Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood and its pharmacological activities:A review

Caesalpinia sappan L.(CS) is a plant of Leguminosae family,commonly known as Brazil or Sappan wood.CS is distributed in Southeast Asia and its dried heartwood has been used as traditional ingredient of food or beverages and has a wide variety of medicinal properties.Higher extraction yield of CS wood was achieved with 95% ethanol for 2 h.Chemical constituent's investigation of sappan wood resulled in the isolation of various structural types of phenolic components including one xanihone,one coumarin,three chalcones,two flavones three homoisoflavonoids and brazilin.Brazilin[(6a S-cis)-7,11b-dihydrobcnz[b]indeno[1.2-d]pyran-3.6a.9.10(6H)- tetroll.a major and active compound found in CS heartwood.Most of the folkloric uses of brazilin were validated by the scientific studies such as antioxidant,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-photoaging.hypoglycemic,vasorelaxant,hepatoproteetive and anti-acne activity.CS heartwood extract is safe and did not produce any acute or subacute toxicity in both male and female rats.Brazilin is the safe natural compound having potential to develop as a medicinal compound with application in food,beverage,cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries to screen its clinical use in modern medicine.The information gained could provide the important and potential approach for pharmaceutical researcher to implicate the knowledge of brazilin in the formulation of new drug and to reveal therapeutic and gaps requiring future research opportunities.More studies are needed to evaluate the potential application of brazilin as preservative and coloring agent in food processing industries.

Heartwood variations in mid-aged plantations of Erythrophleum fordii

Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.(Caesalpiniaceae)is a rosewood species naturally distributed in southeast Asia and south China,and the heartwood is commonly used for high-quality crafts and furniture.While there are differences in heartwood development among single trees with distinct social status,the relationship between heartwood development and growth performance remains unclear.This information is essential to improve plantation management for high-yield heartwood production.Forty dominant,intermediate and suppressed trees were sampled from E.fordii plantations aged in 32-35 years in Pingxiang City,Guangxi,China.Stem analysis was carried out to determine horizontal and vertical variations of heartwood and sapwood.Number of annual rings,diameter and area of heartwood and sapwood as well as ratios of heartwood diameter and area at breast height were all significantly influenced by the social status of trees in stands(P<0.05).In these mid-aged plantations,E.fordii stems developed heartwood once the xylem diameter reached 5-10 cm,and then heartwood diameter and area increased with increasing xylem diameter.Heartwood ring numbers,diameter and area as well as their ratios decreased with increasing height,while sapwood ring numbers and diameter were relatively constant within the section where heartwood occurred.Heartwood and sapwood diameters were equal at heights of approximately 6-m for dominant,5-m for intermediate and 3-m for suppressed trees.Dominant trees differed considerably from intermediate and suppressed trees in heartwood volume,while heartwood volume ratios were all below 30%,and near 90%in the stem section below 8-m height regardless of social status.Relationship analysis showed that DBH was the most important factor influencing heartwood in even-aged stands.The findings provide evidence for crop tree selection,thinning regimes and reasonable management of plantations of E.fordii.

Movement of boron from ulexite and colemanite minerals in sapwood and heartwood of Cryptomeria japonica

This study evaluated boron diff usion from raw boron minerals ulexite and colemanite with low water solubility in comparison to disodium octaborate tetrahydrate(DOT).Tests were conducted using sugi(Cryptomeria japonica(L.)f.D.Don)sapwood and heartwood blocks conditioned to 30,60,and 90%target moisture content.The blocks were fi lled with the boron compounds through treatment holes and diff usion was observed at three assay zones across the blocks after 7,30,60 or 90-day incubation period at room temperatures.For comparison,ethylene glycol was also introduced into the holes to elevate boron diff usion.As expected,diff usion increased with increased moisture content and levels were higher at the 60%and 90%moisture levels compared to the 30%level.With some exceptions,boron levels did not follow consistent gradients with distance away from the treatment hole.Incorporation of ethylene glycol helped increase boron levels,even in heartwood blocks.Boron levels were higher from the ulexite source than from colemanite;however,DOT treatments resulted in the highest boron diff usion rates as a result of greater water solubility compared to both raw boron minerals.The results suggest that ulexite together with ethylene glycol may be useful in both sapwood and heartwood materials when kept at high moisture levels for extended periods.

Formation Mechanism of Heartwood and Research Status

The formation mechanism of heartwood is a scientific problem which has not been fully revealed in wood science.Effective regulation of heartwood formation is a scientific problem that is rarely studied and has not yet achieved a breakthrough in the field of forest cultivation.It is very beneficial to regulate the chemical properties of wood and directional and efficient cultivation of trees by fully understanding the formation mechanism of heartwood.Based on the author s research and practice,the recent research progress on the formation mechanism and regulation technology of heartwood is summarized,especially the research on the heartwood formation of Hongmu species.

Simulating the heartwood formation process of Erythrophleum fordii in South China

We studied the formation of heartwood in Erythrophleum fordii Oliv., an endangered rosewood species, by cross-section analysis on 52 stumps aged 28–57 years and arbitrarily sampled from natural forests in South China. Width and area of heartwood were positively correlated with age and xylem width(XW), and were independent of annual radial growth. The proportions of heartwood and sapwood areas were equal at about 40 years. The heartwood formation process was simulated by linear regression of age and XW.

Effect of compression on the liquid absorption of Chinese fir wood with different heartwood-to-sapwood ratios

In this study, the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.) specimens with different ratios of heartwood thickness to sapwood thickness (HS) were radially compressed at different compression speeds, and then absorbed amine copper quat-type D (ACQ-D) preservative solution under the negative-pressure produced by the recovery of compression deformation. The liquid uptake (Al), the recovery rate of compression deformation (Rs) and the chemical absorption (Ac) of samples were determined, as well as the overall distribution of density and effective component of ACQ-D (i.e., copper in wood), the mechanical properties such as surface hardness were also measured. The Al, Rs, Ac values of compressed samples including the whole heartwood ones were higher than those of uncompressed samples, showing that radial compression had an obvious positive effect on improving the liquid absorption of heartwood. Higher compression speed of 3 mm·min–1 is preferable since the samples with that speed could reach the highest Al and Ac; in addition, more deformation fixation has been produced possibly because of the faster heat and moisture transmission at the higher compressed speed, and more bonds of hydrophobic nature were formed, leading to the higher surface hardness and density. A consistent tendency of the density distribution and the copper retentions along the thickness direction could be explained that the layers with higher density have smaller volumes of void areas, and more chemicals were absorbed and fixed, resulting in the higher copper retentions.

Analysis of compounds in dichloromethane extractives for Sawara Falsecypress （Chamaecyparis pisifera） outer heartwood

为 Sawara Falsecypress 赤木质的 dichloromethane extractives 的化学部件与中国标准方法为赤木质除了基本化学组成分析与 GC/MS 被分析。14 种混合物根据计算机混合物图书馆数据被识别。在由萜烯组成的 dichloromethane extractives 的主要混合物；萘衍生物。在曲霉属菌尼日尔上引得出的 dichloromethane 的抗真菌的效果的实验也被执行。结果证明从 Sawara Falsecypress 引得出的 dichloromethane 不有或弱抗真菌的能力。

Experimental Study on Heartwood Formation and Development of Red Sandalwood by Grafting

Red sandalwood( Pterocarpus santalinus) is the most precious species of Pterocarpus,and the long maturity period of its heartwood is an important factor limiting its development. The 1-year-old plants of P. macarocarpus were chosen as the rootstocks to graft red sandalwood with single-bud scions of 1-year-old shoots in spring. The 5-month survival rate reached over 80%,and the grafted plants grew well. Moreover,the grafting significantly promoted the formation and development of the heartwood of red sandlawood. At 18 ^(th) month after grafting,compared with the seedling plants,the diameter of heartwood was increased by 82. 8% and 29. 6%,respectively,and the ratio of heartwood increased by 64. 8% and 29. 6%,respectively. The propagation technology had outstanding practical value and scientific significance,which has not been reported at home and abroad.

自然干旱后不同系号杨树湿心材的特征

以2017年造林材料为对象,比较不同系号杨树湿心材在大旱前和大旱后的变化差异。结果表明:干旱前和干旱后所有系号杨树的湿心材长度比例均呈显著正态分布。所有系号均存在湿心材现象,且整体上湿心材比较严重。杨树径生长由于干旱受到了严重抑制,但随着直径的增加及干旱的影响,湿心材长度比例继续增大,木芯含水率略有下降,干旱会减轻湿心材的危害。不同材料湿心材的pH差异不显著,均为弱碱性,江汉平原主栽的4个品种插干造林生长速度有一定优势,但湿心材相比带根造林更为严重一些。对连续2 a的湿心材特征进行相关分析,发现湿心材主要特征之间存在极显著正相关。

大花序桉心边材变异规律和候选基因挖掘研究

为探究大花序桉(Eucalyptus cloeziana)心材比例差异显著的不同家系间心边材变异规律,挖掘心材变异相关的候选基因,为珍贵用材树种高效培育及育种利用提供基因资源。以18 a生的2个心材比例差异显著的大花序桉家系为材料(家系1和2),各制作解析木3株,沿着树干以1 m为区间分段截取圆盘,测量东西和南北2个方向的带皮直径、去皮直径、总年轮数、边材年轮数、边材直径,并开展心材和边材径向和轴向分析。同时利用各解析木胸径处初生木质部样品进行DNA混池测序,发掘等位基因频率差异显著的SNP位点并挖掘相关功能基因。结果表明,大花序桉边材宽度和心材半径的方位变异中家系2大于家系1,平均差值分别为0.7和5.5 cm,在随树高的变异中,家系1和2的心材半径和心材年轮数的下降速率分别为0.40和0.64及0.43和0.36。两家系间基本密度差异显著,家系1为0.80~0.82 g/cm^(3),家系2为0.75~0.78 g/cm^(3)。基本密度与树高、横截面半径和心材半径呈显著负相关,与顺纹抗拉强度、弦面硬度和部分力学性质呈显著正相关。利用DNA混池测序共筛选到两家系间基因频率显著差异的SNP位点1842个,SNP注释分析表明位于基因间、上游区域、下游、外显子和内含子区域的SNP位点分别为55.8%、18.3%、16.3%、5.1%和4.4%。基因功能注释及富集分析发现SNP位点区域的基因主要与植物细胞分裂、植物细胞膜和植物蛋白激酶相关。通过大花序桉心材比例差异大的两家系间解析木径向和轴向分析,探讨了它们的心边材变异规律,结合DNA混池测序,挖掘了心材变异相关的SNP位点并筛选出一些木材形成相关候选功能基因。

醉香含笑不同树高处心边材挥发性成分的差异

为探究醉香含笑不同树高处心边材挥发性成分的积累规律及香气应用价值,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱法(HS-SPME-GC-QTOF-MS)对醉香含笑2个不同树高处心材、边材的挥发性成分进行非靶向代谢组学分析。采用主成分分析法(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘-判别分析法(OPLS-DA)、层次聚类分析法(HCA)分析不同树高处心边材挥发性成分差异,并鉴定差异代谢物。结果表明:醉香含笑2个不同树高心边材共鉴定出92种挥发性化合物,筛选出35个差异代谢物,其中边材中的单萜类、醛类、烷烃类化合物在边材中的合成水平显著高于心材,且随着树高的增加而积累。

中药远志薄层色谱及超高效液相色谱特征图谱的研究

目的建立远志薄层色谱(thin-layer chromatography,TLC)及超高效液相色谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UHPLC)特征图谱,并分析远志全根、根皮和木心间化学成分差异,为远志质量评价提供参考。方法以3,6’-二芥子酰基蔗糖、细叶远志苷A和远志皂苷B为指标成分建立TLC图谱;用UHPLC法建立远志特征图谱,结合热图聚类分析、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)评价多批远志全根、根皮和木心之间的差异性。结果TLC图谱斑点清晰、分离度较好;UHPLC特征图谱共标定28个共有峰,指认了其中的7个特征峰,13批次远志特征图谱与对照图谱相似度均大于0.9,批次间质量较为稳定;TLC和UHPLC特征图谱显示远志全根、根皮和木心化学组成一致,未发现特异成分,热图聚类分析和PCA显示远志全根与根皮中各成分峰面积接近,OPLSDA筛选出10个变量投影重要性(variable important in projection,VIP)值大于1的差异性成分。结论所建立的TLC及UHPLC特征图谱简便、准确、稳定,展开系统和提取溶剂均使用低毒试剂,符合绿色化学理念,适用于远志的质量评价,从化学分析角度说明木心的存在对远志整体化学成分影响较小。

施钙对降香黄檀心材抽提物的影响

为探究施钙对降香黄檀心材抽提物的影响,为其人工林高效培育提供参考,以6年生降香黄檀为研究对象,采用注射CaCl_(2)溶液和填埋Ca(OH)_(2)固体2种不同施钙方式,分析不同钙施加量对心材抽提物的影响。结果表明:注射CaCl_(2)溶液后,降香黄檀心材抽提率、黄酮类化合物和挥发油类化合物的含量具有明显提升,且随溶液浓度的提高,促心材抽提物效果变差;填埋Ca(OH)_(2)固体后,降香黄檀心材抽提率基本不变,黄酮类化合物和挥发油类化合物含量降低。注射CaCl_(2)溶液具有较好的促心材抽提物形成效果,以2%浓度为宜;填埋Ca(OH)_(2)固体未发现有促心材抽提物形成的效果。

邓恩桉种源幼龄材树皮率·心材率和基本密度变异

采用质量法、体积法及排水法测定了邓恩桉种源幼龄材树皮率、心材率和基本密度,结果表明:5年生邓恩桉重量树皮率、体积树皮率、心材率、基本密度分别为17.003%、15.139%、16.950%、0.484 g/cm^(3)。3个性状在不同种源间差异不显著。10个种源木材基本密度属于中等密度,满足纤维用材要求。

装饰单板漂白染色处理的色差调控机理

装饰单板色差主要是由木材心边材木质素和抽提物含量的不同所导致的。木质素和抽提物中丰富的发色基团及助色基团使木材心材颜色加深,与边材形成明显的色差。采用漂白染色处理方法可以对装饰单板进行色差调控。为进一步分析色差调控机理,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对漂白处理前后的黑胡桃单板微观结构和化学成分进行测试分析,研究木材心边材微观结构、内含物、木质素等物质中发色基团含量的变化,分析木材色度变化形成的机理。研究结果表明,漂白处理后心边材色差ΔE从11.48降至2.97,而染色处理可赋予装饰单板特定的色彩;扫描电镜、红外光谱和XPS分析结果显示,漂白处理的装饰单板导管内含物明显减少,去除了部分木材表面的脂肪酸类内含物。漂白过程中O/C值降低主要与木质素降解,以及主要的发色基团共轭CO双键被破坏导致O元素的含量降低有关。木质素所含有的共轭CO和CC发色基团产生了部分降解,这是漂白处理导致单板色度变化的主要原因。同时,木质素降解导致细胞壁产生皱缩,木材内部孔隙增多,利于染液在单板内部均匀渗透。而单板在染色过程中没有与染料发生化学结合,只是物理吸附的过程。

巨尾桉木材气味化合物分析

【目的】明确巨尾桉挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)成分和气味特征,阐明其来源和释放机理,为巨尾桉的科学利用提供参考。【方法】利用气相色谱–质谱–嗅闻(GC-MS-O)技术,测试不同含水率下巨尾桉心材和边材释放的VOCs成分、气味化合物气味特征和气味强度等指标。【结果】巨尾桉共释放41种VOCs,其中13种是气味化合物,桉叶油醇、樟脑、莰烯是巨尾桉释放的主要单体气味化合物,且巨尾桉心材和边材释放的萜类气味物质差异显著,龙脑和γ-松油烯仅存在于巨尾桉心材。木材含水率显著影响巨尾桉气味化合物中萜类、醛类、烃类和醇类等组分的释放,随着含水率的降低,边材气味化合物释放量总体上呈现下降趋势,心材气味化合释放量则表现出先升高后降低的规律;受含水率的影响边材释放物中质量浓度变化显著的组分是萜类和醛类化合物,而心材释放物中变化明显的组分是萜类和醇类。含水率高于30%时,心材气味化合物释放量显著高于边材,含水率10%~30%时则释放量明显低于边材。萜类是构成VOCs和气味化合物的最大组分,释放出樟脑气味和松香味。醛类化合物是第二大组分,主要贡献果香味。樟脑和果香气味是巨尾桉的主要气味特征,甜花香、杏仁油、松香、皮革等气味起修饰作用。随着含水率降低,巨尾桉边材和心材的气味强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,边材受含水率影响波动幅度最大的气味特征是果香,而心材受影响最大的则是樟脑味。相较于刚采伐的巨尾桉释放出强烈的樟脑味,干燥处理后,樟脑味减弱,与果香相辅相成。【结论】巨尾桉释放出了丰富的萜类化合物,可以有助于抗炎杀菌,对人体有保健作用;干燥后木材散发出的气味可以使居住者感到轻松愉悦、精神饱满,适合应用于室内和康复景观中。

11年生柚木木材的生材性质研究

对柚木木材的生材性质进行研究,可对人工林柚木的合理加工和高效利用提供理论依据。采用体积法和质量法测定11年生的柚木树皮率,用排水法测定木材体积,并用测定得到的数据分析柚木的树皮率、心材率、生材密度、基本密度和生材含水率。研究结果表明:11年生柚木树皮体积分数和树皮质量分数随着树高的增加而增加,在树梢部位树皮率最高,平均值分别为26.26%,25.93%。心材率随着树高的增加而减小,心材在根部较大,树干根部心材率最大为47.63%,平均值为34.60%。生材密度随着树高增加而减小,平均值为1.094 g/cm^(3),自髓心向外,南向和北向都先减小后增大。基本密度随着树高增加呈现先减小后增加的趋势,平均值为0.558 g/cm^(3),自髓心向外,南向和北向均逐渐增加。生材含水率随着树高的增加而减小,平均值为97.32%,自髓心向外,南向跟北向均减少且数值基本相等。

广西产不同家系红锥的生材性质对比

采用体积法和质量法测定树皮率,排水法测定木材体积,研究了红锥5种家系木材的生材性质。研究结果表明,D家系的树皮体积百分率最高,达到10.02%,B、D、P、R、X家系的树皮体积百分率平均值为8.81%。B家系的树皮质量百分率最高,达到13.70%,X家系的树皮体积百分率和树皮质量百分率明显低于其他家系。B、D、P、R、X家系的树皮质量百分率平均值为10.20%;家系间心材率差异不大,平均值为43.79%;家系间南北向生材密度变化规律基本一致,北向从髓心向外均逐渐减小,南向从髓心向外先减少后增大;南北向基本密度数值差异均不大,北向靠髓心、中间及边材等3个位置基本密度平均值分别为0.525、0.583、0.576 g·cm^(-3),南向靠髓心、中间及边材位置3部分的基本密度平均值分别为0.475、0.500、0.539 g·cm^(-3);除南向B系列和R系列外,家系间生材含水率南北向变化规律一致,从髓心向外均逐渐减小,中间部分和边材部分差异不大,B系列和R系列的南向从髓心向外先减小后增大,靠近髓心部分的生材含水率明显较高。

交趾黄檀心材化学成分的研究

目的研究交趾黄檀Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre ex Laness心材的化学成分。方法交趾黄檀心材70%乙醇提取物采用硅胶、Sephadex LH⁃20、半制备HPLC进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果从中分离得到23个化合物,分别鉴定为3⁃O⁃乙酰基白桦酯醛(1)、2,2′⁃oxybis(1,4⁃di⁃tert⁃butylbenzene)(2)、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯(3)、1⁃乙酰基⁃Β⁃咔啉(4)、7⁃羟基二氢黄酮(5)、棕榈酸(6)、hexadeca⁃4,7⁃diene(7)、亚油酸(8)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(9)、2⁃(2⁃羟基⁃1⁃甲基⁃2⁃苯基)⁃4,5⁃二甲氧基苯酚(10)、2⁃甲氧基⁃3⁃羟基口山酮(11)、对苯二甲酸二丁酯(12)、6,4′⁃二羟基⁃7⁃甲氧基黄烷(13)、pteroyanin G(14)、benzoic acid,4⁃ethoxy⁃2⁃methoxy⁃,methyl ester(15)、甘草素(16)、4,2′,5′⁃三羟基⁃4′⁃甲氧基查尔酮(17)、7⁃羟基⁃6⁃甲氧基黄酮(18)、6,4′⁃二羟基⁃7⁃甲氧基二羟黄酮(19)、2′⁃羟基芒柄花黄素(20)、3′⁃甲氧基芒柄花黄素(21)、3′⁃羟基芒柄花黄素(22)、6,7,4′⁃三羟基二氢黄酮(23)。结论化合物2、4为首次从黄檀属植物分离得到。化合物6~8、19、21为首次从该植物分离得到。

预蒸处理对辐射松脱脂效果及干燥质量的影响

采用预蒸与常规干燥结合的方式对辐射松(Pinus radiata)锯材进行脱脂和干燥处理,分析预蒸处理对辐射松边材和心材含水率、脱脂率和干燥质量的影响。结果表明:预蒸处理可以缩短心材的干燥时间,对边材的影响不大。由于边材含脂率低、渗透性好,预蒸处理对边材的脱脂率影响不大,预蒸与常规干燥结合以及常规干燥两种工艺处理边材的脱脂率均在60%左右;对于心材,预蒸处理促进松脂迁移,预蒸组的脱脂率大于对照组,但心材初含水率低、渗透性差,导致心材脱脂率低于边材。预蒸组和对照组工艺处理的试材均表现出良好的抗松脂渗出效果,预蒸组表观质量更好。预蒸处理对辐射松边材和心材的干燥质量基本无影响,但需注意防范心材螺旋纹理造成的木材干燥过程中扭曲变形缺陷的发生。