Scoping review on health-related physical fitness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease:Assessment,interventions,and future directions

BACKGROUND Reaching the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-II(STRIDE-II)therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)requires an interdisciplinary approach.Lifestyle interventions focusing on enhancing and preserving health-related physical fitness(HRPF)may aid in improving subjective health,decreasing disability,or even controlling inflammation.However,ambiguity remains about the status and impact of HRPF(i.e.body composition,cardiorespiratory fitness,muscular strength,muscular endurance,and flexibility)in IBD patients,hindering the development of physical activity and physical exercise training guidelines.AIM To review HRPF components in IBD patients and the impact of physical activity and physical exercise training interventions on HRPF.METHODS A systematic search in multiple databases was conducted for original studies that included patients with IBD,assessed one or more HRPF components,and/or evaluated physical activity or physical exercise training interventions.RESULTS Sixty-eight articles were included.No study examined the complete concept of HRPF,and considerable heterogeneity existed in assessment methods,with frequent use of non-validated tests.According to studies that used gold standard tests,cardiorespiratory fitness seemed to be reduced,but findings on muscular strength and endurance were inconsistent.A limited number of studies that evaluated physical activity or physical exercise training interventions reported effects on HRPF,overall showing a positive impact.CONCLUSION We performed a scoping review using a systematic and iterative approach to identify and synthesize an emerging body of literature on health-related physical fitness in patients with IBD,highlighting several research gaps and opportunities for future research.Findings of this review revealed a gap in the literature regarding the accurate assessment of HRPF in patients with IBD and highlighted important methodological limitations of studies that evaluated physical activity or physical exercise training interventions.This scoping review is a step towards performing studies and systematic reviews in the future,which was not possible at present given the heterogeneity in endpoints and designs of the available studies on this topic.Future well-designed studies are required to determine the optimal training paradigm for improving HRPF in patients with IBD before guidelines can be developed and integrated into the therapeutic strategy.

Effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement,psychosocial functioning,and physical fitness:A multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial

Purpose:To examine the effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement,psychosocial functioning,and physical fitness in children aged 7-8 years.Methods:Twenty schools in 5 different European countries(2 second-grade classrooms per school)participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial(Sport at School trial).Participants were assigned to either a control group,which continued with their habitual physical education lessons,or to an intervention group,which replaced these lessons with a 1-year karate intervention(Karate Mind and Movement program).A total of 721 children(344 girls and 377 boys,7.4±0.5 years old,mean±SD)completed the study,of which 333 and 388 were assigned to the control group and intervention group,respectively.Outcomes included academic performance(average grade),psychosocial functioning(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents),and different markers of physical fitness(cardiorespiratory fitness,balance,and flexibility).Results:The intervention provided small but significant benefits compared to the control group for academic achievement(d=0.16;p=0.003),conduct problems(d=-0.28;p=0.003),cardiorespiratory fitness(d=0.36;p<0.001),and balance(d=0.24;p=0.015).There was a trend towards significant benefits for flexibility(d=0.24;p=0.056).No significant benefits were observed for other variables,including psychosocial difficulties,emotional symptoms,hyperactivity/inattention,peer problems,or prosocial behaviour(all p>0.05).Conclusion:A 1-year school-based karate intervention was effective in improving academic achievement,conduct problems,and physical fitness in primary school children.The results support the inclusion of karate during physical education lessons.

Research on the Deep Integration Mechanism of National Fitness Campaign and College Physical Education Teaching:Taking Guangdong University of Science and Technology as an Example

By using the methods of literature review,questionnaire survey,and expert interview,this paper discusses and analyzes the deep integration mechanism of national fitness campaign and college physical education teaching,in order to promote the development of college physical education teaching reform,expand ideas,explore new fields,and provide novel development directions.The purpose is to enhance the national physical quality,improve the public service system,enhance the health awareness of the citizens,and provide guidelines for promoting the development of sports.

Health Related Physical Fitness Measures: Reference Values and Predictive Equations for Saudi Female College Students

Health related-physical fitness (HRPF) is critical for maintaining and enhancing health and quality of life. Purposes: To estimate the reference values and predictive equations for frequently used clinical field HRPF measures in a sample of Saudi female college students aged 18 - 24 years. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, body fat percentage (BF %) was estimated. Curl-up test (CUT) and sit and reach test (SRT) were applied in 216 students. The Queen’s College Step Test (QCST) was used to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). Physical activity (PA) level was also measured using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: The mean of BF %, SRT, CUT, and predicted VO2 max were 23.98% ± 6.13%, 17.10 ± 7.50 cm, 28.17 ± 7.72 number/min, and 39.58 ± 4.01 ml/kg/min respectively. There was no significant effect of age on all HRPF measures except for BF % (F (6,215) = 3.25, p (6,215) = 4.01, p strated that BMI was the predictor for BF % and SRT and explained 65% and 4% of total variance respectively. IPAQ score, age, and height were the predictors of CUT counting 17% of total variance. While, BMI and IPAQ score were the predictors for VO2 max and explained 13% of the total variance. Conclusion: Reference values can be used clinically in the evaluation of HRPF, in the rehabilitation process as well as in designing a program to improve the HRPF for female college students with consideration of age, height, BMI, and PA level for a particular population.

试析发展学生“体适能”(physical fitness)在体育教学中的地位

通过文献资料法分析了"体适能"在学校体育教学中的地位,认为发展学生体适能必将引起教学目标、教学内容、教学方式和教学评价体系的改变;有利于课内外一体化教学的进程;也有利于"学生体质健康标准"的顺利实施。

Physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index in the Chinese child and adolescent populations： An update from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China The Youth Study

In this special issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,analyses of the most recent national prevalence estimates from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study(PAFCTYS)are presented.These include the prevalence of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)。

Prevalence of physical fitness in Chinese school-aged children： Findings from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China -The Youth Study

Purpose: This study was to present the 2016 prevalence estimates of Chinese school-aged children meeting physical fitness standards and to examine differences by sex and residence locales in children who did not meet fitness standards.Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of 171,991 children and adolescents(boy: 50.0%, Grades 1–12) who participated in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study. The main outcomes were fitness measures, assessed by the 2014 revised Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard(CNSPFS), covering areas of aerobic capacity, upper body strength, flexibility, body mass index,abdominal strength, and trunk strength. Children's overall physical fitness performance was categorized, per CNSPFS standards, as excellent,good, pass, or no pass. Data on the prevalence of physical fitness categories and not meeting fitness standards(i.e., among children who received a "no pass" mark) were analyzed, through logistic regression, by sex(boy, girl) and residence locales(urban, rural) across 3 school grades(primary,junior middle, and junior high).Results: In 2016, 5.95% of Chinese children and adolescents achieved an "excellent" mark, 25.80% received a "good" rating, 59.90% received a "pass", and 8.35% received a "no pass". Overall, boys were more likely to not pass the fitness standards compared with girls(adjusted odds ratio(a OR) = 1.710; 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.708–1.712) and children living in urban areas were more likely to not pass the standards than those living in rural areas(a OR = 1.298; 95%CI: 1.296–1.299). Consistent patterns of not meeting fitness standards were also found by sex and residence locales across all 3 school grades.Conclusion: In the Chinese school-aged population, about 3 in 10 children achieved an "excellent" or "good" fitness standard in 2016, and about8% of this population did not meet CNSPFS standards. Children living in urban areas were more likely to not meet minimum fitness performance levels, and boys in school were more likely to not meet minimum fitness performance levels than girls.

Motor competence and health-related fitness in children:A cross-cultural comparison between Portugal and the United States

Background: Motor competence and health-related fitness are important components for the development and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in children. This study examined cross-cultural performances on motor competence and health-related fitness between Portuguese and U.S.children.Methods: Portuguese(n = 508; 10.14 § 2.13 years, mean § SD) and U.S.(n = 710; 9.48 § 1.62 years) children performed tests of cardiorespiratory fitness(Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run), upper body strength(handgrip), locomotor skill performance(standing long jump), and object projection skill performance(throwing and kicking). Portuguese and U.S. children were divided into 2 age groups(6à9 and 10à13 years) for data analysis purposes. A twoàfactor oneàway analysis of covariance(ANOVA) was conducted with the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run, handgrip, standing long jump scores, kicking, and throwing speed(km/h) as dependent variables.Results: Results indicated that Portuguese children, irrespective of sex, presented better performances in locomotor and cardiorespiratory performance(standing long jump and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) than U.S. children in both age bands. U.S. children outperformed Portuguese children during throwing and handgrip tests. Kicking tests presented gender differences: Portuguese boys and U.S. girls outperformed their internationally matched counterparts.Conclusion: Cultural differences in physical education curricula and sports participation may impact differences in motor competence and fitness development in these countries.

Body Mass Index and Health Related Physical Fitness in Saudi Girls and Adolescents Aged 8 - 15 Years

Health related physical fitness (HRPF) is considered to be an indirect marker of a person’s health and wellbeing, reflecting the interplay and integration of many persons’ systems and body functions. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and HRPF in a national cross-sectional sample of Saudi girls and adolescents. Methods: Weight, height and four components of HRPF (body fat composition, strength and endurance, flexibility and cardio-respiratory fitness) were measured in three age groups [(8 - 10), (11 - 12) and (13 - 15) years]. Pearson correlation coefficient and regressions analysis using a non-linear quadratic model were used to evaluate the relationship between BMI and HRPF in three age groups. Results: The results revealed variable relationships among tests. Lower scores in body fat composition and cardio-respiratory fitness were associated with higher body mass indexes in each age group. Also lower scores in muscle strength and endurance were recorded in girls aged from 11 to 15 years. Relationships between BMI and flexibility differed among age groups. Conclusion: BMI significantly and differentially influenced individual HRPF, but effects varied with age. Higher body mass indexes were generally associated with lower HRPF. The level of HRPF determined by this study may serve as an indicator of potential health risks that overweight and obese children girls and adolescents faced.

Health-related fitness knowledge growth in middle school years:Individual-and school-level correlates

Background:Health-related fitness knowledge(HRFK)has been an essential concept for many health and physical education programs.There has been limited understanding and longitudinal investigation on HRFK growth.This longitudinal study examined HRFK growth and its individual-and school-level correlates in middle school years under 1 curriculum condition:Five for Life.Methods:Participants were 12,044 students from 47 middle schools.Data were collected at both individual/participant and school/institution levels.Individual-level variables included gender,grade,and HRFK test scores.School-level variables included percentage of students receiving free and reduced meals(FARM),student-to-faculty ratio for physical education,and school academic performance(SAP).We used hierarchical linear modeling to examine HRFK 3-year growth in relation to individual-and school-level correlates.Results:The average HRFK score at 6th grade for females was 42.81%±1.32%.The predicted HRFK growth was 17.06%±1.02%per year,holding other factors constant.A 1-standard deviation increase in FARM correlated with a 14.68%-point decrease in predicted test score(p=0.02).A 1-standard deviation increase in SAP was associated with an 11.90%-point increase in HRFK score.Males had a significantly lower growth rate than females during the middle school years(0.78%/year,p=0.02).Conclusion:The result showed that both individual-and school-level variables such as gender,FARM,and SAP influenced HRFK growth.Educators should heed gender differences in growth curves and recognize the correlates of school-level variables.

Chronic hepatitis B, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and physical fitness of military males: CHIEF study

AIM To investigate the association of chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with physical fitness in a Taiwan Residents military male cohort.METHODS We made a cross-sectional examination of this association using 3669 young adult military males according to cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events recorded in the Taiwan Armed Forces study. Cases of chronic hepatitis B(n = 121) were defined by personal history and positive detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. Cases of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(n = 129) were defined by alanine transaminase level > 60 U/L, liver ultrasound finding of steatosis, and absence of viral hepatitis A, B or C infection. All other study participants were defined as unaffected(n = 3419). Physical fitness was evaluated by performance in 3000-m run, 2-min sit-ups, and 2-min push-ups exercises, with all the procedures standardized by a computerized scoring system. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship.RESULTS Chronic hepatitis B negatively correlated with 2-min push-up numbers(β =-2.49, P = 0.019) after adjusting for age, service specialty, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, current cigarette smoking, alcohol intake status, serum hemoglobin, and average weekly exercise times. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was borderline positively correlated with 3000-m running time(β = 11.96, P = 0.084) and negatively correlated with 2-min sit-up numbers(β =-1.47, P = 0.040). CONCLUSION Chronic hepatitis B viral infection and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis affects different physical performances in young adult military males, and future study should determine the underlying mechanism.

Is device-measured vigorous physical activity associated with health-related outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:This study sought to analyze the prospective association between vigorous-intensity physical activity(VPA)and health-related outcomes in children and adolescents.Methods:Studies reporting associations between device-measured VPA and health-related factors in children and adolescents aged 318 years were identified through database searches(MEDLINE,EMBASE,and SPORTDiscus).Correlation coefficients were pooled if outcomes were reported by at least 3 studies,using DerSimonian-Laird random effects models.Results:Data from 23 studies including 13,674 participants were pooled using random effects models.Significant associations were found between VPA at baseline and overall adiposity(r=0.09,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.15 to0.03;p=0.002;I^(2)=89.8%),cardiometabolic risk score(r=0.13,95%CI:0.24 to0.02,p=0.020;I^(2)=69.6%),cardiorespiratory fitness(r=0.25,95%CI:0.150.35;p<0.001;I^(2)=57.2%),and total body bone mineral density(r=0.16,95%CI:0.06 to 0.25;p=0.001;I^(2)=0%).Conclusion:VPA seems to be negatively related to adiposity and cardiometabolic risk score and positively related to cardiorespiratory fitness and total body bone mineral density among children and adolescents at follow-up.Therefore,our findings support the need to strengthen physical activity recommendations regarding VPA due to its health benefits in children and adolescents.

Influence of exercise habits and physical fitness level on subjective fatigue symptoms in adolescent students

This study aimed to examine the influence of exercise habits and physical fitness level on subjective fatigue symptoms (SFS) in adolescent students. Four hundred and one healthy young male adults (age: 16.5 +/- 1.2 yr) participated in the physical fitness test of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan and responded to the questionnaire on exercise habits and SFS. SFS questionnaire was conducted 6 times with a week interval during the physical fitness test. SFS was compared among groups with different physical fitness levels and exercise habit. Significant differences were found in difficulty with concentrated thinking, languor and low vigor, with the high physical fitness group having lower values of the three fatigue factors than the low physical fitness group regardless of affiliation with sports club and gyms, exercise frequency and time. SFS is largely affected by physical fitness level but very little by exercise habits.

A longitudinal analysis of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Officers’ Training Corps physical fitness assessment

Background:The U.S.Air Force physical fitness assessment(PFA)is used to determine the overall fitness of their personnel.It is currently unknown to what extent the PFA scores of Reserve Officers’Training Corps(ROTC)cadets are affected by mandatory physical training.The purpose of this investigation was to longitudinally examine the PFAs of ROTC cadets over a four-year period,evaluate the results across class ranks,and evaluate the sensitivity of the classification of the tests.Methods:Air Force ROTC cadets performed the PFAs(abdominal circumference,1-min pushups,1-min sit-ups,and a 1.5-mile run)in both the spring(n=26)and fall(n=22)semesters.PFAs were compiled over a four-year period(Spring 2014–Fall 2017)and were performed in accordance with Air Force Instruction 36–2905.A oneway repeated measures ANOVA was performed separately for the fall and spring groups for each dependent variable across the 4 years.Additionally,a one-way between groups ANOVA was performed for each dependent variable during the time point(fall 2015;n=46)with the most recorded cadets for each class rank.Results:Longitudinal assessments revealed a main effect of time(P=0.010)on abdominal circumference;cadets had a smaller abdominal circumference in their freshman year than in their senior year.A main effect of time(P=0.006)was also observed on sit-up quantity;cadets performed more sit-ups in their junior year than in their freshman year.Examining between class ranks during the same year(between-subjects ANOVA)revealed a main effect of class rank on sit-up quantity(P=0.003);the freshmen completed fewer repetitions than the sophomores(P=0.018)and the juniors did(P=0.001).Conclusions:The results indicated that only the sit-up component showed differences between class ranks.These findings suggest that the Air Force PFA may not be sensitive enough to detect changes in physical fitness or distinguish between class ranks regarding physical performance,even after years of training.This limitation may be in part due to the limited duration of training incorporated by the ROTC program(2 h per week),which provided a maintenance effect rather than improvement in physical performance.We recommend that more attention be directed to the efficacy of physical training,the sensitivity of measures included in the PFA,or both.

Occupation, Physical Fitness and Adiposity Markers among Security Guards and Students of Delhi University

Physical fitness and health are reciprocal to each other and examining adiposity is an important parameter to assess physical fitness. The present study examines the relationship between different adiposity markers and physical fitness based on occupation. A cross sectional sample of 82 security guards (mean age: 36.86 ± 8.72) and 43 students (mean age: 23.4 ± 3.86) of Delhi University were studied. Anthropometric measurements (height, body weight, waist and hip circumference) and socio-demographic characteristics were ascertained. Body composition parameters (body fat percentage, fat mass, fat free mass, muscle mass, total body water, bone mass and visceral fat) were assessed by bioelectric-impedance method using Tanita Body Composition Analyzer (BCA). Harvard step test was performed to test the physical fitness using Rapid Fitness Index. Student’s t test was used to compare the physical fitness and adiposity markers between the security guards and the students. ANOVA was used to categorize the level of physical fitness with adiposity markers amongst the two groups. As RFI scores decreased, mean value of body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, MUAC, fat mass, visceral fat and BMI increased among the security guards showing a trend which indicates that with an increase in adiposity, the tendency to perform physical work decreases. However, no consistent trend as such was observed amongst the students between the RFI categories. Nevertheless, Delhi University students were found to be more physically fit than the security guards that may be attributable to the differences in their leisure time physical activity preferences and occupational workloads besides the underlying genetic, metabolic or dietary influences. Workplace interventions to reduce occupational sitting among the university security guards may boost cardiorespiratory fitness in the long run.

Addressing the public health concerns of physical inactivity, low levels of fitness, and unhealthy weight among Chinese school-aged children

In China,sports and physical activity(PA)have traditionally been an integral part of school curricula to promote fitness and enhance healthy growth among children and adolescents.Three decades of economic reforms,however,have brought major changes in social,economic,and built environments that have resulted in concerns about the general health of the Chinese population due to accumulating epidemiologic evidence of increased levels of physical inactivity,high rates of obesity,and unhealthy diet.With the emergence of a progressively obesogenic environment,lack of safe and acces-

Preventive fraction of physical fitness on risk factors in cardiac patients:Retrospective epidemiological study

AIM To quantify the preventive fraction of physical fitness on the risk factors in patients with cardiovascular diseases(CVDs).METHODS A total of 249 subjects(205 men and 44 women) suffering from CVD were categorized into four groups, according to their percentage of physical fitness. We calculated the odds ratio to obtain the preventive fraction in order to evaluate the impact of the physical fitness level on the risk factors(i.e., abdominal obesity, depression, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, overweight and smoking).RESULTS It is observed that a normal physical fitness level is sufficient to induce a preventive action on abdominal obesity(38%), diabetes(12%), hypertension(33%), obesity(12%) and overweight(11%). Also, the preventive fraction increases with the level of physical fitness, in particular for hypertension(36%) and overweight(16%). A high physical fitness level does not necessarily induce a preventive action in most risk factors, excluding depression. CONCLUSION This is the first study which demonstrates that reaching a normal physical fitness level is enough to induce a protection for some risk factors, despite having a CVD.

Correlation between the results of three physical fitness tests(endurance,strength,speed) and the output measured during a bicycle ergometer test in a cohort of military servicemen

Background: Physical fitness tests are widely used to assess endurance,sprint ability,coordination and/or strength.The objective of the present study was to analyze the degree to which the results of the Bundeswehr Basis Fitness Test(BFT)–a physical fitness test comprising a sprint test(11×10-m shuttle test),a flexed-arm hang test and a 1000-m run–are consistent with the output measured during a bicycle ergometer test.The number of false-positive and falsenegative results with regard to the assessment of physical fitness were also examined.Methods: As part of a retrospective study,health assessments from 323 reenlistment examinations were evaluated regarding the output measured during a bicycle ergometer test and compared with the BFT results of the candidates.Results: Overall,a good correlation was shown between the bicycle ergometer test results and the results achieved in the BFT disciplines.All three disciplines of the BFT showed a highly significant correlation with the relative output achieved during the bicycle ergometer test(P<0.001),and also,the overall BFT score was highly significantly correlated(P<0.001).The overall rate of false-positive and false-negative results was 4.0%.Conclusion: The BFT results measured in the three physical fitness test items were highly correlated with the output measured during the bicycle ergometer tests.The rate of false-positive and false-negative results was low.The test items thus represent an appropriate measurement instrument because the test items require few equipment and less time.Additionally,a large number of subjects can be assessed.We suggest that it would be more useful to assess the physical fitness of this special group exclusively on the basis of the BFT instead of using the bicycle ergometer test.

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Basal Metabolism and Physical Fitness in Sedentary Women

Objective: Aerobic exercises are the basic activity on fight against obesity. And obesity is related with metabolic rate. So our study is aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on basal metabolic rate and physical parameters. Methods: Sedentary women between the ages of 35 - 45 (n = 40) were randomized into control group (CG) (n = 20) and exercise group (EG) (n = 20). EG underwent 8 weeks of aerobic-run-walk exercise training: 3 days a week, 1 hour sessions. The CG was not trained. Basal metabolic rate (BMR), body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage (BFP), body fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) were measured for all of the subjects before and after the training program. Results: Mean BMR decreased from 1386 ± 213.6 kcal to 1327 ± 253.7 in CG, and raised from 1308 ± 201.8 to 1409 ± 218.3 kcal in EG. While BMI raised from 31.39 ± 6.15 kg/m2 to 31.51 ± 6.09 kg/m2 in CG, it decreased from 29.62 ± 3.78 kg/m2 to 28.47 ± 3.74 kg/m2 in EG. There was also statistically significant difference in parameters of WHR, BFP, FM and LBM in favour of EG (p < 0.05). Conclusion: After 8 weeks aerobic exercise training program, there was a statistically significant difference in favour of EG in BMR, BMI, BFP, FM, LBM, WHR and weight parameters.