The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term ...The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).展开更多
The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More ...The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More specifically,at first,a general first principles model for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and a transient fuel consumptionmodel for heavy-duty commercial vehicles were developed and the parameters were adjusted to fit the empirical data.The accuracy of the proposed modelwas demonstrated fromthe stage and the final results.Next,the control optimization problem resulting in low fuel consumption in heavy commercial vehicles was described,with minimal fuel usage as the optimization goal and throttle opening as the control variable.Then,a time-continuous engine management approach was assessed.Next,the factors that influence low fuel consumption in heavy-duty commercial vehicles were systematically examined.To reduce the computing complexity,the control strategies related to the time constraints of the engine were parametrized using three different methods.The most effective solution was obtained by applying a global optimization strategy because the constrained optimization problem was nonlinear.Finally,the effectiveness of the low-fuel consumption engine control strategy was demonstrated by comparing the simulated and field test results.展开更多
Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and ...Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.展开更多
To define the diffusion behavior of harmful exhaust substances from diesel vehicles and support safety risk assessments of underground coal mines,we performed a multi-species coupling calculation of the emission and d...To define the diffusion behavior of harmful exhaust substances from diesel vehicles and support safety risk assessments of underground coal mines,we performed a multi-species coupling calculation of the emission and diffusion of harmful substances from a trackless rubber-wheel diesel vehicle.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model of the diffusion of harmful emissions was hence established and verified.From the perspective of risk analysis,the diffusion behavior and distribution of hazardous substances emitted by the diesel vehicle were studied under 4 different conditions;moreover,we identified areas characterized by hazardous levels of emissions.When the vehicle idled upwind in the roadway,high-risk areas formed behind and to the right of the vehicle:particularly high concentrations of pollutants were measured near the rear floor of the vehicle and within 5 m behind the vehicle.When the vehicle idled downwind,high-risk areas formed in front of it:particularly high concentrations of pollutants were measured near the floor and within 5 m from the front of the vehicle.In the above cases,the driver would not breathe highly polluted air and would be relatively safe.When the vehicle idled into the chamber,however,high-risk areas formed on both sides of the vehicle and near the upper roof.Forward entry of the vehicle caused a greater increase in the concentration of pollutants in the chamber and in the driver’s breathing zone compared with reverse entry.展开更多
The heavy-duty vehicle fleet involved in delivering water and sand makes noticeable issues of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption in the process of shale gas development. To examine the possibility of converting th...The heavy-duty vehicle fleet involved in delivering water and sand makes noticeable issues of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption in the process of shale gas development. To examine the possibility of converting these heavy-duty diesel engines to run on natural gas-diesel dual-fuel, a transient engine duty cycle representing the real-world engine working conditions is necessary. In this paper, a methodology is proposed, and a target engine duty cycle comprising of 2231 seconds is developed from on-road data collected from 11 on-road sand and water hauling trucks. The similarity of inherent characteristics of the developed cycle and the base trip observed is evidenced by the 2.05% error of standard deviation and average values for normalized engine speed and engine torque. Our results show that the proposed approach is expected to produce a representative cycle of in-use heavy-duty engine behavior.展开更多
Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China.Hence,the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in...Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China.Hence,the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard.To fulfill this stringent legislation,two major technical routes,including the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction(SCR)routes,have been developed for diesel engines.Moreover,complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed,including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)for controlling carbon monoxide(CO)and hydrocarbon(HC)emissions,diesel particulate filter(DPF)for particle mass(PM)emission control,SCR for the control of NOx emission,and an ammonia slip catalyst(ASC)for the control of unreacted NH3.Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard,the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system.In the future,aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.展开更多
文摘The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).
基金This work was supported in part by the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi under Grant AA22068001in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi AB21196029+3 种基金in part by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China 51965012in part by the Scientific Research and TechnologyDevelopment in Liuzhou 2022AAA0102,2021AAA0104 and 2021AAA0112in part by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Extension Special Project of Jiangsu Province NJ2021-21,in part by the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology,in part by the Guilin University of Electronic Technology 20-065-40-004Zin part by the Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education 2022YCXS017.
文摘The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More specifically,at first,a general first principles model for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and a transient fuel consumptionmodel for heavy-duty commercial vehicles were developed and the parameters were adjusted to fit the empirical data.The accuracy of the proposed modelwas demonstrated fromthe stage and the final results.Next,the control optimization problem resulting in low fuel consumption in heavy commercial vehicles was described,with minimal fuel usage as the optimization goal and throttle opening as the control variable.Then,a time-continuous engine management approach was assessed.Next,the factors that influence low fuel consumption in heavy-duty commercial vehicles were systematically examined.To reduce the computing complexity,the control strategies related to the time constraints of the engine were parametrized using three different methods.The most effective solution was obtained by applying a global optimization strategy because the constrained optimization problem was nonlinear.Finally,the effectiveness of the low-fuel consumption engine control strategy was demonstrated by comparing the simulated and field test results.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars(No.41125018)the National Commonweal Project of the Ministry of Environmental Protection(No.201009057)
文摘Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52174191 and 51874191)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0805201)+1 种基金Qingchuang Science and Technology Project of Shandong Province University(No.2020KJD002)Taishan Scholars Project Special Funding(No.TS20190935).
文摘To define the diffusion behavior of harmful exhaust substances from diesel vehicles and support safety risk assessments of underground coal mines,we performed a multi-species coupling calculation of the emission and diffusion of harmful substances from a trackless rubber-wheel diesel vehicle.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model of the diffusion of harmful emissions was hence established and verified.From the perspective of risk analysis,the diffusion behavior and distribution of hazardous substances emitted by the diesel vehicle were studied under 4 different conditions;moreover,we identified areas characterized by hazardous levels of emissions.When the vehicle idled upwind in the roadway,high-risk areas formed behind and to the right of the vehicle:particularly high concentrations of pollutants were measured near the rear floor of the vehicle and within 5 m behind the vehicle.When the vehicle idled downwind,high-risk areas formed in front of it:particularly high concentrations of pollutants were measured near the floor and within 5 m from the front of the vehicle.In the above cases,the driver would not breathe highly polluted air and would be relatively safe.When the vehicle idled into the chamber,however,high-risk areas formed on both sides of the vehicle and near the upper roof.Forward entry of the vehicle caused a greater increase in the concentration of pollutants in the chamber and in the driver’s breathing zone compared with reverse entry.
文摘The heavy-duty vehicle fleet involved in delivering water and sand makes noticeable issues of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption in the process of shale gas development. To examine the possibility of converting these heavy-duty diesel engines to run on natural gas-diesel dual-fuel, a transient engine duty cycle representing the real-world engine working conditions is necessary. In this paper, a methodology is proposed, and a target engine duty cycle comprising of 2231 seconds is developed from on-road data collected from 11 on-road sand and water hauling trucks. The similarity of inherent characteristics of the developed cycle and the base trip observed is evidenced by the 2.05% error of standard deviation and average values for normalized engine speed and engine torque. Our results show that the proposed approach is expected to produce a representative cycle of in-use heavy-duty engine behavior.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0211101)the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation(No.21637005)+1 种基金the Cultivating Project of Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDPB1902)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23010200)。
文摘Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China.Hence,the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard.To fulfill this stringent legislation,two major technical routes,including the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction(SCR)routes,have been developed for diesel engines.Moreover,complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed,including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)for controlling carbon monoxide(CO)and hydrocarbon(HC)emissions,diesel particulate filter(DPF)for particle mass(PM)emission control,SCR for the control of NOx emission,and an ammonia slip catalyst(ASC)for the control of unreacted NH3.Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard,the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system.In the future,aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.
