Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and an...Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.展开更多
Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-...Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-way transfer which causes heat loss from the organism.Biological evaporation always involves the loss of water which is a vital resource for nearly all biochemical processes.Evaporation is loss of heat via loss of body mass.Methods: The simultaneous determination of energy expenditure and loss of body mass in resting birds allows us to estimate evaporative heat loss.This method includes direct measurements of the energetic equivalent of the loss of body mass as the ratio between heat production,determined by the rate of oxygen consumption and the loss of body mass at various ambient temperatures.Results: The data indicate that evaporation was minimal at lower critical temperature and that the rate of evaporation increased at lower or higher temperatures.Obtained results indicate that passerine and non-passerine species have the ability to change their non-evaporative heat conductance the same number of times(approximately fourfold),and that their abilities in this respect are similar.Conclusions: The novelty of the study resides in the stoichiometric approach to determination of total evaporative water loss.The analysis shows that determinations by stoichiometric approach of total evaporative water loss yielded the values,which fit into the confidence intervals of all equations from literatures.The basal metabolic rate and nonevaporative thermal conductance are fundamental parameters of energetics and determine the level of physiological organization of an endothermic animal.展开更多
墙体是建筑的主要组成部分之一,其热损失占据了冬季供暖能耗的一大部分,因此降低墙体热损失是建筑节能领域的研究重点.热管置入式墙体(wall implanted with heat pipes,WIHP)是一种新型的太阳能被动式利用技术.通过TRNSYS软件建立了一...墙体是建筑的主要组成部分之一,其热损失占据了冬季供暖能耗的一大部分,因此降低墙体热损失是建筑节能领域的研究重点.热管置入式墙体(wall implanted with heat pipes,WIHP)是一种新型的太阳能被动式利用技术.通过TRNSYS软件建立了一个新的WIHP传热部件,并通过实验测试进行模型验证.对WIHP不同方向的传热性能进行分析,并提出两种WIHP的优化方式.结果表明,在工作期间,南向WIHP、西向WIHP和东向WIHP均可以提高内表面温度,减少墙体热损失,节能效果显著.展开更多
火电机组实现灵活性转型是构建新型电力系统、实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标的关键。为提升火电机组的灵活性,提出了小汽轮机驱动和电动机驱动液态压缩二氧化碳储能系统与火电机组耦合的方案,并建立了其热力学系统模型,采用热耗率和能...火电机组实现灵活性转型是构建新型电力系统、实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标的关键。为提升火电机组的灵活性,提出了小汽轮机驱动和电动机驱动液态压缩二氧化碳储能系统与火电机组耦合的方案,并建立了其热力学系统模型,采用热耗率和能量利用系数对系统进行评价,开展系统热力学性能对比分析,确立了最佳储能耦合方案。研究表明:储能阶段从凝结水泵出口抽取凝结水,吸收压缩热后返回7号低压加热器出口,释能阶段从中压缸排汽抽取蒸汽,加热膨胀后的CO_(2)后返回5号低压加热器疏水冷却器时,耦合系统性能最佳,热耗率比原系统降低了48.308 k J/(k W·h),能量利用系数提升了0.52百分点;改变CO_(2)膨胀机入口温度和质量流量可实现快速变负荷,耦合储能系统后,机组调峰能力增加了17.1%;配置热水罐并最大放热时,机组调峰能力增加了37.4%,提升了火电机组灵活性。展开更多
文摘Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.
基金the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for longterm support of my research (grants # 12-04-01288 and 16-04-00643)
文摘Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-way transfer which causes heat loss from the organism.Biological evaporation always involves the loss of water which is a vital resource for nearly all biochemical processes.Evaporation is loss of heat via loss of body mass.Methods: The simultaneous determination of energy expenditure and loss of body mass in resting birds allows us to estimate evaporative heat loss.This method includes direct measurements of the energetic equivalent of the loss of body mass as the ratio between heat production,determined by the rate of oxygen consumption and the loss of body mass at various ambient temperatures.Results: The data indicate that evaporation was minimal at lower critical temperature and that the rate of evaporation increased at lower or higher temperatures.Obtained results indicate that passerine and non-passerine species have the ability to change their non-evaporative heat conductance the same number of times(approximately fourfold),and that their abilities in this respect are similar.Conclusions: The novelty of the study resides in the stoichiometric approach to determination of total evaporative water loss.The analysis shows that determinations by stoichiometric approach of total evaporative water loss yielded the values,which fit into the confidence intervals of all equations from literatures.The basal metabolic rate and nonevaporative thermal conductance are fundamental parameters of energetics and determine the level of physiological organization of an endothermic animal.
文摘墙体是建筑的主要组成部分之一,其热损失占据了冬季供暖能耗的一大部分,因此降低墙体热损失是建筑节能领域的研究重点.热管置入式墙体(wall implanted with heat pipes,WIHP)是一种新型的太阳能被动式利用技术.通过TRNSYS软件建立了一个新的WIHP传热部件,并通过实验测试进行模型验证.对WIHP不同方向的传热性能进行分析,并提出两种WIHP的优化方式.结果表明,在工作期间,南向WIHP、西向WIHP和东向WIHP均可以提高内表面温度,减少墙体热损失,节能效果显著.
文摘火电机组实现灵活性转型是构建新型电力系统、实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标的关键。为提升火电机组的灵活性,提出了小汽轮机驱动和电动机驱动液态压缩二氧化碳储能系统与火电机组耦合的方案,并建立了其热力学系统模型,采用热耗率和能量利用系数对系统进行评价,开展系统热力学性能对比分析,确立了最佳储能耦合方案。研究表明:储能阶段从凝结水泵出口抽取凝结水,吸收压缩热后返回7号低压加热器出口,释能阶段从中压缸排汽抽取蒸汽,加热膨胀后的CO_(2)后返回5号低压加热器疏水冷却器时,耦合系统性能最佳,热耗率比原系统降低了48.308 k J/(k W·h),能量利用系数提升了0.52百分点;改变CO_(2)膨胀机入口温度和质量流量可实现快速变负荷,耦合储能系统后,机组调峰能力增加了17.1%;配置热水罐并最大放热时,机组调峰能力增加了37.4%,提升了火电机组灵活性。
