A new hybrid method—combined heat flux method with Monte-Carlo method to analyze thermal radiation

A new hybrid method, Monte-Carlo-Heat-Flux （MCHF） method, was presented to analyze the radiative heat transfer of participating medium in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure using combined the Monte-Carlo method with the heat flux method. Its accuracy and reliability was proved by comparing the computational results with exact results from classical ＂Zone Method＂.

Numerical Study by Imposing the Finite Difference Method for Unsteady Casson Fluid Flow with Heat Flux

This article presents an investigation into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impermeable stretching sheet subjected to Magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid. The study considers the influence of slip velocity, thermal radiation conditions, and heat flux. The investigation is conducted employing a robust numerical method that accounts for the impact of thermal radiation. This category of fluid is apt for characterizing the movement of blood within an industrial artery, where the flow can be regulated by a material designed to manage it. The resolution of the ensuing system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), representing the described problem, is accomplished through the application of the finite difference method. The examination of flow and heat transfer characteristics, including aspects such as unsteadiness, radiation parameter, slip velocity, Casson parameter, and Prandtl number, is explored and visually presented through tables and graphs to illustrate their impact. On the stretching sheet, calculations, and descriptions of the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are conducted. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the proposed method serves as a straightforward and efficient tool for exploring the solutions of fluid models of this kind.

A calculation method of the sensible heat flux by sodar

During the second course of USA - PRC joint air sea interaction experiment in 1986, the temperature structure parameters CT2 were measured by sodar over the Western Pacific Ocean. Based on similarity theory, a method is discussed to calculate the sensible heat flux over the ocean in unstable stratification. Becausehumidity is great over the ocean, so we have to consider the influence of water vapor structure parameter Ce2and the correlation coefficient betweene and T on the calculation of sensible heat flux using CT2 profiles measured by sodar. A new formula is suggested in terms of parameterization. The sensible heat flux calculated by sodar measurements is compared with that by bulk transfer method, and the results agree well.

Nodeless variable finite element method for heat transfer analysis by means of flux-based formulation and mesh adaptation

Based on flux-based formulation, a nodeless variable element method is developed to analyze two-dimensional steady-state and transient heat transfer problems. The nodeless variable element employs quadratic interpolation functions to provide higher solution accuracy without necessity to actually generate additional nodes. The flux-based formulation is applied to reduce the complexity in deriving the finite element equations as compared to the conventional finite element method, The solution accuracy is further improved by implementing an adaptive meshing technique to generaie finite element mesh that can adapt and move along corresponding to the solution behavior. The technique generates small elements in the regions of steep solution gradients to provide accurate solution, and meanwhile it generates larger elements in the other regions where the solution gradients are slight to reduce the computational time and the computer memory. The effectiveness of the combined procedure is demonstrated by heat transfer problems that have exact solutions. These problems tire： （a） a steady-state heat conduction analysis in a square plate subjected to a highly localized surface heating, and （b） a transient heat conduction analysis in a long plate subjected to moving heat source.

Analytic Solution for Fluid Flow over an Exponentially Stretching Porous Sheet with Surface Heat Flux in Porous Medium by Means of Homotopy Analysis Method

In this paper, the analytical solution of a viscous and incompressible fluid towards an exponentially stretching porous sheet with surface heat flux in porous medium, for the boundary layer and heat transfer flow, is presented. The equations of continuity, momentum and the energy are transformed into non-linear ordinary differential by using similarity transformation. The solutions of these highly non-linear ordinary differential equations are found analytically by means of Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The result obtained by HAM is compared with numerical results presented in the literature. The accuracy of the HAM is indicated by close agreement of the two sets of results. By this method, an expression is obtained which is admissible for all values of effective parameters. This method has the ability to control the convergence of the solution.

Estimating Heat Fluxes by Merging Profile Formulae and the Energy Budget with a Variational Technique

A variational technique (VT) is applied to estimate surface sensible and latent heat fluxes based on observations of air temperature, wind speed, and humidity, respectively, at three heights (1 m, 4 m, and 10 m), and the surface energy and radiation budgets by the surface energy and radiation system (SERBS). The method fully uses all information provided by the measurements of air temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, the surface energy budget, and the similarity profile formulae as well. Data collected at Feixi experiment station installed by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) Program are used to test the method. Results show that the proposed technique can overcome the well-known unstablility problem that occurs when the Bowen method becomes singular; in comparison with the profile method, it reduces both the sensitivities of latent heat fluxes to observational errors in humidity and those of sensible heat fluxes to observational errors in temperature, while the estimated heat fluxes approximately satisfy the surface energy budget. Therefore, the variational technique is more reliable and stable than the two conventional methods in estimating surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.

Estimation of ground heat flux and its impact on the surface energy budget for a semi-arid grassland

Three approaches, i.e., the harmonic analysis （HA） technique, the thermal diffusion equation and correction （TDEC） method, and the calorimetric method used to estimate ground heat flux, are evaluated by using observations from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University （SACOL） in July, 2008. The calorimetric method, which involves soil heat flux measurement with an HFP01SC self-calibrating heat flux plate buried at a depth of 5 cm and heat storage in the soil between the plate and the surface, is here called the ITHP approach. The results show good linear relationships between the soil heat fluxes measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate and those calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method, respectively, at a depth of 5 cm. The soil heat fluxes calculated with the latter two methods well follow the phase measured with the HFP01SC heat flux plate. The magnitudes of the soil heat flux calculated with the HA technique and the TDEC method are close to each other, and they are about 2 percent and 6 percent larger than the measured soil heat flux, respectively, which mainly occur during the nighttime. Moreover, the ground heat fluxes calculated with the TDEC method and the HA technique are highly correlated with each other （R2= 0.97）, and their difference is only about 1 percent. The TDEC-calculated ground heat flux also has a good linear relationship with the ITttP-calculated ground heat flux （R2 = 0.99）, but their difference is larger （about 9 percent）. Furthermore, compared to the HFP01SC direct measurements at a depth of 5 cm, the ground heat flux calculated with the HA technique, the TDEC method, and the ITHP approach can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 percent, 7 percent, and 6 percent at SACOL site, respectively. Therefore, the contribution of ground heat flux to the surface energy budget is very important for the semi-arid grassland over the Loess Plateau in China. Using turbulent heat fluxes with common corrections, soil heat storage between the surface and the heat flux plate can improve the surface energy budget closure by about 6 to 7 percent, resulting in a closure of 82 to 83 percent at the SACOL site.

Estimation of Oceanic Heat Flux Under Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean

Oceanic heat flux(Fw) is the vertical heat flux that is transmitted to the base of sea ice. It is the main source of sea ice bottom melting. The residual method was adopted to study oceanic heat flux under sea ice. The data acquired by 28 ice mass balance buoys(IMBs) deployed over the period of 2004 to 2013 in the Arctic Ocean were used. Fw values presented striking seasonal and spatial variations. The average summer Fw values for the Canada Basin, Transpolar Drift, and Multiyear Ice area were 16.8, 7.7, and 5.9 W m^-2, respectively. The mean summer F-w for the whole Arctic was 10.1 W m^-2, which was equivalent to a bottom melt of 0.4 m. Fw showed an autumn peak in November in the presence of the near-surface temperature maximum(NSTM). The average Fw for October to December was 3.7 W m^-2. And the average Fw for January to March was 1.0 W m^-2, which was approximately one third of the average Fw in the presence of NSTM. The summer Fw was almost wholly attributed to the incident solar radiation that enters the upper ocean through leads and the open water. Fw calculated through the residual method using IMB data was compared with that calculated through the parameterization method using Autonomous Ocean Flux Buoy data. The results revealed that the Fw provided by the two methods were consistent when the sea ice concentration exceeded 70% and mixing layer temperature departure from freezing point was less than 0.15℃. Otherwise, the Fw yielded by the residual method was approximately one third smaller than that provided by the parameterization method.

Heat and mass flux estimation of modern seafloor hydrothermal activity

Research on heat and mass flux yielded by modern seafloor hydrothermal activity is very important, because it is involved not only in the base of ocean environment research, but also in the historical evolution of seawater properties. Currently, estimating heat flux is based on the observation data of hydrothermal smokers, low-temperature diffusive flow and mid-ocean ridge mainly. But there are some faults, for example, there is lack of a concurrent conductive item in estimating the heat flux by smokers and the error between the half-space cooling model and the observation data is too large. So, three kinds of methods are applied to re-estimating the heat flux of hydrothermal activity resepectively, corresponding estimation is 97. 359 GW by hydrothermal smoker and diffusive flow, 84.895 GW by hydrothermal plume, and 4. 11 TW by exponential attenuation method put forward by this paper. Research on mass flux estimation is relatively rare, the main reason for this is insufficient field observation data. Mass fluxes of different elements are calculated using hydrothermal vent fluid data from the TAG hydrothermal area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for the first time. Difference of estimations by different methods reflects the researching extent of hydrothermal activity, and systematically in - situ observation will help to estimate the contribution of hydrothermal activity to ocean chemical environment, ocean circulation and global climate precisely.

Modal and Thermal Analysis of a Modified Connecting Rod of an Internal Combustion Engine Using Finite Element Method

The connecting rod is one of the most important moving components in an internal combustion engine. The present work determined the possibility of using aluminium alloy 7075 material to design and manufacture a connecting rod for weight optimisation without losing the strength of the connecting rod. It considered modal and thermal analyses to investigate the suitability of the material for connecting rod design. The parameters that were considered under the modal analysis were: total deformation, and natural frequency, while the thermal analysis looked at the temperature distribution, total heat flux and directional heat flux of the four connecting rods made with titanium alloy, grey cast iron, structural steel and aluminium 7075 alloy respectively. The connecting rod was modelled using Autodesk inventor2017 software using the calculated parameters. The steady-state thermal analysis was used to determine the induced heat flux and directional heat flux. The study found that Aluminium 7075 alloy deformed more than the remaining three other materials but has superior qualities in terms of vibrational natural frequency, total heat flux and lightweight compared to structural steel, grey cast iron and titanium alloy.

基于机器学习的高超声速飞行器双曲率前缘气动热预测方法

高超声速气动热预测技术是高超声速飞行器发展的关键技术之一,气动热环境的精准预测对飞行器热防护系统设计及气动布局优化具有重要意义。为快速获得高超声速飞行器表面的热流分布情况,缩短飞行器设计周期,基于具有广义可分离特性、可实现强非线性数据快速建模的多层分块(MBB)算法,提出一种针对高超声速飞行器双曲率前缘气动热分布的快速预测方法。通过数值计算获得双曲率前缘驻点区的气动热分布作为训练集数据,基于MBB算法提出预测热流分布的显式表达式,对表达式预测结果的统计分析显示,表达式预测值与测试集数据的偏差低于2%,这表明其具有较高的预测精度;将驻点区热流分布表达式进行外推,验证了机器学习公式在不同几何外形下的适用性。在双曲率前缘构型的防热设计及气动外形优化阶段,所提表达式可实现气动热环境的精准、快速预测。

装配式被动房墙体传热系数测试与能耗模拟

以河北省保定市某装配式被动房为研究对象,采用热流计法对其东、西两侧围护结构主体部位的传热系数进行现场测试。基于测试结果,利用DeST能耗模拟软件模拟该建筑理论计算和实测传热系数下的全年能耗,得出理论计算与实测条件下利用传热系数计算的能耗偏差。结果表明该装配式被动房东、西两侧围护结构主体部位的实测传热系数相比.于理论计算值分别偏高偏差为103%。以期通过传热系数现场测试过程与能耗误差值的范围为今后进一步研究装配式被动建筑提供参考。

基于光强方法的双层温敏漆点阵的热流密度测量

为提高长时间热流密度测量的精度,提出了一种基于双层温敏漆点阵涂层的热流密度直测技术。该技术运用精细喷涂技术在厚度均匀的透明膜L2的上下表面分别喷涂错位分布的温敏漆点阵L3和L1。结合图像边缘检测和粒子图像测速的询问算法确定温敏漆点阵位置,提取温敏漆喷涂点的光强,由光强-温度标定关系可以测得L1和L3上的温度分布;分别采用Cook-Felderman方法和Fourier导热定律计算热流密度,并与热流密度传感器测量结果进行比较,结合热渗透时间分析不同方法的适用性。结果表明:双层温敏漆点阵方法既能用Cook-Felderman方法捕捉短时间热冲击下的瞬态热流密度,又能用Fourier导热定律测量长时间稳态的热流密度,在高速热流密度测量中有一定的应用前景。

热流密度对平行圆盘间隙中一维可压缩流动影响分析

以高压圆盘气体轴承平行间隙中一维可压缩理想流动分析结果为基础,在考虑平行圆盘间隙内面积变化、壁面摩擦和热量输入时,通过理论推导及程序编制,利用数值计算方法得到了平行气膜区气膜对称线上一维模型的马赫数、静温和静压的分布规律。结果表明:对于一维模型而言,气膜对称线上的马赫数始终呈现下降的趋势,静温始终呈现上升的趋势,静压呈现先上升再缓慢下降的趋势;在整个平行气膜间隙中,热量的输入会导致马赫数下降的速率减缓,当热流密度不大时,马赫数受热量输入的影响很小,而热流密度较大时,热量输入对马赫数有较明显的影响;静温受热量输入的影响很大,且热流密度越大,温度上升的越明显,静压受热量输入的影响很小。

液冷热沉板对某型热阻测试系统精度影响的研究

热流法作为测试接触热阻的主流方法,被国内外各类院校、实验室等广泛应用。诸多同类型测试平台的搭建主要依照美国国家标准ASTM D547006中的实验设备,该类型设备中常以恒温水箱及热沉板作为低温端冷却源,其中热沉板作为与测试体直接接触导热的系统热沉端,其良好的热交换能力及均温性能对热阻测试系统测量精度影响较大。为提升热阻测试系统测量性能,某型热阻测试系统研发过程中,设计了一款新型低温热沉板,对其流道构型进行了优化。针对该型热沉板传热特性进行了数值计算,通过分析测试系统的系统误差,拆解误差因子,进行数值计算等方式量化了热沉板流道设计对测试体均温性、误差因子及系统总误差的数值影响。研究结果表明:热沉板进液流量3 L/min,热源功率200 W工况下,优化后的热沉板较传统构型热沉板,均温性提升38.7%,系统误差最高可降低13.9%。

基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的双液滴撞击壁面液膜的热特性演化过程

为了研究并排双液滴撞击覆有液膜的高温壁面过程中壁面热流密度分布特征,基于水热耦合双分布函数格子玻尔兹曼伪势模型,探究了液滴间距、撞击速度和液相黏滞系数在不同时刻对壁面瞬时热流密度分布的影响。结果表明:低温液滴的扩散与下潜导致撞击区和中心射流区的壁面与液膜之间的温度梯度上升,引起撞击区和中心射流区壁面热流密度骤增。撞击区传热形式以对流传热为主,静态区受液冠处速度不连续性影响,其传热形式以扩散传热为主。双液滴撞击速度增大导致液滴下潜和扩展程度加深,液膜内部对流传热增强。双液滴间距增加引起双液滴内侧液冠在液膜内扩展空间增大,造成瞬时壁面高热流密度区域面积增加,利于散热。此外,更大的液相黏滞系数增大了液滴撞击液膜过程中的黏滞耗散,降低低温液滴的下潜程度和撞击区的液膜流场对流强度,导致壁面热流密度峰值减小。

对称热流载荷下一维六方准晶体币状裂纹的热-弹性解析解

针对一维六方准晶无限体中币状裂纹问题,给出了裂纹面作用对称热流载荷时的解析解.在准晶热-弹性通解的基础上,采用广义势理论方法,得到了准晶体中稳态的三维精确热-弹性场.同时,给出了裂纹所在平面上多个重要物理量的封闭解,其中包括裂纹面位移、法向应力、应力强度因子等.通过数值算例,验证了当前解析解的正确性,并分析了三维热-弹性场的分布情况.通过对声子场和相位子场耦合与解耦前后的对比,可知相位子场对结果的影响非常显著.所得解析解可作为针对准晶体断裂问题数值方法(如扩展有限元法)和实验方法(红外热成像无损检测方法)的校核基准.

Thermodynamic analysis and simulation for gas baffle entrance collimator of EAST-NBI system based on thermo-fluid coupled method

The world's first full Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST) is designed with the auxiliary heating method of neutral beam injection(NBI)system. Beam collimators are arranged on both sides of the beam channel for absorbing the divergence beam during the beam transmission process in the EAST-NBI system.The gas baffle entrance collimator(GBEC) is a typical high-heat-flux component located at the entrance of gas baffle. An efficient and accurate analysis of its thermodynamic performance is of great significance to explore the working limit and to ensure safe operation of the system under a high-parameter steady-state condition. Based on the thermo-fluid coupled method, thermodynamic analysis and simulation of GBEC is performed to get the working states and corresponding operating limits at different beam extraction conditions. This study provides a theoretical guidance for the next step to achieve long pulse with highpower experimental operation and has an important reference to ensure the safe operation of the system.

Heat Transfer Coefficient between Ice Cover and Water in the Bohai Sea

The calculative method of heat transfer coefficient between ice cover and water is analyzed considering the heat balance at ice cover bottom firstly. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated with the meteorological, oceanographic data and sea ice conditions measured on the JZ20-2 Oil/Gas Platform in the Bohai Sea during the winter of 1997/1998. From the results, it is shown that the heat transfer coefficient is smaller in the freezing and melting periods, which is about 0.16×10-3 and 0.04×10-3 respectively. In the middle of ice season, the heat transfer coefficient has a larger value, which is about 0.5×10-3. Lastly, the influences of ice thickness and ice type on the heat transfer coefficient are discussed. With the heat transfer coefficient determined above, the oceanic heat flux in the winter of 1997～1998 is calculated, and its trend in the winter is analyzed. This study can be referenced in the sea ice numerical simulation and prediction in the Bohai Sea.

2016-2020年安徽省全椒养殖塘碳水通量数据集

养殖塘是受人为活动干扰的内陆小型水体,是大气的碳源,也是区域水分蒸发的重要贡献源。准确观测其碳水通量是准确量化内陆水体碳排放以及蒸发贡献的重要基础。南京信息工程大学在安徽省全椒县官渡村一处淡水养殖基地建立了进行小型水体碳水通量综合观测的大气环境试验基地。本数据集包含了在该站点观测的2016–2020年的CO_(2)通量数据(多通道密闭式动态箱观测)、CH_(4)通量数据(涡度相关法观测、多通道密闭式动态箱观测、倒置漏斗法观测)和潜热、显热通量数据(涡度相关法观测),也包含了气温、水温、辐射等关键环境要素数据。所有数据都进行了规范的数据处理及质量控制。本数据集可为区域及全球内陆小型水体碳排放及蒸发贡献的准确估算提供重要的数据支撑。