Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This ex...Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This experiment was conducted to determine chilling requirement inducing vegetative and flower buds of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi, Ahmad-Ahgaei, and Akbari pistachio. Shoots with enough vegetative and flower buds were taken from pistachio trees during autumn 2007 and 2008 when temperature reached to 15°C. Cuttings with flower buds were kept under （5 ± 1）°C for 0, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 000, 1 050, 1 100, 1 150, 1 200, 1 250, and 1 300 h, respectively, and cuttings with vegetative buds were kept at 51°C until 1 500 h. The results indicated that pistachio cultivars requite chilling time between 750-1 400 h and heat requirements between 8 852-15 420 growing degree hours （GDH）. Consequently, Kalle-Ghuchi had the lowest chilling （750-950 h）, and heat （8 852-9 768 GDH） requirements, Ahmad-Aghaei and Owhadi had intermediate （1 000-1 250 h, 10 656- 13 320 GDH） and Akbari had the highest chilling （1 200-1 400 h） and heat （11 863-15 420 GDH） requirement.展开更多
针对传统的铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计中存在开发效率低、迭代周期长、模型二义性等前期需求问题,本研究将基于模型的系统工程(Model-based System Engineering,MBSE)方法应用于铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计需求中,结合设计流...针对传统的铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计中存在开发效率低、迭代周期长、模型二义性等前期需求问题,本研究将基于模型的系统工程(Model-based System Engineering,MBSE)方法应用于铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计需求中,结合设计流程进行系统架构的初步设计,该系统架构由需求分析、功能分析和设计综合三部分组成。结果表明:需求分析阶段生成的需求图和用例图可捕获系统需求并确定系统顶层用例;功能分析阶段绘制的时序图、活动图和状态机图可形成系统功能模型并提供早期确认与验证;设计综合阶段建立的白盒模型最终实现系统架构的分析与设计。采用该方法设计的系统架构可确保前后设计需求一致性,进一步降低设计风险并提高设计效率,可为数字化铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计与优化提供应用参考。展开更多
This paper is based on long term parameter measurements of the exhaust air heat pumps (EAHP) system in a new built apartment building. The building was equipped with an exhaust air ventilation system and exhaust air h...This paper is based on long term parameter measurements of the exhaust air heat pumps (EAHP) system in a new built apartment building. The building was equipped with an exhaust air ventilation system and exhaust air heat pump for ventilation heat recover. The results of the measurements show that the COP of the EAHP is mainly related to the temperature graph of the heating system and the supply temperature of domestic hot water (DWH). During the measurement period some other impact factors, such as the quality of maintenance, the nighttime temperature graph of the heating system, the reduction of the exhaust air flows in case of low temperatures, mistakes in designing and low building quality, have also played a role. An analysis of energy consumption shows that in winter conditions the COP is about 3.0 and in the transition period about 3.3. The energy recovery value of the EAHP is 0.5.展开更多
This article gives an overview of using the ground source heat pump (GSHP) and air-to-water heat pump (A&WHP) in cold climate areas for heating and for domestic hot water production of buildings. Computer simulati...This article gives an overview of using the ground source heat pump (GSHP) and air-to-water heat pump (A&WHP) in cold climate areas for heating and for domestic hot water production of buildings. Computer simulation and analysis were carried out for a typical detached house, with 200 m2 of living area, the heat demand of 9 kW and the average heat demand for DHW production of 1 kW. In heating period the average Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the A&WHP is considerably lower than COP of the GSHP.展开更多
文摘Determination of chilling and heat requirements of pistachio （Pistacia vera L.） cultivars is important for satisfactory growth and development, particularly when large-scale commercial production is desired. This experiment was conducted to determine chilling requirement inducing vegetative and flower buds of Kalle-Ghuchi, Owhadi, Ahmad-Ahgaei, and Akbari pistachio. Shoots with enough vegetative and flower buds were taken from pistachio trees during autumn 2007 and 2008 when temperature reached to 15°C. Cuttings with flower buds were kept under （5 ± 1）°C for 0, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1 000, 1 050, 1 100, 1 150, 1 200, 1 250, and 1 300 h, respectively, and cuttings with vegetative buds were kept at 51°C until 1 500 h. The results indicated that pistachio cultivars requite chilling time between 750-1 400 h and heat requirements between 8 852-15 420 growing degree hours （GDH）. Consequently, Kalle-Ghuchi had the lowest chilling （750-950 h）, and heat （8 852-9 768 GDH） requirements, Ahmad-Aghaei and Owhadi had intermediate （1 000-1 250 h, 10 656- 13 320 GDH） and Akbari had the highest chilling （1 200-1 400 h） and heat （11 863-15 420 GDH） requirement.
文摘针对传统的铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计中存在开发效率低、迭代周期长、模型二义性等前期需求问题,本研究将基于模型的系统工程(Model-based System Engineering,MBSE)方法应用于铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计需求中,结合设计流程进行系统架构的初步设计,该系统架构由需求分析、功能分析和设计综合三部分组成。结果表明:需求分析阶段生成的需求图和用例图可捕获系统需求并确定系统顶层用例;功能分析阶段绘制的时序图、活动图和状态机图可形成系统功能模型并提供早期确认与验证;设计综合阶段建立的白盒模型最终实现系统架构的分析与设计。采用该方法设计的系统架构可确保前后设计需求一致性,进一步降低设计风险并提高设计效率,可为数字化铅冷快堆非能动余热排出系统设计与优化提供应用参考。
文摘This paper is based on long term parameter measurements of the exhaust air heat pumps (EAHP) system in a new built apartment building. The building was equipped with an exhaust air ventilation system and exhaust air heat pump for ventilation heat recover. The results of the measurements show that the COP of the EAHP is mainly related to the temperature graph of the heating system and the supply temperature of domestic hot water (DWH). During the measurement period some other impact factors, such as the quality of maintenance, the nighttime temperature graph of the heating system, the reduction of the exhaust air flows in case of low temperatures, mistakes in designing and low building quality, have also played a role. An analysis of energy consumption shows that in winter conditions the COP is about 3.0 and in the transition period about 3.3. The energy recovery value of the EAHP is 0.5.
基金supported by the Estonian Research Council,with Institutional research funding grant IUT1-15with the project“Development of efficient tech-nologies for air change and ventilation necessary for the increase of energy efficiency of buildings,AR12045”,financed by SA Archimedesby the project“Civil and Environmental Engineering PhD School,DAR9085”.
文摘This article gives an overview of using the ground source heat pump (GSHP) and air-to-water heat pump (A&WHP) in cold climate areas for heating and for domestic hot water production of buildings. Computer simulation and analysis were carried out for a typical detached house, with 200 m2 of living area, the heat demand of 9 kW and the average heat demand for DHW production of 1 kW. In heating period the average Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the A&WHP is considerably lower than COP of the GSHP.
