Analysis and Evaluation of Bioavailable Heavy Metals in Surface Soil of the Abandoned Lead-zinc Mine in Changhua,Hainan Province

[Objectives] The research was conducted to study characteristics of bioavailable levels pollution of heavy metals in the surface soil of the lead-zinc mine in Changhua.[Methods] A total of 56 surface samples were collected from the 3 study zones （peripheral zone, reclamation zone and tailing zone） located at the lead-zine mine in Changhua. Based on total and bioavailable heavy metals （Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd） in soils, the correlation of total content with bioavailable content was analyzed, and their pollution characteristics were assessed by methods of single factor pollution index, Nemerow pollution index, geological accumulation index and potential ecological risk index.[Results] （i） The surface soils were polluted by Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd in different degrees, and the overall trend of the contents of the 4 heavy metals was in order of Cd 〉 Pb 〉 Zn 〉 Cu. The average excess multiple of heavy metals of total and bioavailable content in soils were in the order of peripheral zone 〉 tailing zone 〉 reclaimed zone, and their pollution degrees were tailing zone 〉 peripheral zone 〉 reclaimed zone. （ii） In general, the total and bioavailable contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd showed a significant correlation, but were not correlated in each study zone. （iii） Pollution degrees of the study zones were in the order of tailing zone 〉 peripheral zone 〉 reclamation zone. The pollutions of heavy metals Pb and Cd were more serious, especially Cd reached high levels of pollution degree, and the pollution degrees of Zn, Cu were lighter. Contributors of ecological risk were mainly Cd, Pb and Cu, and the contribution of Cd achieved more than 90 %, making it the main source of pollution.[Conclusions] The results not only revealed the pollution status of heavy metals in the surface soil of the abandoned coal mine, but also could provide scientific guidance for reasonable utilization and ecological recovery of the land.

Fine Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals Pollution Status in Ambient Air of Some Selected Industrial Sites in Northern Nigeria

Fine particulate matter and eight heavy metals (Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Zn) concentrations were determined in air samples collected from three industrial sites in northern Nigeria using a Handheld Portable Particle Counter for PM2.5 and PM10 with model number CW-HAT 200 and a High Volume Respirable Dust Sampler (APM 460 NL) in conjunction with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Serial No. AA0904M046) Flame Test. The results of the fine particulates ranged from 11.0 - 46.0 μg.m-3 for PM2.5 and 22.0 - 88 μg.m-3 for PM10 across all the industrial sites investigated. Most of these results exceeded the WHO permissible levels of 25.0 μg.m-3 and 50.0 μg.m-3 for PM2.5 and PM10 and thus pose threats to people living and working close to these sites. The concentration of the heavy metals studied were found to be within WHO/EU set standards except for the concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd that exceeded the set standard by WHO/EU with toxicity potential >1 in the Terytex industry, Kano and Grand Cereals, Jos. Strong positive correlations were found between the fine particulates concentrations and heavy metals in all the studied sites suggesting that common anthropogenic sources contributed to the fine particulates and heavy metals recorded from the industrial areas. We suggested the installation of electrostatic precipitators to combat fine particulates emission from the stack and also recommended a proper legislative framework by the government to regulate and control industrial fugitive emissions to protect human health.

Heavy Metals, Metalloids, Their Toxic Effect and Living Systems

Pollution of the biosphere by heavy metals is a global hazard that has accelerated since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Toxic heavy metals are harmful to living organisms even at low concentrations whereas heavy metals that are essential trace elements are required by plants at low concentrations but can become toxic at high concentrations. Heavy metals released from different sources accumulate in soil and, where bioavailability is high enough;can adversely affect soil biological functioning and other properties, leading to the loss of soil and ecosystem fertility and health. It is important that heavy metal contaminated sites are remediated as heavy metals do not decompose into less harmful substances like organic contaminants, and thus are retained in the soil. In this review, we survey and analysis our current knowledge and understanding of the abundance of heavy metals in soil, their phytoavailability, their toxicity, their uptake and transport, role of rhizobia and other microbes and overall rhizosphere processes.

Toxicity Evaluation of Different Exposure Scenarios of Road Dust Using Daphnia magna and Artemia salina as Aquatic Organisms, and Prosopis cineraria and Vachellia tortilis as Native Plant Species

Particulate matter (PM10) deposited as road dust is considered an important source of contamination from atmosphere. However, there are limited studies on the toxicity of road dust as such on different organisms. This study evaluates the toxicity of road dust using different extraction scenarios on Daphnia magna and Artemia salina as aquatic organisms and also on Prosopis cineraria and Vachellia tortilis as local plant species. Chemical analysis of different extracts shows considerable amount of trace metals, however the trace metals in the dust extract associated with suspended sediment were not absorbed by the receptors. On the other hand, the concentration of trace metals in the artificial mixture was found bioavailable and absorbed causing a high percentage of mortality. In the plant assay, significant difference was obtained in the germination percentage between the control and three different extraction exposures in both plant species. The mean root length of P. cineraria and V. tortilis were higher in 20% and 50% extracts than the control probably due to the availability of nutrients from the dust extract. Interestingly however, the seedling vigor index was the opposite with higher index in the control and lower in dust extracts that contain heavy metals.

Rapid ecotoxicological assessment of heavy metal combined polluted soil using canonical analysis

Quick, simple to perform, and cheap biomarkers were combined in a rapid assessment approach to measure the effects of metal pollutants, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in meadow burozem on wheat. Analysis of orthogonal design showed that the significant zinc factor indicated both the inhibition rate of shoot mass and that of root elongation were affected by zinc(P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The first toxicity canonical variable (TOXI), formed from the toxicity data set, explained 49% of the total variance in the toxicity data set; the first biological canonical variable(BIOL) explained 42% of the total variation in the biological data set. The correlation between the first canonical variables TOXI and BIOL (canonical correlation) was 0.94 (P<0.0001). Therefore, it is reliable and feasible to use the achievement to assess toxicity of heavy metal combined polluted soil using canonical analysis. Toxicity of soil combined polluted by heavy metals to plant community was estimated by comparing the IC 50 values describing the concentration needed to cause 50% decrease with grow rate compared to no metal addition. Environmental quality standard for soils prescribe that all these tested concentration of heavy metals in soil should not cause hazard and pollution ultimately, whereas it indicated that the soils in second grade cause more or less than 50% inhibition rates of wheat growth. So environmental quality standard for soils can be modified to include other features.

Health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in groundwater of a karst basin,SW China

To investigate the presence of metal elements and assess their health risk for the populace in the Nandong Underground River Basin(NURB),we conducted an analysis of eleven common heavy metals in the water body.A Health risk assessment(HRA)model was employed to analyze 84 water samples from the NURB.The detection results revealed the following order of heavy metals concentrations:Fe>Al>Mn>Zn>As>Cd>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Hg.Correlation analysis indicated a certain similarity in material source and migration transformation among these eleven metal elements.Our study identified that the health risks for local residents exposed to metal elements in the water of NURB primarily stem from carcinogenic risk(10^(−6)–10^(−4)a^(−1))through the drinking water pathway.Moreover,the health risk of heavy metal exposure for children through drinking water was notably higher than for adults.The maximum health risks of Cr in both underground and surface water exceeded the recommendation standard(5.0×10^(−5)a^(−1))from ICRP,surpassing the values recommended by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency,the Dutch Ministry of Construction and Environment and the British Royal Society(5.0×10^(−6)a^(−1)).The results of the health risk assessment indicate that Cr in the water of NURB is the primary source of carcinogenic risk for local residents,followed by Cd and As.Consequently,it is imperative to control these three carcinogenic metals when the water was used as drinking water resource.

南京市大气颗粒物中重金属的健康与生态风险评价

大气颗粒物中的重金属不仅污染生态而且影响着人体健康,其化学形态和生物有效性对于评价健康和生态风险具有重要意义。对比探究了南京市工业区和市区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的生物有效性和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的生态风险,基于2016―2017年采集的工业区和市区的PM_(2.5)和TSP样品,分析了样品中Pb、Cd、Mn、Cu等元素。结果表明:(1)PM_(2.5)中Cd具有较高的生物可给性,对人体健康有较大的威胁,应严格控制其排放;(2)工业区TSP的重金属平均污染程度高于市区,其中Cd和Pb元素处于极强生态危害等级。

冶炼厂周边农用地土壤重金属非致癌健康风险评估及修正

为科学量化重金属复合暴露产生的非致癌健康风险,引入靶器官毒性剂量(TTD)模型和证据权重分析模型(WOE)对传统评估模型(HRA)的非致癌健康风险进行修正,并以华中某冶炼厂周边农用地土壤重金属为例,探究3种模型对非致癌健康风险评估结果的影响。结果表明:土壤重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和砷(As)的浓度均值分别为0.37、36.65、69.06和7.66mg/kg,其中Cd、Pb和Cr不同程度超出研究区土壤背景值,4种重金属传统非致癌健康风险值(HI_(HRA))为2.27×10^(-3)~3.35×10^(-1)。经TTD模型和WOE模型修正后4种重金属HI_(TTD)和HI_(WOE)分别为1.64×10^(-2)~5.50×10^(-1)和1.08×10^(-2)~6.09×10^(-1),其中HI_(TTD)、HI_(WOE)均值分别为HI_(HRA)均值的1.88倍和1.17倍。研究显示,对多种重金属复合污染的农用地开展人体非致癌健康风险评估时,需考虑多靶器官效应及重金属间的交互作用,避免传统风险评估方法低估或高估土壤污染对暴露人群产生的实际健康损害。

金矿区周边桃园地土壤重金属赋存特征、生物有效性及来源分析

文章以北京市平谷万庄金矿区周边桃园地土壤为研究对象,运用地统计学、风险评价编码法(RAC)、次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)、主成分分析法(PCA)及聚类分析法分析了重金属的含量、形态特征、生物有效性及重金属元素的主要来源。结果表明:土壤中As、Cd和Pb等3项重金属在土壤中呈现相对明显的累积;土壤中As、Cr、Hg、Pb和Zn等5项重金属以残渣态为主要形态,而Cd以离子交换态和残渣态为主要形态;土壤重金属元素RAC风险评价的污染程度大小排序为:Cd>Zn>Hg>Cr=Pb>As,土壤中Cd元素RSP主要为中、重度污染;主成分和聚类分析结果表明:自然源和人为源的混合源(As、Cd和Pb)贡献率为44.235%,农业生产源(Cu和Zn)和大气沉降源(Hg)贡献率为21.428%,自然源(Cr和Ni)贡献率为14.338%。

堆存锰渣中重金属污染物性质及固化研究

为了解决锰渣的无害化处理,对某堆存锰渣进行了全量、形态和固化分析。结果表明:堆存锰渣中含有大量重金属污染物,且大部分污染物的可溶性形态占比较高,其中全Mn含量超过相关标准限值,浸出液中Mn^(2+)、Ni^(2+)浓度超过排放限值。选用石灰石作为固化剂对堆存锰渣进行固化后,浸出液中Mn^(2+)、Ni^(2+)的含量显著下降,当其加入质量分数为2%时,浸出液中Ni^(2+)的浓度达到排放标准要求,增至6%后Mn^(2+)浓度达标;固化后堆存锰渣中污染物的可溶性形态占比明显降低,残渣态占比升高,污染物活性显著下降,表明石灰石对堆存锰渣无害化处理有较好的效果。

鸡粪堆肥对农田土壤中重金属形态影响

我国农田土壤重金属污染问题较为突出,对人体健康具有潜在影响,急需治理。鸡粪堆肥不仅可以提高土壤肥力,增加微生物活性,还能降低重金属的生物有效性,减少其对土壤的污染。本文通过研究鸡粪堆肥对土壤重金属总量和形态的影响,揭示施用鸡粪堆肥后农田土壤中重金属情况,明确鸡粪堆肥施入土壤后的危害。研究结果表明,施用堆肥后土样中的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb分别增加了2.7%、24.1%、0.3%,均未超过国家标准。此外,铁锰氧化物结合态和有机态的Zn、Cu和Pb分别下降了4.18%,10.25%,10.93%和15.30%,23.43%,28.61%;残渣态的Zn、Cu和Pb分别下降18.25%,28.79%,39.02%,施加鸡粪堆肥后,Zn、Cu和Pb生物有效性α值分别由对照的0.84、0.93、0.75降低至0.65、0.64、0.36。综合以上研究可得,从有机结合态转换为残渣态,有利于降低重金属的生态环境风险。

农作物体内铅、镉、铜的化学形态研究

本文报道了农作物体内重金属存在的化学形态。用逐步提取法分析了生长在污染土壤上的水稻、小麦的根与叶。结果表明,在两种作物中,根部的铅以活性较低的醋酸可提取态与盐酸可提取态占优势,而叶中的铅以盐酸可提取态占优势。不论根部或叶部,在各种形态镉中,以氯化钠可提取镉所占比例较高,作用较重要。作物体内的铜活性较强,根部以乙醇可提取态占优势,叶中以水提取态占优势。各种结合形态的重金属迁移能力、毒性效应有显著差异。作物体内重金属化学形态特征与其表观毒性效应有密切联系。

施污土壤重金属有效态分布及生物有效性

以城市污泥为研究对象,将城市污泥与土壤按照一定的质量比配成污泥混合土壤。采用6种不同性质提取剂(0.05mol/L EDTA、0.1 mol/L CH3COOH、0.01 mol/L CaC12、1 mol/L CH3COONH4,0.05 mol/L NaHCO3和0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl)分别对污泥混合土壤中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的螯合态、酸溶态、中性交换态、中性结合态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态进行提取,考察污泥的添加对土壤中不同形态重金属的消长规律。通过黑麦草盆栽试验,探究污泥混合土壤中不同形态重金属的植物可利用性。结果表明:污泥混合土壤中重金属螯合态比例较大,占总量的20.3%—40.0%;其次为酸溶态和中性结合态,而中性交换态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态的含量较低。污泥的添加促进了黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,在污泥添加率为44.4%时根部对其吸收量达最大,分别较CK处理增加了0.3、2.3和6.5倍。抑制了对Pb的吸收,在污泥添加率为37.5%时,根部对Pb的吸收较CK处理下降0.4倍。Pearson相关系数分析结果表明:污泥混合土壤中以螯合态、酸溶态和中性结合态存在重金属可被黑麦草吸收利用。

重金属形态与生物毒性及生物有效性关系的研究进展

简要介绍了近年来环境化学中与生物毒性有关的重金属化学形态分析研究，同时归纳了环境因素对形态分布及生物毒性影响的研究进展。如何建立起形态和毒性两者间的联系，即由物理化学测试给出生物毒性和生物有效性信息，是形态分析的发展方向；在形态与生物毒性关系的基础上建立起新的水质标准，是目前研究的重点。

土壤中重金属的生物有效性分析方法及其影响因素综述

土壤环境质量关系着粮食安全和生态安全。对土壤环境质量进行正确的评价尤为重要,而重金属的生物有效性对于揭示环境污染程度和评价生态风险具有重要意义,因此探寻土壤中重金属生物有效性的分析方法是目前国内外研究的热点。主要介绍了化学试剂提取法、薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)、道南膜技术(DMT)和同位素稀释法在重金属生物有效性分析方面的应用,并归纳了影响重金属生物有效性的主要因素,为重金属生物有效性分析方法的统一提供参考。

土壤中重金属形态分析及其环境学意义

介绍了土壤重金属的形态及各种分析方法,重点说明了土壤中重金属形态分布及影响因素;讨论了影响土壤环境中重金属形态转化的因素,重金属形态与重金属在土壤中的迁移性、可给性、活性的关系,重金属污染土壤修复与重金属形态分布的关系。形态分析在一定程度上反映自然与人为作用对土壤中重金属来源的贡献,并反映重金属的生物毒性。重金属可以因形态中某一个或几个方面不同而表现出不同的毒性和环境行为。

大坦沙污水厂污泥重金属形态及其生物有效性的研究

采用Tessier连续提取法对大坦沙污水厂污泥中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni进行形态及总量分析,同时采用盆栽试验,研究了污泥中重金属的生物有效性。结果表明,污泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni的含量均低于污泥农用控制标准值;Pb、Cd主要以残渣态和可交换态存在,Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni主要存在形式为有机结合态和残渣态;Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的不可利用态所占比例均在50%以上,这对污泥农用是非常有利的。盆栽植物的根部对重金属的富集作用大于茎叶,其吸收的重金属不仅包括可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,还包括了在一定条件下释放出来的铁锰氧化态和有机结合态。

武夷山茶园土壤中五种重金属的化学形态和生物有效性

测定了武夷山茶园土壤中5种有毒重金属(汞、镉、铅、铬和砷)的总量和形态分布,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)评价与比较重金属生物有效性,通过次生相与原生相分布比值(RSP)法解析重金属的自然与人为来源,并利用相关系数分析土壤理化性质对重金属形态组分的影响.结果表明:(1)Cd以离子交换态为优势形态;Hg和Pb以残渣态为优势形态;Cr和As元素以残渣态为主.(2)RAC法评价的污染程度大小排序为:Cd>Pb>As>Cr>Hg.其中,Cd以人为来源为主,Hg在很大程度上受农业活动的影响,Pb受人为来源影响不显著,Cr和As以自然来源为主,基本未受人为来源的影响.(3)重金属形态受土壤理化性质的影响与元素属性有关.(4)5种重金属对比得出,武夷茶区土壤Cd富集最显著,生物有效性最高.因此,该茶区应首要关注Cd的污染并采取相应防控措施.

土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测现状、问题及展望

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前广泛采用的全量检测法并不能准确地反映土壤重金属的生物毒性。为了更好地了解土壤重金属的污染情况及其生物毒性,需快速有效检测土壤重金属的赋存形态及有效态含量。本文介绍了土壤有效态重金属的定义及其在土壤-有机体系统中的转移;并结合国内外相关研究领域的文献资料,按检测对象将土壤重金属有效态的检测方法分为直接检测方法(化学检测方法和物理检测方法)和间接检测方法(生物指示法),系统阐述了化学检测方法中的浸提法,物理检测方法中的梯度扩散薄膜技术和光谱分析法,及生物指示法中的指示植物检测法、微生物检测法和动物检测法的研究进展、适用范围及优缺点,概括了目前检测方法存在的主要问题是不能同时满足大面积监测和精确检测两个方面。并指出快速、大面积、原位测定污染物种类和含量,采取相应措施保障粮食安全及人类身体健康是目前迫切需要解决的问题。本文将土壤-植物-人作为一个整体,了解重金属有效态在该系统中的迁移富集机理,认为在此基础上选择合适的数据处理方法及建模参数,结合遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统对土壤重金属污染进行原位立体监测,是未来土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测研究的主要发展方向。

污染土壤重金属的生物有效性和移动性评价:四种方法比较

重金属在土壤中的积累可增加土壤对生态环境的危害,而这种危害与土壤中重金属的活性有关.本文以植物体重金属浓度和地表径流重金属浓度为依据,比较研究了总量法、化学形态分级法、有效成分提取法和淋洗法4种方法评价污染土壤中重金属的生物有效性和移动性的可行性.结果表明,不同方法的评价结果有较大的差异.由于不同土壤的重金属组成有很大的差异,总量法难以反映土壤重金属的生物有效性和移动性;化学形态分级法中的交换态重金属可较好地反映土壤重金属的生物有效性和移动性,有机质结合态和碳酸盐结合态的某些重金属与其生物有效性和移动性也有一定的联系,而氧化物结合态、残余态重金属与重金属的生物有效性和移动性无关;用淋洗方法溶出的重金属量可很好地反映地表径流中重金属的浓度,也可较好地反映重金属的生物有效性;5种化学提取剂提取有效态重金属的结果表明,稀盐(0·01mol·L-1CaCl2)和1mol·L-1NH4OAc提取的土壤重金属量与植物中重金属的积累和地表径流中重金属浓度均显著相关,可较好地表征土壤中重金属的生物有效性和移动性,其中稀盐(0·01mol·L-1CaCl2)提取的重金属最适于评价重金属的可移动性.