Characteristics of the Seasonal Variation of the Surface TotalHeating over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Surrounding Areain Summer 1998 and Its Relationship with the Convectionover the Subtropical Area of the Western Pacific

Using the dataset of 1998 TIPEX, the data of 6 automatic heat balance observational stations (AWS) from May to August 1998, a dataset of 52 surface observational stations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its adjacent region, the daily rainfall amounts from about 300 stations in China, the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data received by the National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC) of China, and TBB data from GMS remote sensing of Japan, the characteristics of the seasonal variation of the surface total heating over TP and its surrounding area in summer 1998 and its relationship with the convection over the subtropical area of the western Pacific is studied in this paper. The results show that the surface total heating over TP had a close relationship with the onset of the rainy season, and after the onset of the rainy season, the regional mean surface total heating over TP decreased distinctly. Furthermore, the regional mean surface total heating over TP had very good negative correlation with TBB over the subtropical area of the western Pacific along 20–30°N, which shows that the surface total heating over TP was able to affect the convection over the subtropical area of the western Pacific.

The seasonal variation of the North Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation heat transport

Based on the 50-year Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis data, we investigated the basic characteristics and seasonal changes of the meridional heat transport carried by the North Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation. And we also examined the dynamical and thermodynamic mechanisms responsible for these heat transport variability at the seasonal time scale. Among four cells, the tropical cell (TC) is strongest with a northward heat transport (NHT) of (1.75±0.30) PW (1 PW=1.0×10^15 W) and a southward heat transport (SHT) of (-1.69±0.55) PW, the subtropical cell (STC) is second with a NHT of (0.71±0.65) PW and SHT of (-0.63±0.53) PW, the deep tropical cell (DTC) is third with a NHT of (0.18±0.03) PW and SHT of (-0.18±0.11) PW, while the subpolar cell (SPC) is weakest with a NHT of (0.09±0.05) PW and SHT of (-0.07±0.09) PW. These four cells all have diff erent seasonal changes in their NHT and SHT. Of all, the TC has stronger change in its SHT than in its NHT, so do both the DTC and SPC, but the seasonal change in the STC SHT is weaker than that in its NHT. Therefore, their dynamical and thermodynamic mechanisms are diff erent each other. The local zonal wind stress and net surface heat flux are mainly responsible for the seasonal changes in the TC and STC NHTs and SPC SHT, while the local thermocline circulations and sea temperature are primarily responsible for the seasonal changes of the TC, STC and DTC SHTs and SPC NHT.

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF NET RADIATIVE HEATING IN THE EARTH-ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM AND ITS RELATIONS TOASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

Satellite-derived data of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), net shortwave radiation at thetropopause (SRT) and circulation information as predicted by NCEP are used in the work to study seasonal variations of net radiative heating in the earth-atmospheric system and its relationship with the Asian summer monsoon. As is shown in the result, the zonal deviations of the zonal deviations of the heating, manifested as mutations in direction between land and sea with seasons, is an indication of the thermal difference between them.Being a month earlier than that in the general circulation from spring to summer, the seasonal reversal of directionmay be playing an essential role in triggering the onset and withdrawal of summer monsoon in Asia.

Seasonal Variation and Heat Preference of the South Asia High

By use of the NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data, the seasonal variation of the South Asia high (SAH) is analyzed. The influences of temporal and spatial variations of the middle and upper level atmospheric temperatures, the visible heat sources, and the diabatic heating rates in the whole atmospheric column on the seasonal variation of the SAH are discussed. Results show that the SAH has two seasonal balancing modes, one of which is the land high in summer and the other the ocean high in winter. The land high itself can be divided into two patterns as well, that is the Tibetan high and the Iranian high. Heating fields have important impacts on the seasonal variation of the SAH. The SAH is a warm high and its center has the property of heat preference, usually locating over or moving to an area with relatively larger heating rates. The annual cycle of the SAH is mainly controlled by the seasonal process of the latent and sensible heating in South Asia. Strong shortwave radiative heating in the north at high latitudes and over the Tibetan Plateau also has an effects on the northward movement and maintenance of the SAH. The cooling effect of infrared radiation is an important cause in weakening the SAH.

Seasonal Variation of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet and Its Association with the Heating Field over East Asia

The structure and seasonal variation of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet （EAWJ） and associations with heating fields over East Asia are examined by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Obvious differences exist in the westerly jet intensity and location in different regions and seasons due to the ocean-land distribution and seasonal thermal contrast, as well as the dynamic and thermodynamic impacts of the Tibetan Plateau. In winter, the EAWJ center is situated over the western Pacific Ocean and the intensity is reduced gradually from east to west over the East Asian region. In summer, the EAWJ center is located over the north of the Tibetan Plateau and the jet intensity is reduced evidently compared with that in winter. The EAWJ seasonal evolution is characterized by the obvious longitudinal inconsistency of the northward migration and in-phase southward retreat of the EAWJ axis. A good correspondence between the seasonal variations of EAWJ and the meridional differences of air temperature （MDT） in the mid-upper troposphere demonstrates that the MDT is the basic reason for the seasonal variation of EAWJ. Correlation analyses indicate that the Kuroshio Current region to the south of Japan and the Tibetan Plateau are the key areas for the variations of the EAWJ intensities in winter and in summer, respectively. The strong sensible and latent heating in the Kuroshio Current region is closely related to the intensification of EAWJ in winter. In summer, strong sensible heating in the Tibetan Plateau corresponds to the EAWJ strengthening and southward shift, while the weak sensible heating in the Tibetan Plateau is consistent with the EAWJ weakening and northward migration.

Seasonal variations of air-sea heat fluxes and sea surface temperature in the northwestern Pacific marginal seas

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.

Seasonal and Interdecadal Variations of Heat Transport over the Northern Hemisphere

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, variations of heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere were studied. It was found that there are interdecadal variations in heat ransport from middle latitudes to higher latitudes. The variations of interdecadal heat transport over longitudes around 120° E are out of phase with those over around 90° E and over the Northcastern Pacific. The seasonal variations of heat transport were also discussed. It was found that most heat is transported in the lower layer of the troposphere from middle latitudes to higher latitudes. Over around 120° E and over around 120° W . the seasonal and interannual variations of heat transport across 32.5° N are apparent and in phase.

Seasonal variability of turbulent heat fluxes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean based on WHOI flux product

The mean seasonal variability of turbulent heat fluxes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is examined using the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution （WHOI） flux product. The most turbulent heat fluxes occur during winter seasons in the two hemispheres, whose centers are located at 10° -20°N and 5° 15°S respectively. In climatological ITCZ, the turbulent heat fluxes are the greatest from June to August, and in equatorial cold tongue the turbulent heat fluxes are the greatest from March to May. Seasonal variability of sensible heat flux is smaller than that of latent heat flux and mainly is dominated by the variations of air-sea temperature difference. In the region with larger climatological mean wind speed （air-sea humidity difference）, the variations of air-sea humidity difference （wind speed） dominate the variability of latent heat flux. The characteristics of turbulent heat flux yielded from theory analysis and WHOI dataset is consistent in physics which turns out that WHOI＇ s flux data are pretty reliable in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.

Heat Budget of the South-Central Equatorial Pacific in CMIP3 Models

ABSTRACT Using data from 17 coupled models and nine sets of corresponding Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project （AMIP） results, we investigated annual and seasonal variation biases in the upper 50 m of the south-central equatorial Pacific, with a focus on the double-ITCZ bias, and examined the causes for the amplitude biases by using heat budget analysis. The results showed that, in the research region, most of the models simulate SSTs that are higher than or similar to observed. The simulated seasonal phase is close to that observed, but the amplitudes of more than half of the model results are larger than or equal to observations. Heat budget analysis demonstrated that strong shortwave radiation in individual atmospheric models is the main factor that leads to high SST values and that weak southward cold advection is an important mechanism for maintaining a high SST. For seasonal circulation, large surface shortwave radiation amplitudes cause large SST amplitudes.

Seasonal Variation and Land-Use/Land-Cover Type Impacts on the Correlation of Urban Heat Island Intensity and Difference Vegetation Index with Satellite Data in Xi’an,China

Green coverage has pronounced influences on urban heat island（UHI） effect, while the impacts of seasonal variation and Land-Use/Land-Cover（LULC） types on this effect has not been implemented. This paper investigated the spatio-seasonal characteristics of urban thermal environment and the vegetation-soil mixed area, and then explored the effects of vegetation status on UHI intensity from the perspectives of seasons and regions in Xi＇an using four Landsat 8 images. UHI intensity index was implemented to extract UHI intensity based on thermal infrared imagery, and difference vegetation index（DVI） was used to represent vegetation-soil mixed area. Results indicated that DVI has impacts on UHI intensity, and their relations vary with season and region. In the whole Xi＇an, if UHI intensity is smaller than-0.1, DVI increases with the increase of UHI intensity; whereas for UHI intensity is greater than-0.1, DVI decreases with increases of the UHI intensity from early spring to autumn. The highest correlation level was discovered in the autumn map（R^2=0.713）. Results of correlation analysis further displayed that DVI positively correlated with UHI intensity at impervious surface, and that the main urban area possessed the best correlation with R^2=0.564 5.

长湖地下水排泄及其携带营养盐通量的季节性变化

为揭示地下水对湖泊水量和营养盐平衡的贡献及季节性变化,以长江中游的长湖为研究对象,通过丰、枯水期野外采样,结合电导率(EC)、稳定同位素(~2H和^(18)O)、水化学元素(Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+))和氡(^(222)Rn)同位素对湖底地下水排泄(lacustrine groundwater discharge,简称LGD)进行了多手段示踪,并基于^(222)Rn质量平衡模型量化了不同季节的LGD及其携带的营养盐通量。结果显示:丰、枯水期LGD速率分别为64.52 mm/d和14.95 mm/d,丰水期显著大于枯水期;丰、枯水期地下水携带的总氮(TN)输入通量分别为25.68×10^(6) g/d和5.58×10^(6) g/d,总磷(TP)输入通量分别8.14×10^(6) g/d和0.17×10^(6) g/d。丰、枯水期LGD强度的差异导致了地下水携带TN、TP输入的差异,丰水期TP的输入量还受该时期农业活动的影响;丰水期较强的降水和蒸发驱动了更大的LGD强度及其携带的TN、TP通量。本研究可为长湖区域水资源管理和水生态保护提供重要理论依据。

全球变暖下南大洋吸热的季节变化特征

本文基于第六次耦合模式比较计划的未来高排放情景试验模拟结果,研究全球变暖背景下未来南大洋吸热的季节变化。发现在未来变暖气候下南大洋占全球海洋累积吸热的近一半。未来南大洋海洋吸热有明显季节变化:南半球春、秋季吸热峰值大致位于63°S,夏季70°S附近吸热最小,冬季58°S附近吸热全年最大。秋、冬季海洋吸热的空间结构由湍流热通量主导;春、夏季高纬度海洋吸热主要受辐射通量影响。进一步研究发现,南大洋60°S以南海区净热通量变化趋势与海冰变化有关。春、夏季海冰消融通过海冰-反照率反馈机制产生较大的海洋吸热,而秋、冬季海冰消融加强了海洋向大气放热,造成海洋吸热减少,年平均下二者显著抵消。在南大洋30°S—60°S海区,海洋吸热主要受湍流热通量变化影响,夏、秋季吸热较少,冬、春季吸热较大,这与气候态混合层深度的季节变化有显著关系。此外,本文研究还发现,南大洋上层海洋热量的经向输送对全球变暖的响应也存在显著的季节变化,冬、春季经向热输送的增强范围相较于夏、秋季向赤道和向下延伸,与气候态混合层深度和西风增强的季节变化有关。

Distortion behavior of hydro turbine blade castings during heat treatment processes under variation of seasonal temperature

Distortion often appears at the corners of heavy turbine blade castings during heat treatment processes, so a great machining allowance is generally set in production which directly results in cost increase. In this paper, a novel real-time measuring technology is developed for non-contact measuring the deformation behavior of heavy steel castings in heat treatment process. It was employed to measure the distortion and the temperature field of a batch of heavy turbine blade castings at cooling stage in normalizing process. Three inflection points appear in the distortion-time curves, and the residual distortion is affected by the regional area of not finished martensite transformation when the second inflection point appears. When the mean air temperature falls into the range of 10℃-20℃, the residual distortion is small; when it is lower than 10℃, positive distortion appears; when it is higher than 20℃, negative distortion appears. The distortion varies with seasonal temperature, which is directly responsible for the great machining allowance given in production.

大体积混凝土季节性温控措施有限元分析

为探究大体积混凝土夏冬季浇筑时保温措施,以某筏板基础大体积混凝土施工项目为依托,通过建立精细化有限元模型,探讨夏季与冬季两种季节下的温控措施(外保温材料、混凝土入模温度)对大体积混凝土温度场的影响。结果表明:1)浇筑时环境温度的变高会使混凝土放热量增加并延长放热时长,其中夏季使用3 cm厚挤塑式聚苯乙烯板板保温,混凝土入模温度为25℃时其峰值温度和所需时间为66.8℃、114.7 h;2)两种季节的环境温度下,外保温性能与里表温差都呈线性降低趋势,与核心温度呈线性增加关系;3)不同保温措施会推迟核心温度出现时间,且保温性能越好,温度梯度越小;4)随着入模温度的增加,混凝土核心温度随之增大,且使其出现时间提前。本文成果可为同类型筏板基础大体积混凝土施工提供一点借鉴。

长白山阔叶红松林生长季热量平衡变化特征

根据长白山阔叶红松林 2 0 0 1年 5月下旬至 10月上旬微气象梯度观测资料和辐射、土壤热通量资料 ,用波文比 -能量平衡方法 (BREB方法 )计算了森林的显热通量和感热通量 ,并计算了森林大气和植被体的储热量 ,分析了阔叶红松林热量平衡各项的日变化和季节变化 ,结果发现 ,热量平衡 (净辐射 )与太阳总辐射呈线性关系 ;热量平衡各项都与净辐射有相同的日变化特征 ,为昼正夜负的曲线 .各项的绝对值一般表现为净辐射 >潜热通量 >感热通量 >储热变化 .受日照时间的影响 ,6～ 10月各分量正值的日持续时间逐渐缩短 .月平均结果 ,白天净辐射 6月份最大 ,10月上旬最小 ,变化于 0～ 5 2 7W·m-2 ,夜间的净辐射在 0～ - 12 1W·m-2 .潜热通量白天和夜间分别在 0～ 4 4 1、0～ - 81W·m-2 ,感热通量昼夜分别在 0～80、0～ - 2 6W·m-2 .储热变化则为 0～ 4 4、0～ - 2 6W·m-2 .白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例 8～ 10月逐渐下降 ,而感热通量和储热变化的比例 9～ 10月明显上升 ,特别在严霜后 2～ 3d ,出现潜热通量比例突减、感热通量比例突增的现象 .文中还对通量观测仪器、方法进行了简要分析 .

上海城市热岛的变化特征分析

利用最近安装于上海城区和近郊的Davis自动气象观测每半小时一次详细的记录,对上海市城市热岛的变化特征进行了初步分析。结果表明:上海市城市热岛全年出现概率为87.8 %,月平均热岛强度值大于0.8 ℃;热岛强度日变化明显,存在24小时的主要周期和12小时的次周期,一般是夜间热岛强于白天;其季节变化亦较显著,平均热岛强度秋冬季节较强,夏季较弱;热岛中心存在位置漂移现象。

兰州市大气细颗粒物中水溶性离子的污染特征

为了探讨兰州市大气细颗粒物中水溶性无机组分的污染特征及来源,采集了2012年冬季和2013年夏季PM_(2.5)样品共40个,并利用离子色谱法对其中的无机离子进行了分析.分析结果显示,兰州市PM_(2.5)中无机离子冬季平均值为39.59μg·m^(-3),夏季平均值为10.71μg·m-3,冬季污染程度远高于夏季,SO_4^(2-)、NH_4^+和NO_3^-是3种最主要的水溶性离子;阴阳离子当量回归分析表明,冬季兰州PM2.5组分偏酸性,夏季偏碱性,离子间的结合方式主要以NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4HSO_4和NH_4Cl的形式为主,冬季还有少量KNO_3、NaNO_3、K_2SO_4、Na_2SO_4、KCl和Na Cl存在;[NO_3^-]-/[SO_4^(2-)]比值的均值冬季为0.58±0.22,夏季为0.49±0.20,说明兰州市的冬季大气污染虽然呈现燃煤源等固定源和机动车尾气等流动源并存的复合污染类型,但仍然以煤烟型污染为主,而夏季NO_3^-受高温条件影响比较大,机动车尾气污染仍需引起重视.

超大城市热岛效应的季节变化特征及其年际差异

本文以超大城市上海为例,分析了近50年四季城郊温差的总体变化趋势,同时利用城市化进程中4个年份(1987、1990、1997和2004年)9个气象站的气温数据,重点研究了上海地区热岛效应的季节变化特征及年际差异.结果表明,近50年来上海城郊温差逐年显著增长,年平均热岛天数频率为86.0%,年平均热岛强度为1.17℃,秋季热岛频率和强度高于其他季节,累积热岛强度也最大.不同时刻热岛的特征表明,夜间热岛(2∶00,20∶00时刻)累积强度在四季都较大,在春、夏季14∶00时刻热岛累积强度较大,而在秋、冬季8∶00时刻热岛累积强度较大.进一步分析表明,热岛效应的四季差异主要在于较强热岛和强热岛出现频率的差异;秋季大气最稳定的F类型比例较高可能是热岛效应更加显著的原因之一.四个年份对比分析表明,1997年之前的三个年份,热岛效应的四季差异比较显著.之后,随着年代的推移,四季累积热岛强度逐渐趋于均化,并且夏季低强度热岛有向中强热岛和强热岛转化的趋势,一定程度上反映了夏季人为热的贡献.

温带草地蒸散发及波文比观测与比较:涡动相关及波文比系统

蒸散发的精确观测及估算是水资源管理及水文遥感验证的基础。该文利用已有的涡动塔观测数据集,配合波文比系统进行了同步观测,对二者观测的结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:涡动相关法和波文比方法估算的蒸散发均值及季节变动分别为298.73±128.58 W·m-2和272.37±116.87 W·m-2,整体而言这两种方法所观测的蒸散发较为一致,决定系数R2=0.75,平均相对误差小于6%。较涡动相关法,波文比方法估算潜热较低。生长季内,植被在生长初期及割草期出现明显的差别,表明波文比系统在植被生长旺盛期测量潜热效果更为稳定。两种方法估算的波文比具有相似的日变化及季节变动趋势。波文比存在明显的日变化及季节变动,其变动均值及标准差为0.21±0.42;其日变化与太阳辐射相关度较强(R2变动为0.41~0.52),其季节变化与叶面积指数(LAI)具有较高的非线性相关性(R2=0.65),而土壤水分对季节变动影响较小。该研究表明:在温带湿润草地生态系统,植被的生长很大程度上调节着该系统能量的分配。以上研究结果对波文比系统的实际应用具有一定的参考价值。

汾渭平原采暖期与非采暖期大气环境质量时空变化特征研究

采暖期重污染天气频发,成为大气环境质量改善的难点。汾渭平原刚被划为中国环境治理的重点区域,大气污染形势十分严峻。基于2014-2018年PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3和CO等污染物监测数据及空气质量指数,分析了汾渭平原采暖期和非采暖期大气环境质量的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)采暖期PM2.5、SO2、NO2和CO浓度均高于非采暖期,非采暖期PM2.5相比采暖期低42%~54%,采暖期SO2、NO2和CO的平均浓度分别是非采暖期的2.7、1.5、1.6倍,而非采暖期O3平均浓度是采暖期的2.2倍;(2)PM2.5和SO2为采暖期首要污染物,O3为非采暖期首要污染物;(3)采暖期和非采暖期三省交界处和临汾的PM2.5浓度均较高,采暖期气态污染物的空间分布与非采暖期基本相似,其中SO2浓度的空间分布为山西境内>河南境内>陕西境内;(4)采暖期PM2.5与SO2、NO2、CO浓度均呈正相关,与O3呈负相关,非采暖期SO2、NO2和CO随PM2.5浓度呈一致变化趋势,均先上升后下降,与采暖期的变化趋势并不相同;(5)采暖对PM2.5和SO2的年平均贡献率分别为34.9%和42.1%。