Christianity: What Should It Do With a New Situation?

Is the Christian doctrine espoused by contemporary Christians really the true meaning of Christ?What is the basic doctrine of Christ?How should believers believe in and practice Christian doctrine?This article analyzes this and distinguishes between the faithful of Christ and that of the church,two types of believers who are similar in form but not identical in nature.

Cultural Conflicts and Fusion in the Process of Christianity Disseminating in China

This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God and hierarchical order tradition,monotheism and polytheism,conflict between the doctrine and the concept of clan,briefly,that between Chinese traditional culture and Christian doctrine in the process of the religion disseminating in China.It also touches upon the beneficial attributes of Chinese culture for the fusion of the two culture patterns.

Obligation Orientation and Right-Based Principle——The Difference between Chinese and Western Legal Culture Influenced by Confucianism and Christianity

As an important part of cultural and ideological progress construction,the improvement of Chinese modern legal system has become a keynote in the process of constructing the harmonious society in China.In the course of the development of Chinese legal system,transplanting from western legal culture is becoming a trend.Therefore,it is necessary to study the difference between Chinese and western legal culture and its influencing elements so as to provide a cultural basis for this transplant.As for cultural factor,Confucianism is the dominated thoughts in traditional Chinese history and Christianity occupies the same place in western culture,accordingly,their influence on the difference between Chinese and western legal culture is great.This paper discusses the difference of the obligation orientation and right-based principle between Chinese and western legal culture influenced by Confucianism and Christianity aiming at provide some important inspirations for the transplant of western legal culture in improving Chinese modern legal system.

Searching for a New Identity:Christianity,Conversion and Dalit Sikhs

The advent and spread of Christianity in the Punjab would have been a limited affair but for the“dalits”,the depressed classes of the Punjab.The present Christian community is the result of the mass movement and efforts of the missionaries in the Punjab.The paper also examines the eyewitness accounts of the missionaries which are helpful in demystifying the myth of“equality among the Sikhs”.These accounts also reinforce our understanding of the status of Mazhabi Sikhs as a lower caste among the Sikhs.Using the terms,“foreign enclaves”and“ritually neutral area”from Milton Singer’s classic study,When a Great Tradition Modernizes,the author has tried to demonstrate the processes of isolation,slow acceptance,and incorporation of the converts.

Cogito, Phenomenology, and Christianity in Michel Henry

This article shows,in Michel Henry,the relationship that Descartes’cogito maintains with phenomenology and Christianity.Thus,this article first shows to see how the phenomenology of life is only possible through a reading of Descartes’cogito.For,in it is in the cogito that one discovers how the life of the ego relates the ego to itself by excluding from itself what is outside of itself in the reduction in which this ego is constituted.The article then observes that it is from the way in which the ego is constituted in its most radical immanence that Michel shows how Husserl confused the immanence of the ego with the transcendence which lies outside of the ego.The article finally explains how the ego which discovers itself in pure immanence is the institute of a phenomenology of life which remains the mode of being of the philosophy of Christianity.

Analyses on How Christianity Affects Western Culture

T.S. Eliot once said if there were no Christianity, the whole culture wouldn't exist. Christianity affects every part of western culture. Christian thoughts deeply influence how western people think and feel. This paper centers around the following divisions, Introduction, Christianity, Christianity and Western Culture, and Conclusion. According to the four dimensions, the thesis emphatically analyzes why Christianity is an important source of western culture.

Shakespeare and Christianity—Studies in the Merchant of Venice

Christianity, by far the most influential religion in the west, touches every phase of man's life so much so that it has shaped the western civilization more decisively and become the blood of western culture. William Shakespeare is the greatest humanist, but he is also a Christian rooted in western culture, so it is observed that Shakespeare's thinking pattern and writing were influenced by Christianity. The paper, taking the Merchant of Venice as an example, analyzed Biblical references in Shakespeare's thinking pattern, Christianity and Shakespeare's idealistic character.

组织细胞吞噬性脂膜炎一例

组织细胞吞噬性脂膜炎(CHP)是一种罕见的临床疾病,以皮下脂肪组织的结节性小叶性脂膜炎为特征,本文报道1例。患者,男,56岁,双侧下肢及上肢反复出现疼痛性红斑、结节,伴发热、白细胞异常升高、周身乏力,抗生素治疗无效。病理活检示真皮可见“豆袋细胞”,最终明确诊断组织细胞吞噬性脂膜炎,给予糖皮质激素治疗后患者皮疹及症状迅速改善。

“中华性”与“现代性”的扭结:论北平辅仁大学中国基督教绘画实践(1929—1949)

基督教艺术在西方有着悠久的历史,但在中国传统绘画中并未形成固定模式。民国时期,北平辅仁大学的艺术家们尝试将西方基督教绘画的题材与中国绘画传统相结合,创造出具有“中西合璧”特色的宗教画作。这些作品在构图、视觉惯例符号的运用上显示出中西融合的特点,同时在题材、绘画媒介、技法和位置经营等方面体现了中国传统工笔画和文人水墨画的特色。这就导致辅仁圣教画作在形式与内容、视觉现代性与神学内涵规定性之间构成了双重吊诡,即在形式上对中国观众来说是传统的,而对西方天主教来说是现代的;同时,其图像内容对民国时期的中国来说是西方的(现代的),但对西方天主教来说又是传统的。由此,辅仁圣教画作在国内外的反响和传播情况呈现出鲜明的差异:它们在西方受到赞誉,但在民国时期的中国却遭遇了两难境地。这次中国基督教绘画本土化的实践不仅呈现出当时中国半殖民地情境下对视觉现代性的追求与本土化尝试之间的张力,也反映了民国社会对现代性、民族身份和宗教艺术的复杂态度;而辅仁大学传教士画家方希圣的作品《苦难的中国》则以其深刻的社会现实主义风格,触及了人类普遍的苦难体验,从而在一定程度上超越了艺术的民族界限,在“中华性”与“现代性”的扭结中探寻基督教艺术本土化表达的可能性。辅仁大学的中国基督教绘画实践不仅是一次艺术上的创新尝试,也是中西文化交流和宗教本土化的重要案例。

关注翻译目的与译者培养提高中国文学外译质量——Christiane Nord教授访谈录

克里斯蒂安·诺德(Christiane Nord)教授是德国功能翻译研究学派的代表人物之一。访谈中,她对学界的批评给予了一些回应并强调了翻译目的论对翻译实践的指导作用。基于翻译实践的层面,她从读者、译者和研究者的角度出发,对中国文学外译问题提出了一些自己的思考,如关注翻译目的、选择合适策略、加强译者培养等。在此基础上,笔者对当前形势下如何提高我国文学外译作品的质量进行了一些反思,以期推动相关研究的发展。

A Cosmological Neuroscientific Examination of Bertrand Russell’s Essays on Religion and Related Subjects

This work examined Bertrand Russell’s main arguments against the existence of God and his strongly negative opinion on the historic role of religions.These arguments were:(1)The idea that God is a First Cause is invalid because the cosmos doesn’t have to have a beginning;(2)If there were reasons for God to issue the observed natural laws and not others then God Himself was just an intermediary of older laws;(3)Considering all the defects of the world one cannot consider God as an omnipotent designer;(4)If God created both right and wrong then it is no longer a significant statement that God is good;And(5)most people believe in God just because they have been taught from early infancy to do it.The criticisms of cosmological neuroscience were as follows:(1)The particular cosmic wave that carries our Universe could have a beginning;(2)Although there were reasons for the natural laws which God issued,it cannot diminish the divine creativity of this act;(3)Although the world is indeed full of defects,they are as much parts of the cosmic order as its splendors,due to their common roots in the Law of Coexistence in Diversity;(4)Although right and wrong may ultimately be both in God’s blueprint,He is still benevolent due to the Law of Divine-Evil Asymmetry permitting wrong only under the dominance of right;And(5)although many believe in God only because they were taught to do so and hope it provides safety,this is an oversimplification unable to explain the genuine Faith of others.The devastating judgement of Russel that religions have been just“a source of untold misery to the human race”was also examined.This brief article could not detail all the positive social changes with which the religions of goodness(e.g.,Abrahamic religions)enriched history,such as introducing the respect for human life.But the paper did remind the reader of the God-inspired work of Lao Tzu,Rumi,Michelangelo,the Bach-interpreting Leonard Bernstein,Mother Teresa,Martin Luther King Jr.,George Harrison and others including the architects of the Borobudur temple and astronauts like Frank Borman who read from the Bible while flying around the Moon.The paper ended with the central thought of Bertrand Russell that“The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge”,to emphasize that if committed to their Conscience atheists like him can live as moral lives as the men and women of Faith—the difference is being nothing else than sensing or not the Soul that permeates the cosmos.

从影像索引到象征系统:符号学纪实理论探赜

长久以来,以巴赞、克拉考尔为代表的纪实观念基本垄断了学界对于电影纪实理论的理解,而电影纪实的实践则常被限定于纪录片或逼真摹写现实的影片类型当中。事实上,纪实学派之后的结构主义思潮以及符号学并未放弃对电影纪实魔力的理论重释,其惯例系统、幻觉、想象等概念也大都渊源有自。经由米特里、第一符号学乃至第二符号学的改造,电影纪实性观念不断突破早期的概念边界,随技术、思潮之代序而变迁,与不断更新的电影现象相适配。探究该时期影像纪实理论之内核,可以揭示其潜在的思想流变,暴露其局限,补足我们对这段“折跃”式影像纪实观念的理解的缺失。

The Christian Doctrines of Salvation at the Earlier Stages of The Pilgrim's Progress

John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress has been written to preach the Christian doctrines of salvation.Therefore its allegorical protagonists have gradually gone through four stages of development on the path to salvation.This paper is focused on the earlier two stages,that is,the repentance of sins and the temptations after conversion.

4世纪中后期基督教会的发展与晚期罗马帝国政教关系

4世纪中后期,基督教会与罗马帝国皇帝的关系形成新的平衡,教会与皇帝之间形成了依赖彼此、相互支持,又各自相对独立的新关系。皇帝支持教会扩大影响力、维护教会的既得利益,在与多神教的争斗中与基督徒站在同一阵营,而教会则在风云变幻的局势中支持皇帝,当皇位不稳固或战争爆发时教会利用宗教影响为皇帝助力。这种相互依存又彼此独立的关系,是罗马历史发展趋势与政治局势相互影响的产物,具有较强的生命力,对后世欧洲政教关系的发展产生了深远影响。

数字劳动如何成为劳动?——对西方马克思主义数字劳动概念的辨析

数字劳动作为西方马克思主义学者的创新概念,和受众商品、免费劳动、非物质劳动、玩劳动等易混同的概念群一起进入国内视界,传入后其迅速吸引了国内学者关注,数字商品、数字必要劳动、数字剩余劳动、数字剩余价值等新概念也接连出现,数字劳动相关研究成为学界热点。然而,面对资本与数字技术耦合下的信息化资本主义,我们不能简单地在来自西方的数字劳动理论后面“接着说”,而是要在理论喧嚣之后回头进行“冷思考”,横向剖析数字劳动、非物质劳动概念的发展史与内涵,纵向深入传播政治经济学和自治社会主义各自的理论目的与论证理路,这样才能达到对数字劳动概念“知其然又知其所以然”的彻底理解。深入概念史演进可以发现,传播政治经济学和意大利自治社会主义面对资本进入人们生产领域之外的情感、休闲和娱乐生活,共同选择了“回到马克思”,即以马克思劳动价值论中的核心范畴构建自己的社会批判理论。最终结果是因误解或曲解马克思的核心概念而偏离唯物史观。总的来说,在传播政治经济学和自治社会主义理论中,马克思核心概念出场的背后是马克思主义理论科学性和革命性的根本退场。真正的“回到马克思”,需要从“生产力总和”决定的社会历史发展规律上来审视数字劳动难题,正确认识资本主义发展中的科学技术生产力与知识劳动是揭示数字劳动属性、内涵与本质的前提。