Heat Transfer in a Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Low Surface Tension Media

Heat transfer characteristics between the immersed heater and the bed content were studied in the riser of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed, whose diameter and height were 0.102 m (ID) and 2.5 m, respectively. Effects of liquid velocity, particle size, surface tension of liquid phase and solid circulation rate on the overall heat transfer coefficient were examined. The heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing particle size or solid circulation rate due to the higher potential of particles to contact with the heater surface and promote turbulence near the heater surface. The value of heat transfer coefficient increased gradually with increase in the surface tension of liquid phase, due to the slight increase of solid holdup. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the liquid velocity even in the higher range, due to the solid circulation prevented the decrease in solid holdup, in contrast to that in the conventional liquid-solid fluidized beds. The values of heat transfer coefficient were well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups as well as operating variables.

Boiling Heat Transfer in Circulating Fluidized Beds

A model is proposed to predict boiling heat transfer coefficient in a three-phase circulating fluidized bed (CFB), which is a new type of evaporation boiling means for enhancing heat transfer and preventing fouling. To verify the model, experiments are conducted in a stainless steel column with 39mm ID and 2.0m height, in which the heat transfer coefficient is measured for different superficial velocities, steam pressures, particle concentrations and materials of particle. As the steam pressure and particle concentrations increase, the heat transfer coefficient in the bed increases. The heat transfer coefficient increases with the liquid velocity but it exhibits a local minimum.The heat transfer coefficient is correlated with cluster renewed model and two-mechanism method. The prediction of the model is in good agreement with experimental data.

Particle collision behavior and heat transfer performance in a Na_(2)SO_(4) circulating fluidized bed evaporator

The particle collision behavior and heat transfer performance are investigated to reveal the heat transfer enhancement and fouling prevention mechanism in a Na_(2)SO_(4) circulating fluidized bed evaporator.The particle collision signals are analyzed with standard deviation by varying the amount of added particles ε(1%–3%),circulation flow velocity u(0.37–1.78 m·s^(-1)),and heat flux q(7.29–12.14 kW·m^(-2)).The results show that the enhancement factor reach up to 14.6%by adding polytetrafluoroethylene particles at ε=3%,u=1.78 m·s^(-1),and q=7.29 kW·m^(-2).Both the standard deviation of the particle collision signal and enhancement factor increase with the increase in the amount of added particles.The standard deviation increases with the increase in circulation flow velocity;however,the enhancement factor initially decreases and then increases.The standard deviation slightly decreases with the increase in heat flux at low circulation flow velocity,but initially increases and then decreases at high circulation flow velocity.The enhancement factor decreases with the increase in heat flux.The enhancement factor in Na_(2)SO_(4) solution is superior to that in water at high amount of added particles.The empirical correlation for heat transfer is established,and the model results agree well with the experimental data.

Heat Transfer Characteristics and Pressure Drop in a Horizontal Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A vapor-liquid-solid horizontal circulating fluidized bed evaporation setup was constructed to study the thermal-exchange properties and pressure change.The influences of the operating variables,including the amount of added particles,heat flux,and circulating flow velocity,were systematically inspected using resistance temperature detectors and pressure sensors.The results showed that the heat transfer eff ect was improved with the increase in the amount of added particles,circulating flow velocity,and particle diameter,but decreased with increasing heat flux.The pressure drop fluctuated with the increase in operating parameters,except circulating flow velocity.The enhancing factor reached up to 71.5%.The enhancing fac-tor initially increased and then decreased with the increase in the amount of added particles and circulating flow velocity,fluctuated with increasing particle diameter,and decreased with increasing heat flux.Phase diagrams showing the variation ranges of the operation variables for the enhancing factor were constructed.

Effect of Flow Directions on Multiphase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhanced by Suspending Particles in a Circulating Evaporation System

A circulating fluidized bed evaporator(including down-flow, horizontal, and up-flow beds) was constructed to study the effect of flow directions on multiphase flow boiling heat transfer. A range of experimental investigations were carried out by varying amount of added particles(0-2%), circulation flow rate(2.15-5.16 m^3/h) and heat flux(8-16 kW/m^2). The comparison of heat transfer performance in different vertical heights of the horizontal bed was also discussed. Results reveal that the glass bead particle can enhance heat transfer compared with vapor-liquid two-phase flow for all beds. At a low heat flux(q = 8 kW/m), the heat-transfer-enhancing factor of the horizontal bed is obviously greater than those of the up-flow and down-flow beds. With the increase in the amount of added particles, the heat-transfer-enhancing factors of the up-flow and down-flow beds increase, whereas that of the horizontal bed initially increases and then decreases. However, at a high heat flux(q=16 kW/m), the heat-transfer-enhancing factors of the three beds show an increasing tendency with the increase in the amount of added particles and become closer than those at a low heat flux. For all beds, the heat-transfer-enhancing factor generally increases with the circulation flow rate but decreases with the increase in heat flux.

THREE-PHASE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED EVAPORATOR FOR WHEAT STRAW BLACK LIQUOR EVAPORATION

A novel vapor-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed evaporator, meaning for enhancing heat transfer and preventing fouling, is applied to wheat straw black liquor, which is the primary pollutant in China’s papermaking industry. It is treated by alkali recovery, in which evaporation is a key process. The experimental results show that the vapor-liquid-solid three-phase boiling heat transfer coefficient is enhanced by 20%～40% than that of vapor-liquid two-phase boiling flow, also, the novel evaporator exhibits an excellent function of fouling prevention.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

Developments in the understanding of gas–solid contact efficiency in the circulating fluidized bed riser reactor:A review

In the last several decades, circulating fluidized bed reactors have been studied in many aspects including hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer and gas–solid two phase contacting. However, despite the abundance of review papers on hydrodynamics, there is no summary paper on gas–solid contact efficiency to date, especially on high density circulating fluidized beds(CFBs). This paper gives an introduction to, and a review of the measurement of contact efficiency in circulating fluidized bed riser. Firstly, the popular testing method of contact efficiency including the method of heating transfer experiment and hot model reaction are discussed, then previous published papers are reviewed based on the discussed methods. Some key results of the experimental work are described and discussed. Gas–solid contact efficiency is affected by the operating conditions as well as the particle size distribution. The result of the contact efficiency shows that the CFB riser is far away from an ideal plug flow reactor due to the characteristics of hydrodynamics in the riser. Lacunae in the available literature have been delineated and recommendations have been made for further work.

A Revised CFB Wall-to-suspension Heat Transfer Model

Based on the Cluster Renewal Model of the particle motion in a CFB riser, a revised heat transfer model is developed, which introduces the latest research results of the hydrodynamics of the suspension flow in CFB. This model divides the heat transfer into two parts, which are due to the transient heat conduction by the covered clusters and the convection between the uncovered wall and the dispersed phase. Radiation at high temperature is regarded as being additive. The fraction of the covered wall by clusters is revised by a new formula, which is a function of the operating condition and the particle properties. The radiation between the dispersed phase and the uncovered wall includes not only the direct radiation to the uncovered wall, but also the radiation to the clusters and then reflected to the uncovered wall. Calculation was carried out for the CFB heat transfer model. The results were compared with the published typical experimental data of other researchers and showed a good agreement between them.

A Study on Heat Transfer for Immersed Tube inInternally Circulating Fluidized Bed

Heat transfer coefficients for horizontally immersed tubes have been studied in a model of ICFB (Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed). The characteristics in ICFB were found to be significantly differentfrom those in bubbling bed. There is a flowing zone with high velocity in the heat exchange zone.The heat transfer coefficients strongly depend on the fluidized velocity in the flowing zone. The heatexchange process and suitable bed temperature can be controlled according to this feature. Based onthe results of the experiments, a formulation for heat transfer has been developed.

Dynamic Force Reduction and Heat Transfer Improvement for Horizontal Tubes in Large-Particle Gas-Fluidized Beds

The effects of tube bank configuration on forces and heat transfer were investigated for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional gas fluidized beds. Effective dynamic forces and heat transfer coefficients were measured for several tube bank configurations, and it was found that the average forces are smaller than for a single tube. The heat transfer coefficient can be increased by providing sufficient space for particles to descend around both sides of the tube bank. The results provide useful guidelines for optimizing the configuration of tube banks to achieve high heat transfer coefficients while reducing tube erosion due to dynamic forces.

燃煤锅炉改燃兰炭燃烧工艺及效益分析

兰炭因热值高、硫含量低的特点被广泛应用于散煤替代,燃煤锅炉改燃兰炭是实现资源合理利用、降低污染物排放和改善企业经济效益的有效途径。以河北某循环流化床锅炉改燃兰炭工程为例,燃烧系统采用掺烧灰渣的方法,解决改燃后机械未完全燃烧导致损失大和物料循环不稳定问题,确定了兰炭和灰渣的最佳掺混比为9∶1;配风系统采用控制总量并降低一次风率的方法,解决兰炭着火困难的问题,确定了最佳一次风比例为55%;换热系统采用增加锅炉尾部受热面的方法,解决因燃料热值提升较大产生的蒸汽超温和锅炉效率下降问题。改燃扩容后锅炉烟尘、SO2和NOx排放分别比原锅炉降低了73%、94%和55%,以原锅炉35 t/h的额定功率运行,每小时节约燃料成本5.51%,产吨蒸汽所需燃料成本降低6.47元。

循环流化床锅炉快速变负荷调节技术研究进展

在“碳达峰”与“碳中和”背景下,煤电是我国目前可再生能源大规模消纳的最经济调节电源。循环流化床燃烧技术因具有低负荷稳燃能力强、污染物控制成本低、负荷调节范围宽等独特优势在煤电深度灵活调峰中担当重要角色,但其独特的燃烧方式导致变负荷速率慢,无法满足未来可再生能源大规模并网的调节需求。该文结合循环流化床锅炉的燃烧原理及应用场景,深入分析制约循环流化床锅炉变负荷速率的关键影响因素,包括循环灰的流动惯性、燃料的反应惯性、床料与耐火耐磨材料的传热惯性、污染物排放等。此外,对可行的循环流化床快速变负荷调节技术进行探讨与分析,可为我国燃煤循环流化床锅炉深度与快速灵活调节技术的工业应用提供一定参考。

防磨梁与防磨格栅对循环流化床锅炉炉内传热的影响

循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉普遍存在炉膛水冷壁磨损严重的问题。为提高运行可靠性,目前一般通过加装防磨梁或防磨格栅实现主动防磨,但该方式会引起流场变化,并对锅炉运行参数以及炉内传热造成影响。因此,建立循环流化床锅炉全炉膛水冷壁传热计算模型,提出加装防磨梁、防磨格栅后的边壁区颗粒浓度及传热面积修正系数计算方法,利用该模型对某440 t/h CFB锅炉炉内传热特性进行计算。结果显示:水冷壁加装防磨梁后,传热系数和传热能力有所下降,下降幅度和防磨梁数量有关,采用6道和12道防磨梁时,传热系数分别下降0.32%和2.89%,传热量分别下降3.28%和8.68%;比较而言,防磨格栅对炉内传热系数和传热能力影响较小,加装与防磨梁相同数量的防磨格栅时,表现出了一定的传热强化效果,传热量略有上升,当防磨格栅加装数量增加至30道时,传热系数下降5.76%,传热量上升1.59%。防磨格栅在降低水冷壁磨损的同时,对锅炉运行造成的影响较小,优于防磨梁。该模型可对CFB锅炉防磨技术的选用以及设计方案优化提供理论参考。

The Impact of Bed Temperature on Heat Transfer Characteristic between Fluidized Bed and Vertical Rifled Tubes

In the present work,the heat transfer study focuses on assessment of the impact of bed temperature on the local heat transfer characteristic between a fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes(38mm-O.D.) in a commercial circulating fluidized bed(CFB) boiler.Heat transfer behavior in a 1296t/h supercritical CFB furnace has been analyzed for Geldart B particle with Sauter mean diameter of 0.219 and 0.246 mm.The heat transfer experiments were conducted for the active heat transfer surface in the form of membrane tube with a longitudinal fin at the tube crest under the normal operating conditions of CFB boiler.A heat transfer analysis of CFB boiler with detailed consideration of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient and the contribution of heat transfer mechanisms inside furnace chamber were investigated using mechanistic heat transfer model based on cluster renewal approach.The predicted values of heat transfer coefficient are compared with empirical correlation for CFB units in large-scale.

Local Heat and Mass Transfer for Gas-Solid Two Phase Flow in CFB

An experimental investigation on the flow characteristics and the local heat and mass transfer between coarse wet particles and hot gas in the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) has been performed. A two-thermocouple contrast method was developed to measure the local gas and solid temperature along the height of the bed. The influences of air superficial velocity, solid rate and initial moisture content on the local heat and mass transfer between gas and solid were examined. The correlations of heat and mass transfer coefficients between gas and coarse wet particles in CFB were obtained.

三相循环流化床中沸腾传热特性

提出了一种新型蒸发沸腾传热方式,即汽液固三相循环流化床沸腾传热。实验表明:该传热方式具有强化传热和防、除垢效果;其传热系数比汽液两相流沸腾传热膜系数高1.5～2.0倍,并能长期保持传热壁面的洁净。实验中研究了不同种类的固体粒子(玻璃球、陶瓷球、钛粒和钢球)、粒子体积分率、液相流速以及加热蒸汽压力等因素对循环流化床沸腾传热的影响。

600MW循环流化床锅炉水冷壁和中隔墙传热特性

采用结合颗粒动力学的双流体模型,利用FLUENT软件计算600MW循环流化床锅炉炉膛内气固三维流场,将水冷壁、中隔墙表面气固三维流场结果与循环流化床颗粒团更新传热模型相结合,得到水冷壁、中隔墙传热系数三维分布和热流密度。结果表明,炉膛的气固流动呈双环核结构分布,在水冷壁及中隔墙表面均存在贴壁下降颗粒团;炉内受热面传热系数受其表面的气固流场参数影响大,尤其是颗粒浓度;水冷壁、中隔墙传热系数轴向分布相似,沿床高增加,颗粒团壁面覆盖率减小,对流传热系数减小,辐射传热系数增大,总传热系数和热流密度逐渐减小;炉膛四角以及水冷壁和中隔墙的夹角处存在相对较高的传热系数和热流密度。

循环流化床锅炉热惯性分析

循环流化床锅炉的热惯性是影响锅炉动态特性的重要因素。从动态能量平衡的角度定义了循环流化床锅炉的热惯性。分别针对6种不同容量等级的锅炉计算了其能量传递各环节的热惯性大小。计算结果表明:锅炉总热惯性的大小随锅炉容量的增大而增加,但单位蒸发量却随锅炉容量的增大而减小;工质和耐火材料热惯性是能量传递过程中的控制环节;对于省煤器而言,金属热惯性与工质热惯性同等重要;过/再热器中耐火材料与金属热惯性处于相同量级;水冷壁/屏中,工质热惯性最大。

大型循环流化床锅炉中的传热

分析了典型的大型循环流化床锅炉炉膛传热数据及其相关参数关系。以12 MW、50MW和135 MW循环流化床锅炉为例,讨论大型循环流化床锅炉炉膛传热问题。此外,还讨论了炉膛悬吊受热面、汽/水冷旋风分离器、外置式换热器和尾部受热面的传热规律,并给出大型循环流化床锅炉传热系数计算的经验公式。