grew Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.Grampositive organisms(all Staphylococcus spp.) and fungus(all Candida spp.)comprised 9/29(31%) and 6/29(21%) episodes,respectively.No demographic,clinical,or laboratory factors were significantly associated with an increased risk for the first CLABSI event in Cox proportional hazards regression analysis CONCLUSION There is substantial risk for CLABSI among children with BA listed for liver transplantation.No clinical,demographic,or laboratory factor we tested emerged as an independent predictor of CLABSI.While our data did not show an impact of CLABSI on the short-term clinical outcome,it would seem prudent to implement CLABSI reduction strategies in this population to the extent that each CLABSI event represents potentially preventable hospitalization,unnecessary healthcare dollar expenditures,and may exact an opportunity cost,in terms of missed allograft offers.

Healthcare Associated Infection in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of King Abdl Aziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, KSA

Healthcare-associated infection is a common problem of newborn in neonatal intensive care units. It results in high mortality rate and serious complications. The Aim: to assess the incidence, etiology and the mortality of healthcareassociated infections of patients in neonatal intensive care unit at King Abdl Aziz Specialist Hospital (KAASH), Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study including 8033 neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit during period between April, 2006 and December, 2012. The health-care associated infection rate, mortality rate, causative organism and risk factors were studied. Results: The prevalence of health-care associated infection was found to be 6.03%;the mortality rate was 27.1%. The highest prevalence was among children with the birth weight below 1000 g. The most frequent causative pathogen was klebseilla spp, followed by other gram negative bacilli. Conclusion: The rate of healthcare-associated infections in neonatal intensive care unit at KAASH was relatively high. In addition, the mortality rate was observed to be high (27.1%) owing to the high virulence of the causative organisms.

Incidence and Etiology of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection among Admitted Patients at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital, South Western Uganda

Introduction: Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection is the most common hospital acquired infection worldwide. Urinary Tract Infections among catheterised patients are on rise regardless of antibiotic use and this is due to erratic use of antibiotics, treatment failure, antimicrobial resistance and emergency of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing bacteria leading to patient distress, increased healthcare costs, long hospital stay and poor patient response to antibiotics. In Uganda, no previous studies have sought to study the burden of CAUTI among catheterized patients, the bacterial pathogens involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns yet there is upsurge in antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens. The effective management of patients suffering from Catheter Associated Urinary Tract infection (CAUTI) relays on the identification of uropathogens that cause CAUTI and the selection of an effective antibiotic agent to the uropathen in question. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine incidence, etiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among the uropathogens causing Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections among patients with indwelling catheters at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital. Methods: Using a descriptive prospective observational hospital-based study, the study was conducted on 150 catheterized patients recruited from Emergency, Obstetrics and gynecology, Medical, Maternity and Surgical wards at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital between April and May 2019. The urine samples from study participants were processed in Kabale RRH microbiology laboratory as per standard operating procedures. After isolation and identification, all the isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing for commonly used antibiotics. Results: Following the urine culture from 150 catheterized patients, urine from 23 (15.3%) patients showed significant growth. The common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli 12 (52%), followed by the Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 (26%), Staphylococcus aureus 3 (13%) and Pseudomonas spp. 2 (8.7%). All Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to Imipenem 20 (100%) while all S. aureus isolates (3) were 100% sensitive to Vancomycin and Cefoxitin. Isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin 20 (82.6), Ceftriaxone 16 (69.6), Ciprofloxacin 10 (43.5) and Nitrofurantoin 9 (39.1). All isolates were 100% resistant to Cotrimoxazole. 6 gram negative isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and were tested for Extended Spectrum Beta (&#223;) Lactamase (ESBL), 5 (83.3%) were identified as ESBL-producing bacteria. K. pneumonia 3 (60%) presented the highest percentage of ESBLs as compared to E. coli 2 (40%). Conclusions: The Incidence of CAUTI among patients with indwelling urinary catheters at Kabale Regional Referral Hospital is high (15.3%) and is mostly caused by E. coli and K. pneumoniae. These bacteria are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics and thus there is a need to put more emphasis on CAUTI prevention strategies and use culture and sensitivity tests before prescription of antibiotics.

HIV Infection in Senegalese Prisons: Prevalence and Associated Factors

HIV/AIDS is a serious health problem among prisoners and constitutes a big challenge for prison administration services, public health services and governments. Aims: Determine the prevalence of HIV infection among prisoners and describe associated factors. Population and Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study conducted from December 2015 to October 2016. A sample of 600 prisoners was randomly interviewed nationwide. They were selected directly from the sample frame from across the country and proportionally from all sites. Pre-established questionnaires providing information on the sociodemographic and biological characteristics of prisoners were used for the collection of data. Data entry and analysis were performed using EXCEL and SPSS 18 software. Results: The survey was based on a randomised sample of 600 prisoners, 593 of whom accepted blood extraction for the HIV testing. The series was mainly composed of males (89%). The median age was 33 years (18 - 69). The level of education among respondents was 60%. Regarding marital status, the proportion of married prisoners was 51.8%. Almost three-quarters (71.5%) were at their first imprisonment and 51.8% were on preventive detention. The reasons for imprisonment varied and were dominated by drug use (35.3%), while only 4.6% confessed that they continued using drugs while in prison. 97.8% of prisoners have had a sexual experience. Their median age was 19 years at their first sexual intercourse. 20.5% reported using a condom during their first intercourse. Multi partnership was estimated at 17.8%. The prevalence of HIV infection was high among prisoners (2%), the quadruple of the national rate. This prevalence was associated with female sex (4.5%) (p = 0.012) and housewives (12.5%) (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Prisoners are very vulnerable to HIV infection with a high prevalence compared to the national rate, hence the need for the enforcement of effective HIV prevention and care measures in prisons.

Neonatal Umbilical Cord Infections: Incidence, Associated Factors and Cord Care Practices by Nursing Mothers at a Tertiary Hospital in Western Uganda

Background: Umbilical cord infections complicate to neonatal sepsis that significantly contributes to neonatal mortality worldwide. There is paucity of data on the incidence, factors associated with neonatal umbilical cord infections in western Uganda, yet nursing mothers continue to practice potentially dangerous cord care practices. We described the incidence, factors associated with umbilical cord infections and cord care practices by nursing mothers at a tertiary hospital in western Uganda. Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study at a tertiary hospital in western Uganda between the months of March and June 2019. Two hundred and forty (240) neonates aged between 2 to 14 days attending the neonatal unit were recruited in the study. Umbilical cord infection was assessed based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) clinical definition: finding of any of discharge, redness and swelling on the umbilical stump. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, maternal and neonatal perinatal factors and cord care practices of the nursing mothers were analysed by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression using STATA 13.0 to determine factors associated with umbilical cord infection. Results: Sixty-five, 65 (27.1%) neonates had at least one sign of cord infection. Majority of the nursing mothers, 168 (70%) do not use the recommended umbilical cord care practices. Among these, 73 (30.4%) do not cleanse the cord while 95 (39.6%) cleanse with application of a dangerous substance. Application of dangerous substance to the cord (aOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.37 - 6.37, p = 0.006) and maternal secondary education level (aOR = 2.1, CI = 1.01 - 4.18, p = 0.046) were significantly associated with umbilical cord infection. Conclusions: The incidence of neonatal umbilical cord infection is high in this setting. Application of a dangerous substance to the umbilical stump and maternal secondary education level were significantly associated with umbilical cord infection. Clinicians should routinely examine the umbilical stump of every neonate for the signs of infection and encourage mothers to avoid application of dangerous substances to the cord. Maternal education on the recommended cord care practices during antenatal and postnatal period could reduce the incidence of umbilical cord infection among neonates in low resource setting.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 1—Biological and Treatment Factors

The most frequent adverse event in the healthcare delivery system is acquisition of an infection within a healthcare facility. Since infection control measures are known, simple, and low-cost, we examine why the problem of healthcare-associated infections persists. Hundreds of millions of patients each year are affected by a healthcare-associated infection, with negative medical outcome and financial cost. It is a major public health problem even in countries with advanced healthcare systems. This is a bit perplexing, given that hygienic practices have been known and actively promoted. The objective is to address the question: doesn’t the use of disinfection, sterilization, handwashing, and alcohol rubs prevent the spread of pathogenic organisms? We conclude that the persistent high prevalence of nosocomial infections despite known hygienic practices is attributable to two categories of factors: biological and inherent shortcomings of some practices (considered in Part 1), and human factors (considered in Part 2). A new approach is presented in Part 3.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 2—Human Factors

A healthcare-associated infection (defined as an infection acquired within a healthcare facility), such as due to transmission via medical equipment or by healthcare providers is the most frequent adverse event in the healthcare delivery system. But why does the problem persist, when infection control measures are known, simple, and low-cost? We reviewed some biological- and treatment-factors in Part 1, and we now review some human-factors. Healthcare-associated infections are a major public health problem even in advanced healthcare systems. They affect hundreds of millions of patients each year, and are responsible for increased morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. This is perplexing, since good-hygiene practices are known and promoted. Disinfection, sterilization, handwashing, and alcohol rubs should be more effective, but human-factors interfere. The persistent high prevalence of nosocomial infections, despite known hygienic practices, is attributable to two categories of factors: biological and inherent shortcomings of some practices (considered in Part 1), and human factors (considered here). A new approach is considered in Part 3.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 3—Application of Human Factors Engineering to an Ozone Hand Sanitizer

Compliance to hand-hygiene guidelines in healthcare facilities remains disappointingly low for a variety of human-factors (HF) reasons. A device HF-engineered for convenient and effective use even under high-workload conditions could contribute to better compliance, and consequently to reduction in healthcare-acquired infections. We present an overview of the efficacy of a passive hand-spray device that uses solubilized ozone—a strong, safe, non-irritant biocide having broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties—on glass surface, pigskin, and synthetic human skin matrix.

Healthcare-Associated Bacteremia and Urinary Tract Infections in Wards A and B of Medicine Department, CNHU-HKM of Cotonou: Characteristics and Risk Factors

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are involved in hospital long-stay and in the increase in inherent costs to patients care. Objectives: Objective was to describe the characteristics of healthcare-associated bacteremia and urinary tract infections in medical wards of CNHU-HKM of Cotonou, describe the distribution of germs identified according to admission wards and identify factors associated with onset of healthcare-associated infections. Materials and Methods: It was a cohort study conducted from 4th April to 16th September 2016. The study population included patients admitted in wards A and B of CNHU-HKM Medicine department for at least the past 48 hours, or readmitted in one of the medical wards less than 14 days after their discharge from hospital. Results: The study included 825 patients in total. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections was 9.8%. Bacteremia was the most represented group (65.4%). The most often identified germs regardless of the site were respectively: K. pneumonia (38.5%), S. aureus (23.1%) and E. coli (20.0%). HIV+ status, internal medicine department, nephrology and endocrinology, duration of admission and the use of urinary catheter represent factors statistically associated with the onset of healthcare-associated infections. Conclusion: Healthcare-associated infections are a real public health issue in CNHU-HKM Medicine Department. There is pressing need to conduct a study on clinical hygiene so as to assess healthcare staff in practice.

Association of HLA-B Alleles With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in the Yi Ethnic Group in Sichuan Province

Objective To determine the distribution of HLA-B alleles in the Chinese Yi ethnic group and its association with HIV infection. Methods One hundred and six unrelated healthy HIV negative and 73 HIV positive Chinese Yi ethnic individuals were typed by PCR-SSP. Results The frequency of alleles B*07, B*35, and B*46 were increased in HTV-1 -positive subjects, whereas the alleles B*55, B*44 and B*78 were absent in the HIV-infected persons studied. The B*46 allele was present in a significantly higher gene frequency among HIV-1-positive individuals (P=0.02, OR=3.32, 95% CI=1.13-9.78) compared with control subjects. Conclusion HLA-B*46 may be associated with its susceptibility to HIV-1 infections.