Experimental and Numerical Study of Impact of Air Filter Holes Masking on Altitude at Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

At high altitudes, power of an internal combustion engine reduces due to air density reduction. In turbocharged diesel engine this issue affects the performance of the compressor and can result in unstable operation of the turbocharger if the power is not decreased by engine actuator. Mainly for testing the effects of altitude in the test room, air throttle valve and combustion air handling unit were used to reduce the suction air pressure. Easier and cheaper solution to consider effect of altitude on engine performance is to mask part of the air filter to reduce the suction pressure. In this paper, pressure drop against 0%, 26%, 52%, 66% and 74% of air filter hole’s masking for different mass flow rates has been studied by computational fluid dynamics. The analysis output mass flow rate-pressure diagram for the air filter, will be used as input data in the GT-Power software which is a one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics software and the effect of masking on altitude and performance at different revolutions per minute of the engine is investigated. Also, an experimental and computational fluid dynamics study was carried out to predict altitude against different proportions of air filter hole’s masking at 1000 rpm. The predicted results are validated by comparing with those of experimental data. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental values ensures the accuracy of the numerical predictions with the present work.

Three-Dimensional Models for Analyzing the Cyclic Variations in a Lean Burn CNG Engine

Three-dimensional models, consisting of the flame kernel formation model, flame kernel development model and natural gas single step reaction model, are used to analyze the contribution of cyclic equivalence ratio variations to cyclic variations in the compressed natural gas （CNG） lean burn spark ignition engine. Computational results including the contributions of equivalence ratio cyclic variations to each combustion stage and effects of engine speed to the extent of combustion variations are discussed. It is concluded that the equivalence ratio variations affect mostly the main stage of combustion and hardly influence initial kernel development stage.

Numerical study of CNG engine combustion using CFD with detailed chemical kinetics

A three dimensional model which considers the effects of turbulence and detailed chemi cal kinetics is built to simulate the combustion process of engine fueled by compressed nature gas （CNG）. The model is accomplished by integrating CFD software KIVA3V and chemical kinetic soft- ware CHEMKINII. Meanwhile, a turbulence combustion model which is suitable for describing the reaction rate under the coupled simulation is developed to balance the effects of turbulence and de tailed chemical kinetics. To reduce the computation time, subsequent development of the simulation code is realized, which enables the simulation code to have the function of parallel computing and run on parallel computing facility based on message passing interface （MPI）. The coupled software is used to simulate the combustion process of spark ignition CNG engine. The results show that sim ulation data have a good consistency with experimental results and parallel computing has good effi ciency and accelerate ratio.

Optimization of Engine Control Strategies for Low Fuel Consumption in Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles

The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More specifically,at first,a general first principles model for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and a transient fuel consumptionmodel for heavy-duty commercial vehicles were developed and the parameters were adjusted to fit the empirical data.The accuracy of the proposed modelwas demonstrated fromthe stage and the final results.Next,the control optimization problem resulting in low fuel consumption in heavy commercial vehicles was described,with minimal fuel usage as the optimization goal and throttle opening as the control variable.Then,a time-continuous engine management approach was assessed.Next,the factors that influence low fuel consumption in heavy-duty commercial vehicles were systematically examined.To reduce the computing complexity,the control strategies related to the time constraints of the engine were parametrized using three different methods.The most effective solution was obtained by applying a global optimization strategy because the constrained optimization problem was nonlinear.Finally,the effectiveness of the low-fuel consumption engine control strategy was demonstrated by comparing the simulated and field test results.

Oxidization resistance of Ni76Cr19AlTi valve alloy at temperatures under operating mode of heavy-duty engines

The oxidization resistance of the Ni76Cr19A1Ti alloy was studied by a static oxidization experiment at 600-800℃. The results show that the oxidation behavior of the alloy can be explained by a kinetic equation： （△m/S）2 = Kpt ＋ C, where Kp is a kinetic constant of the nickel-base alloy. The higher the experimental temperature, the higher the value of Kp. It is discovered that the microstructure of the oxide scales is compact and the thickness of it is less than 10 μm The oxidization of the alloy is in the first grade. It is also found that the oxide scales are mainly composed of Cr2O3 and TiO2. Chrome and titanium react more easily with oxygen at temperatures under the operating mode.

Derivation of a Representative Engine Duty Cycle from On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicle Driving Data

The heavy-duty vehicle fleet involved in delivering water and sand makes noticeable issues of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption in the process of shale gas development. To examine the possibility of converting these heavy-duty diesel engines to run on natural gas-diesel dual-fuel, a transient engine duty cycle representing the real-world engine working conditions is necessary. In this paper, a methodology is proposed, and a target engine duty cycle comprising of 2231 seconds is developed from on-road data collected from 11 on-road sand and water hauling trucks. The similarity of inherent characteristics of the developed cycle and the base trip observed is evidenced by the 2.05% error of standard deviation and average values for normalized engine speed and engine torque. Our results show that the proposed approach is expected to produce a representative cycle of in-use heavy-duty engine behavior.

Mixture Preparation and Combustion of CNG Low-Pressure Compound Direct Injection Spark-Ignited Engines

A set of compressed natural gas (CNG) multi-point direct injection system of spark-ignited engines and the corresponding measurement and data acquisition systems were developed in this paper. Based on different injection modes, the mixture formation and combustion of CNG low-pressure direct injection (LPDI) engines were studied under varying factors such as air/ fuel ratio, injection timing. Meanwhile, three-dimensional simulations were adopted to explain the mixture formation mechanisms of CNG low-pressure compound direct injection (LPCDI) mode. On the basis of test results and simulation of the mixture homogeneous degree, the conception of injection window was proposed, and the LPCDI mode was proved to be more beneficial to the mixture concentration stratification formation in cylinder under lean-burning conditions, which resulted in effective combustion and stability.

LOLIMOT模型在CNG发动机NO_(x)排放预测试验中的应用

为解决在选择性催化还原技术(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)的控制策略开发中局部线性模型树(local linear model tree,LOLIMOT)排放模型预测精度不足的问题,提出一种通过优化空间边界,将原模型的超矩形输入空间约束在物理意义范围内的改进LOLIMOT模型。通过某天然气发动机的辨识试验,从分布特征和计算原理角度,分析了该方法对预测结果的影响。结果表明:与原算法相比,改进算法的线性相关度R2提升了1.9%,验证了改进策略的有效性。改进LOLIMOT算法具备较高的收敛速度和稳定性,在排放模型领域具备一定的应用优势。

某轻型国VI CNG客车动力优化匹配

天然气汽车虽然具有良好的排放性和经济性,但也存在动力不足的缺陷,影响整车市场推广和应用。为了能解决压缩天然气(CNG)客车动力性不足的问题,在不改变原发动机结构的基础上,首先,通过调整发动机喷气压力和点火提前角,尽可能减少发动机功率和扭矩损失;然后,将该发动机搭载在轻客某车型上,通过合理设计布置燃气系统;最后,利用整车模拟软件AVLCruise,建立动力性仿真模型,匹配最优的变速箱和后桥速比组合。经过实际道路测试验证,CNG整车动力可达到同类汽油机车型的90%以上,能够满足用户实际使用需求。

车用柴油/CNG双燃料发动机工作性能的研究

将 4 90 Q直喷型柴油机改装成柴油 / CNG(压缩天然气 )双燃料发动机 ,对该机分别进行了燃用纯柴油、双燃料的试验 ,对比了相应工况下两者的动力性、经济性以及排放、噪声等性能指标 ,得出双燃料发动机的工作特性。

低压缸内直喷CNG发动机燃烧特性的影响因素

自主研发了低压缸内直喷压缩天燃气(CNG)发动机,研究了过量空气系数、喷气时刻、点火能量、点火时刻等对发动机燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,喷气时刻对低压缸内直喷CNG发动机的燃烧性能有很大影响,对于给定的工况,发动机存在一个最佳喷气提前角;提高点火能量有助于改善CNG发动机的燃烧过程,增大点火提前角,可以在一定程度上弥补由于天然气燃料火焰传播速度慢所导致的热效率下降,从而改善发动机缸内的燃烧过程,使其功率增加,燃气消耗率降低.

车用稀燃增压单一燃料CNG发动机电控系统的研究

为深入研究 CNG发动机稀薄燃烧特性 ,进一步降低天然气发动机的有害排放 ,设计了车用增压天然气发动机电控系统。该系统采用高能点火模块来获得天然气着火所需的点火能量 ,电控喷射单元采用模糊控制器来获得比较精确的空燃比控制 ,实现对天然气发动机的顺序多点喷射。运用该系统对增压单一燃料 CNG发动机的燃烧和排放性能进行了试验研究 ,结果表明了该系统的有效性。

柴油/CNG双燃料汽车发动机的性能研究

以某柴油/CNG双燃料发动机为对象,研究了它的结构特点和工作原理,并进行了发动机性能试验。结果表明,柴油机在改为柴油/CNG双燃料发动机后功率和扭矩均有所下降,最大值达到了9%左右,但经济性变好了,最多可以节省24%,排放性也明显得到了改善。通过采用一定的措施,可以使柴油/CNG的动力性恢复,从而弥补CNG带来的不足,使得柴油/CNG发动机具有了动力性、经济性、排放性较好的特点。

CNG缸内直喷发动机稀薄燃烧火焰传播过程影响因素的研究

在试验用单缸光学发动机上,采用可视化技术研究缸内CNG直喷稀薄燃烧过程中喷射方式和点火方式对火焰传播过程的影响,同时采用双喷油器、双火花塞,分析研究喷射时刻、喷射位置和点火时刻等参数对稀薄燃烧特性和NOx排放特性的影响。结果表明,在稀薄燃烧过程中,火花塞附近的混合气浓度梯度对火焰传播和燃烧稳定性影响很大;混合气浓度梯度越大,循环变动越小,燃烧更稳定,但NOx排放量也增加。可见,控制稀薄燃烧过程的关键是控制火花塞附近的混合气浓度梯度,而它又直接影响NOx的生成。

柴油/CNG双燃料发动机排放性能的试验研究

在设计开发的CA6113BN 01柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的基础上,通过改变燃烧系统参数、柴油供油系统参数和天然气供气系统参数等,研究了这些参数变化时对柴油/CNG双燃料发动机排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:柴油/CNG双燃料发动机的燃烧室形状对双燃料发动机性能、排放的影响较小。NOx、HC排放量随提前角的变化趋势和柴油机相似,提前角增大,NOx排放量增加,HC排放量也增加,提前角对CO排放影响较小。喷油器的开启压力提高可以有效地改善双燃料发动机的排放。

CNG—柴油双燃料电控发动机试验研究

将高压共轨柴油机改装成CNG—柴油双燃料电控发动机,利用自行开发的快速原型控制系统来控制天然气的燃烧,保证天然气掺烧后发动机的动力性和燃用纯柴油时保持一致。分析了天然气掺烧替代率在不同负荷时对有效热效率和有害排放物(CO,HC,NOx)及烟度的影响。结果表明:天然气掺烧替代率可以达到80%左右;掺烧后的有效热效率在中低负荷时要低于燃用柴油,高负荷时和燃用柴油一致;掺烧后的烟度明显降低,HC排放明显升高。

点火提前角对CNG发动机燃氢怠速性能的影响

为了研究点火提前角θi对CNG发动机燃氢怠速性能的影响,在一台天然气发动机上进行了燃氢怠速性能试验。固定转速800 r/min,过量空气系数λ=2,θi从上止点前20℃A到0℃A变化。结果表明:随着θi减小,火焰发展期减小而快速燃烧期增加。当θi>16℃A,大部分燃料在上止点前燃烧,负功增加,指示热效率低;θi=10℃A左右,指示热效率最高,且排放指标较小。对于燃氢发动机,怠速稀燃工况下,不具备产一定量CO和HC的条件。为了降低燃氢发动机的NOx排放,满足稀燃条件的同时,需要适当减小点火提前角。

CNG发动机工作过程的一维数值模拟

内燃机模拟计算是一种现代化的计算方法,可以减少试验次数及时间,从而节约内燃机开发和研究工作的人力、物力和财力.采用AVL BOO ST软件建立了某CNG发动机的整机模型,宏观上描述整个发动机的热力学过程,通过全负荷下的速度特性试验验证该模型的可靠性.并在此基础上,对影响CNG发动机性能指标的主要参数进行对比分析,提出改进措施.

点火能量对电控单燃料CNG发动机性能的影响

分析了点火能量的影响因素,提出了控制点火能量的方法,建立了电控单燃料CNG发动机试验台架,并确定了试验方法,进行了点火能量的试验。通过分析试验结果,得出了点火能量对单燃料CNG发动机动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响特点,得出了CNG发动机各工况下合适的点火能量范围。

轿车用CNG/汽油双燃料系统开发及其排放特性试验研究

研制了CNG/汽油双燃料系统,该系统采用附加CNG供给装置,结合电子控制技术,实现CNG/汽油的双燃料工作模式。依据GB18352.3—2005的试验运转循环工况,在转鼓试验台上对汽油机燃用CNG的排放污染物进行测试。结果表明:燃用CNG时,CO、THC排放降低而NOx排放增加;调大点火提前角会使CO进一步下降,NOx排放更加上升,而THC则有所回升。