Healthcare Associated Infection in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of King Abdl Aziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, KSA

Healthcare-associated infection is a common problem of newborn in neonatal intensive care units. It results in high mortality rate and serious complications. The Aim: to assess the incidence, etiology and the mortality of healthcareassociated infections of patients in neonatal intensive care unit at King Abdl Aziz Specialist Hospital (KAASH), Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study including 8033 neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit during period between April, 2006 and December, 2012. The health-care associated infection rate, mortality rate, causative organism and risk factors were studied. Results: The prevalence of health-care associated infection was found to be 6.03%;the mortality rate was 27.1%. The highest prevalence was among children with the birth weight below 1000 g. The most frequent causative pathogen was klebseilla spp, followed by other gram negative bacilli. Conclusion: The rate of healthcare-associated infections in neonatal intensive care unit at KAASH was relatively high. In addition, the mortality rate was observed to be high (27.1%) owing to the high virulence of the causative organisms.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 2—Human Factors

A healthcare-associated infection (defined as an infection acquired within a healthcare facility), such as due to transmission via medical equipment or by healthcare providers is the most frequent adverse event in the healthcare delivery system. But why does the problem persist, when infection control measures are known, simple, and low-cost? We reviewed some biological- and treatment-factors in Part 1, and we now review some human-factors. Healthcare-associated infections are a major public health problem even in advanced healthcare systems. They affect hundreds of millions of patients each year, and are responsible for increased morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. This is perplexing, since good-hygiene practices are known and promoted. Disinfection, sterilization, handwashing, and alcohol rubs should be more effective, but human-factors interfere. The persistent high prevalence of nosocomial infections, despite known hygienic practices, is attributable to two categories of factors: biological and inherent shortcomings of some practices (considered in Part 1), and human factors (considered here). A new approach is considered in Part 3.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 1—Biological and Treatment Factors

The most frequent adverse event in the healthcare delivery system is acquisition of an infection within a healthcare facility. Since infection control measures are known, simple, and low-cost, we examine why the problem of healthcare-associated infections persists. Hundreds of millions of patients each year are affected by a healthcare-associated infection, with negative medical outcome and financial cost. It is a major public health problem even in countries with advanced healthcare systems. This is a bit perplexing, given that hygienic practices have been known and actively promoted. The objective is to address the question: doesn’t the use of disinfection, sterilization, handwashing, and alcohol rubs prevent the spread of pathogenic organisms? We conclude that the persistent high prevalence of nosocomial infections despite known hygienic practices is attributable to two categories of factors: biological and inherent shortcomings of some practices (considered in Part 1), and human factors (considered in Part 2). A new approach is presented in Part 3.

Persistence of Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial) Infections Due to Inadequate Hand Hygiene: Part 3—Application of Human Factors Engineering to an Ozone Hand Sanitizer

Compliance to hand-hygiene guidelines in healthcare facilities remains disappointingly low for a variety of human-factors (HF) reasons. A device HF-engineered for convenient and effective use even under high-workload conditions could contribute to better compliance, and consequently to reduction in healthcare-acquired infections. We present an overview of the efficacy of a passive hand-spray device that uses solubilized ozone—a strong, safe, non-irritant biocide having broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties—on glass surface, pigskin, and synthetic human skin matrix.

Healthcare-Associated Bacteremia and Urinary Tract Infections in Wards A and B of Medicine Department, CNHU-HKM of Cotonou: Characteristics and Risk Factors

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are involved in hospital long-stay and in the increase in inherent costs to patients care. Objectives: Objective was to describe the characteristics of healthcare-associated bacteremia and urinary tract infections in medical wards of CNHU-HKM of Cotonou, describe the distribution of germs identified according to admission wards and identify factors associated with onset of healthcare-associated infections. Materials and Methods: It was a cohort study conducted from 4th April to 16th September 2016. The study population included patients admitted in wards A and B of CNHU-HKM Medicine department for at least the past 48 hours, or readmitted in one of the medical wards less than 14 days after their discharge from hospital. Results: The study included 825 patients in total. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections was 9.8%. Bacteremia was the most represented group (65.4%). The most often identified germs regardless of the site were respectively: K. pneumonia (38.5%), S. aureus (23.1%) and E. coli (20.0%). HIV+ status, internal medicine department, nephrology and endocrinology, duration of admission and the use of urinary catheter represent factors statistically associated with the onset of healthcare-associated infections. Conclusion: Healthcare-associated infections are a real public health issue in CNHU-HKM Medicine Department. There is pressing need to conduct a study on clinical hygiene so as to assess healthcare staff in practice.

Healthcare-Associated Infections: Experiences and Perceptions of Nurses at the Ziniaré District Hospital in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a worldwide concern because of their magnitude and their human and financial cost. While nurses’ non-compliance of hygiene and asepsis measures is questioned, the rationale behind it is not fully understood. We hypothesized that nurses’ experiences and perceptions are one of the reasons for their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Also, nurses’ caring approach would play an important role in patient safety. The objective of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences and perceptions of HAIs in a district hospital in Burkina Faso with the aim of developing a culture of safety in health care practices. Methods: Qualitative data were collected through unstructured interviews with twenty nurses from the Ziniaré district hospital. Data analysis followed the qualitative phenomenological method according to Giorgi. Results: Phenomenological analysis yielded the following themes: “an ignored reality”;“a denied responsibility”;and “a vulnerable problem”. These results show that nurses’ perception of the extent and seriousness of HAIs is low, and that they deny responsibility for their occurrence. As a result, HAIs are not always perceived as a concern. However, nurses deplore the situation, but remain optimistic about resolving the problem. Conclusion: These nurses’ perceptions of HAIs could explain their non-compliance with prevention recommendations. Corrective action could be redirected by raising awareness, continuing training, improving working conditions and involving all players, including patients and their families, in the fight against HAIs. .

Training of Infection Prevention and Control to Healthcare Workers of Mining Health Facilities: A Shared Responsibility for Improving Safety of Mining Communities

Introduction: Without appropriately trained healthcare workers (HCWs), infection prevention and control (IPC) cannot be implemented according to set standards. Although training is crucial, authorities rarely consider those working in health facilities owned by the mining. We describe the training which was conducted in North Mara in Mara region mining health facilities. Methods: This was descriptive study on the training of IPC to HCWs of mining health facilities. The training was conducted to North Mara Gold Mine Limited on April 2024. We targeted the HCWs and supporting staff working in the health facilities of the mining communities. The duration of the training was five days. The sessions started with pre-training test to evaluate what participants understood before training and followed with training itself. The training was carried out using mixed adult learning methods like: illustrated lectures, demonstrations, brainstorming, small group activities, group discussions, role plays, case studies and simulations. The training was finalized with posttest. Results: A total of ten HCWs were trained out of 13 of the facility. In that training six were males and four were females. Also, out of the ten trained three were clinicians, four nurses, one lab technician, one pharmaceutical technician, one support staff. The average score of the results of the pretest was 70.7% with a range of 16% (minimum 64% and maximum 80%) and that of the posttest was 79.8% with a range of 12% (min 74% and max 88%). Conclusions: If HCWs are well trained to comply with IPC standards and transmission-based precautions, they have the ability to deliver safe health services and protect themselves, patients, environment and the community. Training of HCWs working at the mining, therefore, can be adapted in all mines to improve the quality of mining healthcare and respond to the need to improve the safety of mining communities.

Implementation of Robotic Hygiene System for Surveillance and Prevention of Hospital Infections in Non-Self-Sufficient Patients

Background: Personal hygiene in non-self-sufficient patients is essential to prevent the proliferation and spread of bacteria from one patient to another, both through inanimate objects (fomites) and directly through healthcare workers. The first 1000 bed hygiene treatments performed by the collaborative robot “COPERNICO Surveillance & Prevention” in 229 non-self-sufficient patients were analyzed. Materials and Methods: A total of 229 patients were included: 215 patients came from emergency contexts or home, and 14 from long-term care facilities;the presence of sepsis, venous or urinary catheters, non-invasive ventilation, bedsores, clinical condition at discharge, and treatment sessions performed were recorded. All patients were hospitalized in the Geriatrics, Medicine and Pneumology departments. The system is able to collect and process data in real time. Results: Seventy-one patients with community-acquired sepsis and fourteen with healthcare-associated infections were treated;sixty-two had pressure ulcers. The analysis of the first 1000 treatments shows the healing of almost all sepsis cases, positive evolution of pressure ulcers, and hospital stays comparable to those of the entire group of 1008 hospitalized in the same period. There was no onset of side effects or complications. Conclusions: Although the healthcare setting is not among those at greatest risk of infections, the clinical efficacy, along with excellent evaluations from patients, family members, and healthcare personnel and the absence of side effects and complications, makes the system exceptionally manageable and user-friendly for non-self-sufficient patients.

全国妇幼保健机构医院感染监测与防控实施现状调查报告

目的 了解全国各级妇幼保健机构医院感染监测和防控措施的实施现状,为优化妇幼保健机构医院感染防控工作提供政策依据。方法 从8个省/自治区的省部级、地市级和区县级妇幼保健机构中分层抽样,设计统一的调查问卷,以“问卷星”的形式开展线上调查。结果 123所妇幼保健机构的数据纳入统计分析。90.24%的妇幼保健机构开展了医院感染综合性监测,开展新生儿监护室医院感染目标性监测、手术部位感染目标性监测、多重耐药菌目标性监测和重症监护病房(非新生儿)医院感染目标性监测的妇幼保健机构比率分别为89.66%、85.96%、80.77%和74.19%,51.22%的妇幼保健机构实现了医院感染病例信息化监测。94.31%的妇幼保健机构开展了手卫生依从性监测工作,90%以上的妇幼保健机构中医院感染高风险部门开展了环境卫生学监测,71.54%的妇幼保健机构由消毒供应中心对复用诊疗器械集中清洗、消毒、灭菌和供应。>90%的妇幼保健机构建立了三级预检分诊制度,86.18%的妇幼保健机构设置了过渡病房。妇幼保健机构对建档孕产妇、高危新生儿、保健人群和长期康复患者等特殊就诊人群普遍采取了建立有效沟通机制、全预约就诊和单独分区就诊的管理模式,但开展互联网复诊的妇幼保健机构比率<50%。结论 妇幼保健机构普遍开展了医院感染综合性监测和目标性监测,信息化监测程度有待提高。手卫生和环境卫生学监测在各级妇幼保健机构中普及程度较高,少数妇幼保健机构复用诊疗器械清洗、消毒、灭菌和供应流程不规范。特殊就诊人群得到有效管理,互联网医疗有待进一步推广。

医院获得性耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌血流感染危险因素

目的分析医院获得性耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌(CRE)血流感染的特点及影响因素。方法采用回顾性巢式病例对照研究方法,选取2020年1月—2022年12月某三级综合医院发生医院获得性CRE血流感染的56例病例为CRE组,按1∶1选择同期56例碳青霉烯类敏感肠菌目细菌(CSE)血流感染患者为CSE组,分析感染菌株和科室分布,并通过单因素和多因素logistic回归分析CRE血流感染的相关因素。结果CRE血流感染科室分布以重症监护病房(ICU,23例,41.07%)和血液科(17例,30.36%)为主;感染菌株主要为肺炎克雷伯菌(32例,57.14%)和大肠埃希菌(16例,28.57%)。单因素分析结果显示,恶性肿瘤、60 d内住院史、感染前入住ICU>48 h、机械通气、留置中央静脉导管、使用二联及以上抗菌药物、抗菌药物使用时间≥10 d均与CRE血流感染有关(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析发现,感染前入住ICU>48 h、感染前抗菌药物使用时间≥10 d是医院获得性CRE血流感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论临床尤其是ICU应关注患者的流行病学史,尽早识别CRE血流感染高危因素的患者,同时合理使用抗菌药物,规范有创操作,以减少医院获得性CRE血流感染的发生。

2016—2020年武汉市医院感染横断面调查结果趋势研究

目的 了解武汉市医疗机构医院感染和社区感染现状,分析医院感染的流行趋势与管理重点。方法 采用病历调查和床旁调查相结合的方法,按照全国医院感染监控管理培训基地制定的全国医院感染横断面调查表进行调查,分析2016、2018、2020年的调查数据。结果 2016、2018、2020年武汉市医院感染现患率分别为2.66%、2.21%、1.85%,社区感染现患率分别为17.81%、17.82%、16.29%,均呈下降趋势(均P<0.05)。医院感染现患率较高的科室为综合重症监护病房(ICU)、血液病科(组)、神经外科、胸外科、儿科新生儿组;社区感染现患率较高的科室为儿科非新生组、呼吸科(组)、感染病科(组)、综合ICU、儿科新生儿组。医院感染、社区感染感染部位均以下呼吸道为主,其中2016、2018、2020年术后下呼吸道医院感染构成比分别为12.85%、18.39%、22.09%。2016、2018、2020年手术部位医院感染现患率分别为0.99%、0.82%、0.69%。医院感染、社区感染病原体均以革兰阴性菌为主。结论 2016、2018、2020年武汉市医疗机构医院感染管理取得了较好的成效,但综合ICU、下呼吸道医院感染等问题仍需在后期工作中强化改进。

国外非结核分枝杆菌医院感染暴发的研究现状:1985—2023年

非结核分枝杆菌在环境中广泛存在,可因医疗用水、器械污染等引起血流、皮肤和软组织感染,并导致感染暴发。本文通过在PubMed检索非结核分枝杆菌暴发事件相关的文献,总结分析1985—2023年国外非结核分枝杆菌医院感染暴发情况,以期为今后非结核分枝杆菌感染防控措施的制定和监管提供参考。

基于FMEA管理模式的风险评估在医院感染防控中应用效果的Meta分析

目的系统评价失效模式与效应分析(FMEA)管理模式在医院感染防控中的应用效果。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、the Cochrane Library、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、维普数据库、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)中FMEA管理模式在医院感染防控中应用的相关文献,由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并进行交叉核对,采用ROB工具对纳入的随机对照研究进行风险及质量评价,采用NOS量表对纳入的队列研究进行评分,应用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入22项研究,42815例患者,其中FMEA管理模式组21784例,对照组21031例。Meta分析结果显示,FMEA管理模式组医院感染发病率低于对照组[OR=0.31,95%CI(0.24,0.40)];与常规管理模式相比,FMEA管理模式组表浅手术切口感染发病率[OR=0.53,95%CI(0.36,0.78)]、呼吸系统感染发病率[OR=0.44,95%CI(0.35,0.56)]、泌尿系统感染发病率[OR=0.45,95%CI(0.38,0.53)]及血液系统感染发病率[OR=0.29,95%CI(0.18,0.45)]更低(均P<0.01)。结论FMEA管理模式在医院感染防控中的应用,能够降低医院感染发病率,应在医院管理中积极推广应用。

呼吸与危重症医学科疑似纤维支气管镜污染导致脓肿分枝杆菌医院感染假暴发的调查与控制

目的调查某医院呼吸与危重症医学科疑似脓肿分枝杆菌医院感染暴发事件,为精准预防和控制医院感染提供参考依据。方法对该院呼吸与危重症医学科经纤维支气管镜(简称支纤镜)支气管肺泡灌洗术后发生脓肿分枝杆菌感染患者进行现场流行病学调查和环境卫生学检测,并提出针对性的干预措施。结果2022年9月7日-10月20日在呼吸与危重症医学科支纤镜室进行支气管肺泡灌洗的患者共344例次,其中10例患者支气管肺泡灌洗液检出脓肿分枝杆菌,经现场调查及后续追踪排查,首例检出患者为社区感染,其余9例均为标本污染。共采集33份环境卫生学标本,均未检出脓肿分枝杆菌。采取规范支纤镜洗消流程、加强病区和支纤镜室感染管理及严格落实支纤镜清洗消毒人员持证上岗制度等控制措施后,及时有效地控制了此次事件。结论本次假暴发是由支纤镜污染脓肿分枝杆菌引起,及时识别危险因素,采取针对性防控措施可有效控制脓肿分枝杆菌感染的扩散与流行。

2020-2022年云南地区住院患者医院感染现患率调查

目的了解2020-2022年云南地区住院患者医院感染现状,为优化相应的防控措施提供参考资料。方法通过云南省医院感染质量控制中心监测系统收集2020-2022年云南地区医院感染现患率调查(横断面调查)上报的数据,汇总后应用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。结果2020-2022年分别调查患者117695、109691、137188例,医院感染现患率分别为1.58%、1.47%、1.29%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=36.853,P<0.001);感染部位以下呼吸道(2526例次,43.60%)和泌尿道(785例次,13.55%)为主;三次现患率调查综合重症监护病房(ICU)均是医院感染现患率最高的科室(10.95%~16.47%);医院感染病原体主要以革兰阴性菌为主,其中大肠埃希菌均居首位,肺炎克雷伯菌次之,而革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;患者抗菌药物使用率为30.96%~33.91%,呈上升趋势(χ^(2)=257.586,P<0.001);抗菌药物使用目的以治疗为主(占76.46%~78.62%);抗菌药物使用以一联用药为主,三联及以上用药略有升高,从0.66%上升至0.98%;治疗性使用抗菌药物病原学送检率呈上升趋势(χ^(2)=94.823,P<0.001)。Ⅰ类切口手术患者手术部位感染率为0.77%~1.22%,三年Ⅰ类切口手术患者抗菌药物预防性使用率分别为19.40%、19.11%、20.93%,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为94.823、10.179,均P=0.006)。结论云南地区住院患者医院感染现患率虽有所下降,但医院感染病原体的防控和Ⅰ类切口手术患者预防性抗菌药物的合理使用将是今后工作的重点和难点。

成人肠道CRE定植病例医院感染发病率的Meta分析

目的系统评价成人肠道耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌目细菌(CRE)定植病例医院感染发病率,为CRE医院感染的预防和控制提供参考依据。方法计算机检索Embase、Cochrane、PubMed、Web of Science、CNKI、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)8个数据库自建库至2023年6月CRE肠道定植病例医院感染发病率的相关文献,应用Stata 17.0软件进行Meta分析,采用敏感性分析评价研究结果的稳定性,采用Egger’s检验评价发表偏倚。结果共纳入16篇文献,其中英文11篇,中文5篇,总样本量2151例患者。Meta分析结果显示,成人肠道CRE定植病例医院感染发病率为23.1%(95%CI:14.8%~32.5%)。以不同研究设计类型、发表年份,以及研究调查的地域、科室和感染部位分组因素进行亚组分析,亚组间的合并效应量比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。在CRE定植发展为医院感染中,耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)占比96.0%(95%CI:86.8%~100%),定植病例中血流感染发病率为18.2%(95%CI:10.3%~27.6%)。CRE定植病例30天病死率为32.6%(95%CI:20.5%~45.9%),CRE感染病例30天病死率为36.9%(95%CI:16.0%~60.2%)。结论近年来CRE定植病例医院感染发病率较高,需对高危科室进行主动筛查和重点干预,以降低CRE定植病例医院感染发病率。

2016—2021年某妇幼保健院早产儿医院感染影响因素分析

目的 了解早产儿医院感染现状及影响因素,为早产儿医院感染防控提供理论和实践依据。方法 采用回顾性研究方法,对2016年1月—2021年12月某院新生儿病房收治的早产儿进行调查分析,查阅病历,收集早产儿基本信息及住院期间诊疗信息。结果 共纳入早产儿3 559例,其中男1 964例,女1 595例;平均出生体重(2 108.66±631.17)g。发生医院感染109例,发病率3.06%;主要感染类型为下呼吸道感染(44.04%)、血流感染(28.44%)、胃肠道感染(14.68%);检出医院感染相关病原菌38株,其中革兰阴性菌33株(86.84%),革兰阳性菌3株,真菌2株。主要分离病原菌为产气肠杆菌(28.95%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(28.95%)。经单因素、非条件多因素logistic回归分析,羊水污染、出生体重<2 500 g、使用呼吸机、中心静脉插管是早产儿医院感染的独立危险因素(OR值分别为2.424、3.805、3.776、5.412,均P<0.05);剖宫产是早产儿医院感染的保护因素(OR=0.362,P<0.05)。结论 早产儿医院感染风险高,影响因素多,临床应引起重视,积极采取有循证依据的防控措施减少风险因素暴露,保护早产儿健康。

中医院病区院感管理指标体系构建研究

目的:构建适合三级中医院普通病区的医院感染管理质量评价指标体系,以全面、客观评价病区医院感染防控工作。方法:通过梳理病区医院感染管理相关标准规范、查阅文献及研究小组讨论,初步拟定病区医院感染管理指标内容与定义。采用2轮改良德尔菲专家咨询法,函询收集全国22家三级中医院院感专家意见,确立指标体系。用AHP层次分析法计算各级指标的权重,肯德尔协调系数(Kendall’s W)评价专家对指标设置意见的协调性。结果:构建了共包含11个一级指标、66个二级指标及定义的指标体系,AHP判断矩阵满足一致性检验(CR值=0.000)。一级指标中,“诊疗用品处理”“标准预防与职业暴露”“医院感染报告与监测”“医院感染高风险环节防控”“传染性病原体与多重耐药菌相关感染防控”5项权重度最高,均为0.0931。两轮函询后,Kendall’s W一级指标为0.225,二级指标为0.186,P值均<0.01。结论:研究构建的病区医院感染管理指标体系,专家意见协调一致性高,可作为中医院病区感染管理与防控工作开展与评价的参考。

2014—2022年手卫生干预对医院感染例次发病率的影响

目的 观察多模式手卫生干预对手卫生依从性的影响,以及手卫生依从性与医院感染例次发病率之间的关系。方法 2014—2022年,某三甲医院感染控制团队对全院医务人员实施多模式手卫生干预,回顾性分析手卫生监测数据的变化趋势、手卫生依从率与医院感染例次发病率的相关性。结果 病房手卫生用品消耗量呈稳定上升趋势;手卫生依从率从2014年64.98%提高到2022年85.01%(P<0.001),医院感染例次发病率从1.21%下降至0.83%(P<0.05),手卫生依从率与医院感染例次发病率之间存在负相关(r=-0.369,P=0.027)。各季度不同区域及不同岗位的手卫生依从率均有所提高(P<0.001)。各季度5个时刻手卫生依从率中,无菌操作前与接触患者后的手卫生依从率小幅波动;接触患者周围环境后的手卫生依从率呈上升趋势;接触患者前与接触患者体液后的手卫生依从率在2020年之后有所下降(P<0.001)。结论 多模式手卫生干预能提高医务人员的手卫生依从性,提高医务人员手卫生意识有利于降低医院感染例次发病率。

新生儿重症监护病房医院感染与病原菌谱:一项单中心五年研究

目的 了解新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)医院感染病原菌谱及变迁情况。方法 收集2018年1月—2022年12月某院NICU发生医院感染新生儿的临床病历资料,回顾性分析医院感染的病原菌谱情况。结果 共调查7 597例住院新生儿,240例发生医院感染,共263例次,医院感染发病率为3.16%,例次发病率为3.46%。其中血流感染96例(36.50%),呼吸系统感染70例(26.62%),感染部位不明确者57例(21.67%)。送检标本中共检出病原菌170株,其中革兰阳性菌78株(45.88%),以葡萄球菌属占比最高;革兰阴性菌78株(45.88%),以肺炎克雷伯菌为主;真菌14株(8.24%)。2018—2022年革兰阴性菌检出比率呈上升趋势(P<0.01)。结论 NICU医院感染以血流感染居多。近几年革兰阴性菌检出率逐年上升,临床应加强医院感染的预防与控制。