Impact of Heat Shield Structure in the Growth Process of Czochralski Silicon Derived from Numerical Simulation

Further development of the photovoltaic industry is restricted by the productivity of mono-crystalline silicon technology due to its requirements of low cost and high efficient photocells. The heat shield is not only the important part of the thermal field in Czochralski（Cz） mono-crystalline silicon furnace, but also one of the most important factors influencing the silicon crystal growth. Large-diameter Cz-Si crystal growth process is taken as the study object, Based on FEM numerical simulation, different heat shield structures are analyzed to investigate the heater power, the melt-crystal interface shape, the argon flow field, and the oxygen concentration at the melt-crystal interface in the process of large Cz-Si crystal growth. The impact of these factors on the growth efficiency and crystal quality are analyzed. The results show that the oxygen concentration on the melt-crystal interface and the power consumption of the heater stay high due to the lack of a heat shield in the crystal growth system. Argon circumfluence is generated on the external side of the right angle heat shield. By the right-angle heat shield, the speed of gas flow is lowered on the melt free surface, and the temperature gradient of the free surface is increased around the melt-crystal interface. It is not conducive for the stable growth of crystal. The shape of the melt-crystal interface and the argon circulation above the melt free surface are improved by the inclined heat shield. Compared with the others, the system pulling rate is increased and the lowest oxygen concentration is achieved at the melt-crystal interface with the composite heat shield. By the adoption of the optimized composite heat shield in experiment, the real melt-crystal interface shapes and its deformation laws obtained by Quick Pull Separation Method at different pulling rates agree with the simulation results. The results show that the method of simulation is feasible. The proposed research provides the theoretical foundation for the thermal field design of the large diameter Cz-Si monocrystalline growth.

Effect of Spacecraft Aerodynamics and Heat Shield Characteristics on Optimal Aeroassisted Transfer

A spacecraft designed to operate in a planetary atmosphere must have an adequate heat shield to withstand the high heat fluxes and heat loads that are generated by aerodynamic heating. Very often, the mass of the thermal protection system is a significant fraction of the total mass of the vehicle. In contrast, performing maneuvers in the atmosphere, that would be very costly in terms of propellant consumption if they were performed completely outside of the atmosphere in a classic way, is a very attractive prospective technique. The advantages and disadvantages in terms of total mass spared must be determined. The mission investigated involves an aeroassisted coplanar transfer from a high to a low Earth orbit. The approach uses a combination of three propulsive impulses in space together with an aerodynamic maneuver in the atmosphere. The heat shield adopted is fully ablative, given the expected high values of the entering heat flux. The convenience of the aeroassisted maneuver and the influence of the parameters involved are evaluated in comparison to a conventional Hohmann transfer. In particular, a parametric analysis is performed by varying the following characteristics of the vehicle: aerodynamic efficiency, mass-to-surface ratio, deorbit impulse, and initial altitude of the orbit. The influence of the thermal protection system is examined by assessing the impact of the type of ablative material employed, the thermal safety factor, and the allowable temperature for the adhesive layer on the substructure. The analysis is conducted with a highly representative thermal model by coupling the dynamic and thermal analyses and using a genetic optimizer. The optimization methodology and the thermal model are completely original. The results indicate the importance of choosing low-density ablative materials, of adopting a suitable thermal safety factor, and of choosing high-performance adhesives. The optimal trajectories obtained correspond to a zero second propulsive impulse.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cs_xWO_3 and the Effects of N_2 Annealing on its Microstructure and Heat Shielding Properties

Cesium tungsten bronze （CsxW03） powders were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction at 190 ℃ by using sodium tungstate and cesium carbonate as raw materials, and the effects of N2 annealing on the microstructure and near-infrared （NIR） shielding as well as heat insulation properties of CsxW03 were investigated. The results indicated that the synthesized CsxW03 powders exhibited hexagohal CSo.32WO3 crystal structure, and subsequent N2 annealing could further improve the crystallinity of CsxW03 particles. Moreover, the NIR shielding and heat insulation properties of CsxW03 could be further improved after N2 annealing at appropriate temperature for a period of time. Particularly, the 500 ℃-annealed CsxW03 products in the N2 atmosphere showed the best NIR shielding and heat insulation properties. When the N2 annealing temperature was higher than 700 ℃, the NIR shielding properties decreased again. The 800 ℃-annealed samples in the N2 atmosphere showed higher visible light transmittance, however, the NIR shielding properties were lower than that of the non-annealed samples.

Heat Shielding Effects in the Earth＇s Crust

Knowledge of heat flow and associated variations of temperature with depth is crucial for understanding how the Earth functions. Here, we demonstrate possible heat shielding effects that result from the occurrence of mafic intrusions/layers（granulitic rocks） within a dominantly granitic middle crust and/or ultramafic intrusions/layers（peridotitic rocks） within a dominantly granulitic lower crust; heat shielding is a familiar phenomenon in heat engineering and thermal metamaterials. Simple one-dimensional calculations suggest that heat shielding due to the intercalation of granitic, granulitic and peridotitic rocks will increase Moho temperatures substantially. This study may lead to a rethinking of numerous proposed lower crustal processes.

Evidence of vapor shielding effect on heat flux loaded on flowing liquid lithium limiter in EAST

A lithium(Li)vapour layer was formed around a flowing liquid Li limiter to shield against the plasma incident power and reduce limiter heat flux in the EAST tokamak.The results revealed that after a plasma operation of a few seconds,the layer became clear,which indicated a strong Li emission with a decrease in the limiter surface temperature.This emission resulted in a dense vapour around the limiter,and Li ions moved along the magnetic fleld to form a green shielding layer on the limiter.The plasma heat flux loaded on the limiter,measured by the probe installed on the limiter,was approximately 52%lower than that detected by a fast-reciprocating probe at the same radial position without the limiter in EAST.Additionally,approximately 42%of the parallel heat flux was dissipated directly with the enhanced Li radiation in the discharge with the liquid metal infused trenches(LIMIT)limiter.This observation revealed that the Li vapour layer exhibited an excellent shielding effect to liquid Li on plasma heat flux,which is a possible beneflt of liquid-plasma-facing components in future fusion devices.

The Application of Radiation Shields for Thermal Control of Superheater Tubes in Boiler

Superheater tubes temperature control is a necessity for long lifetime, high efficiency and high load following capability in boiler. This study reports a new approach for the control strategy design of boilers with special shields. The presented control strategy is developed based on radiation thermal shields with low emissivity coefficient and high reflectivity or scattering coefficient. In order to simulate the combustion event in boiler and heat transfer to superheater tubes, an effective set of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes is used. Results indicate a successful identification of over- heated zones on platen superheater tubes and effect of radiation shields for solving this problem.

考虑弹头滚转姿态变化影响的防热层厚度优化

基于气动热/结构温度响应耦合计算方法,研究了弹头固定攻角再入条件下锥身典型子午面结构温度响应特性,以及滚转姿态变化时刻对各子午面结构温度响应的影响,建立了考虑弹头滚转姿态变化影响的防热层厚度优化方法,并基于该方法开展了弹头防热层厚度优化。最后,研究了滚转姿态变化次数对优化效果的影响。结果表明:在再入弹道前段进行滚转姿态变化可使外壁面气动加热量更为合理,有效降低弹体锥身壳体内壁面温升。当迎、背风面壳体内壁面最大温升约束为25 K时,与无滚转姿态变化状态下相比,滚转姿态变化设计可使防热层厚度减小0.725 mm,减小幅度为5.4%。通过与滚转姿态变化时刻的联合设计可有效降低锥身防热层厚度。与单次滚转姿态变化时相比,两次滚转姿态变化时防热层厚度减小量仅增大1.9%,增加滚转姿态变化次数对优化效果影响较小。

深空再入飞行器烧蚀粗糙表面高超声速转捩预测

深空再入飞行器为提高气动减速效率,一般采用大钝度迎风外形以及烧蚀降热型防热结构。而扁平的前体外形与气动加热烧蚀导致表面粗糙度急剧增加等因素,极易造成飞行器迎风面流动失稳,流动出现转捩甚至演化为湍流,使表面热流分布发生巨大变化,给飞行器安全带来极大挑战。国内以往对大钝头再入器微观形貌变化下高超声速边界层失稳机制和转捩模拟的研究开展很少。以大钝头防热罩与沙粒式分布粗糙元为研究对象,分别利用基于高超声速与粗糙元修正的γ-Reθ转捩模式和k-ω-γ转捩模式,分析了高超声速来流条件下分布粗糙元等效粗糙高度、来流Reynolds数、攻角以及化学非平衡基本流对大钝头迎风表面的间歇因子分布和边界层转捩位置以及热流分布的影响,研究了深空再入飞行器烧蚀粗糙表面的高超声速边界层转捩发展规律与气动热影响规律。

感应加热卷烟烟具用电磁屏蔽材料

本研究采用COMSOL有限元软件仿真能量转换效率随屏蔽材料磁导率的变化规律,结果表明,当μ″=0时,μ'越大,能量转换效率越高;当μ″≠0,则存在μ'与μ″的最佳匹配值。根据仿真结果,选取合适的屏蔽材料,在感应加热卷烟烟具保持谐振状态,且发热体温度满足要求的基础上,采用功率分析仪测试烟具1个工作循环的能耗。测试结果表明:在240~320 kHz频率范围内,采用铁氧体材料,μ'越高,效果越优。当μ'为220时,可将1个工作循环能耗由978.14 J降至833.40 J,能量转转效率提升14.80%。采用纳米晶材料,当μ=2064-j349时,性能最优,1个工作循环能耗可降至811.30 J,能量转换效率提升17.06%,随μ'及μ″的进一步提高,能耗逐渐增大,此规律与仿真结果一致。因此,通过合理选择电磁屏蔽材料可提高感应加热卷烟烟具的能量转换效率。

钛型气保护药芯焊丝工艺质量影响因素综述

综述了涉及钛型气保护药芯焊丝工艺质量的影响因素。结果表明,合理选用药芯添加物,严格控制熔敷金属中主要强化元素C、Mn、Si的含量,可以改善焊丝熔滴过渡形态,获得焊丝熔敷金属满意的力学性能。在Ar+CO_(2)二元混合保护气体中,随着CO_(2)含量增大,熔滴过渡形态从轴向变为非轴向滴状排斥过渡,接头的抗拉强度几乎没有影响,但熔敷金属的冲击吸收能明显下降。热输入较大时,焊丝工艺性变差;热输入居中时,焊丝工艺性较好。热输入对焊丝熔敷金属韧性的影响出现了对热输入敏感和不敏感两种情况。钛型气保护药芯焊丝工艺质量的三个影响因素控制原理各具特色。

盾构机主轴承套圈表面淬火工艺

盾构机主轴承服役时需承受交变重载等恶劣工况,其套圈滚道表淬层要求具有足够的深度,较高的强度和硬度以及良好的抗疲劳和耐磨损等性能;但淬硬层过深易导致显微组织粗大,淬火残余应力高,甚至出现淬火裂纹等问题。为实现套圈滚道表淬层深度与性能调控,分析了冷却方式、加热温度和时间、低温回火温度对42CrMo4M钢淬硬层的深度、硬度、显微组织和残余应力的影响,结果表明:水淬的淬硬层硬度和深度高于油冷和喷水;加热温度为870~920℃,加热时间为20~60 s,水淬时的淬硬层深度均达到14 mm以上,表层硬度不小于54 HRC,其中加热温度为900℃,加热时间为40~60 s时的淬硬层深度最大,硬度最均匀;低温回火温度在150~300℃时,随着回火温度升高,淬硬层硬度下降,残余应力减小,基体逐渐析出碳化物。最佳表面淬火工艺为加热温度900℃、加热时间40 s、水淬冷却,低温回火温度不大于210℃,采用该工艺完成了Φ7.6 m主轴承套圈工程样件滚道的表面淬火,套圈滚道表面淬硬层深度为10.5 mm,表面硬度不小于55 HRC,淬硬层组织主要为板条马氏体。

热屏结构对300 mm半导体级单晶硅生长过程温度分布影响的数值模拟

半导体级单晶硅是芯片的基础核心材料,不仅要求控制杂质浓度,还对晶体的缺陷有很高的要求。原生点缺陷浓度作为衡量晶体品质的重要指标之一,需要通过热场的优化、晶体生长温度场的调整、晶体生长过程中晶棒温度分布的控制,以及V/G值(拉速与晶棒内轴向温度梯度比值)的优化来调控。本文采用ANSYS软件中流体计算模块Fluent的有限体积分析法,研究了不同热屏结构对300 mm半导体级直拉单晶硅温度分布的影响。针对二段式热屏,模拟了不同热屏角度下拉晶初期(400 mm)、中期(800和1400 mm)和末期(2000 mm)三个等径阶段的温度分布、固液界面轴向温度梯度和V/G值。通过分析各阶段V/G值的变化,在相对较大的温度梯度下,寻找到了一种V/G值更接近临界值ζ且径向均一性更优的热屏结构,为控制缺陷的浓度提供更好的条件。通过对晶棒热历史的讨论,优化热屏结构以缩短降温周期,为控制缺陷的尺寸提供更好的条件。模拟计算结果表明,热屏夹角为110°、热屏下段厚度为70 mm、热屏内壁与晶棒间距为30 mm时,其结构设计能够提供低缺陷单晶硅生产的温度分布条件。

一种月面微型热管堆电源概念设想

未来月球科研站建设及月面探测等任务需解决长期稳定能源及电力供给问题,受月面复杂环境影响,月面能源供给挑战极大。核反应堆电源具有长寿命、全天候、环境耐受力强等优势,是解决月面任务长期能源需求的理想选择,热管冷却型反应堆作为一种新型反应堆电源具有系统简单、结构紧凑、可靠性高等特点,且易于实现长寿命设计。针对目前月面能源问题,提出了采用500 W电功率月面微型热管堆电源供电的初步设想,并重点对其屏蔽设计及辐射防护问题进行了研究,提出了相关屏蔽设计方案及辐射防护措施。经过初步屏蔽设计研究,该电源可采用移动式、月面固定点位布置及浅坑式布置多种方式为月面用电设备供电,质量可约束在500 kg左右,轻质且微型,为科研站月面核反应堆电源屏蔽设计提供了思路。

航空发动机高温合金隔热屏局部特征成形缺陷分析及工艺优化

针对航空发动机加力室隔热屏壁厚薄、局部尺寸小、曲率突变大、成形时表面起皱、凸包减薄和拉裂等问题,开展了零件特征尺寸分析和冲压工艺计算,分析工艺设计中的不足及缺陷产生的原因。基于材料极限变形能力,在零件冲压工艺仿真的基础上,提出多道次成形、变形量分解的方法;采取了工序间热处理的改进措施,实现对零件变形中材料流动顺序的合理分配,解决了薄壁隔热屏大突变局部结构在冲压过程中缺陷难以控制的技术问题,实现突变结构合理的钣金成形工艺优化的目的。

Study on release rate of latent heat in Czochralski silicon growth

The pulling rate in czochralski silicon (CZSi) growth is important for reducing the cost of solar cell. In this paper, double-heater, heat shield and composite argon duct system were introduced in the Ф450 mm hot zone of a Czochralski furnace. The pulling rate under different thermal system was recorded in experiments. Argon flow and temperature fields were simulated by finite element method(FEM). Experimental results and numerical simulation indicate that double-heater and composite argon duct system can enhance obviously the release rate of latent heat. In Φ 200 mm Czochralski silicon (CZSi) growth, average pulling rate can increase from 0.6 mm·min-1 in the conventional hot zone to 0.8 mm·min-1 in the modified hot zone.

具有电磁屏蔽效能的导热塑料的研究进展

随着芯片的不断发展,具有电磁屏蔽效能的导热塑料备受关注。简述了电磁屏蔽原理及导热原理,综述了MXene系、碳系、金属系填料改性的具有电磁屏蔽效能导热塑料的研究进展。

纳米纤维素/MXene多功能电磁干扰屏蔽复合材料的研究进展

电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽材料在日益密集的电磁环境中显得尤为重要。纳米纤维素具有低密度、优异的力学性能、高度的结构稳定性和热稳定性等特点;MXene具有类金属的高电导率、大纵横比、高比表面积及优良的电化学特性等优点。因此,将纳米纤维素与MXene复合能够制备高性能EMI屏蔽复合材料。本文对不同维度纳米纤维素/MXene EMI屏蔽复合材料的制备方法进行综述,包括宏观复合纤维、薄膜和气凝胶复合材料,重点总结了纳米纤维素/MXene EMI屏蔽复合材料的多功能性应用,包括光热转化、储能和柔性传感等,并对其发展进行了展望。

基于流—固—热耦合的高温伺服阀蛇形流道散热罩散热效率研究

电液伺服系统具有液控负载大、响应快的特点,因此其被广泛应用于航空领域。由于飞行器处于高温工况时,电液伺服系统会受极大影响,不利于飞行器的正常工作。针对这一问题,本文采用流—固—热多场耦合的方法对高温伺服阀散热罩蛇形流道进行了优化研究。首先,介绍了流—固—热三场耦合的理论基础,设计了7种散热罩的结构参数模型,分别建立了散热罩物理模型及流体模型。其次,在此基础上分析了7种模型的散热效果。研究结果表明,增加流道条数并不能提升散热效率,而增加散热罩沟槽宽度和沟槽深度可以提高散热效率,但散热效果并不明显。如要达到散热要求,可以通过增大散热流体流量、降低散热流体温度来实现。

不同加热方式下高温后防辐射混凝土的性能研究

以磁铁矿为骨料制备了防辐射混凝土,研究了不同加热方式(微波辐射加热、马弗炉加热)和温度(25~800℃)对防辐射混凝土外观形貌、抗压强度、超声波波速和屏蔽性能的影响。结果表明:在相同加热方式下,随着温度的升高,试件的外观形貌劣化程度加重,抗压强度、超声波波速、屏蔽性能均降低;与马弗炉加热相比,微波辐射加热在各个温度区间内对试件造成的损伤均较大。

碳纳米管基复合纤维与纱线制备及应用

碳纳米管因其优异的模量、导电性、导热性等而受到广泛关注,对碳纳米管和基于碳纳米管的复合纤维与纱线进行讨论。简要概述近年来碳纳米管不同的制备方法,总结几种基于碳纳米管复合纤维及纱线的制备方法,如湿法纺丝与表面涂覆相结合的方法。讨论基于碳纳米管复合纤维与纱线及其织物在应变传感、电磁屏蔽、电热、智能驱动等领域最新的研究进展,展望基于碳纳米管复合纤维与纱线发展方向和应用前景。