Male Images under Hegemonic Masculinity in The Joy Luck Club

Amy Tan is a famous Chinese American woman writer.Her first novel The Joy Luck Club has gained success immediately after its publication.The book tells the stories about four Chinese mothers and four Chinese American daughters,while the male im⁃ages are usually ignored by readers.This paper attempts to analyze male images through hegemonic masculinity,explore males’at⁃titude towards women,and discuss women’s reaction to men’s dominance.The paper criticizes men’s absolute dominance over women in old China and modern America.By analyzing the males’characteristics in old China and modern America,the paper concludes that men and women are equal in the society and women should recognize their position to protect themselves in patriar⁃chal society.

Gender-based violence and hegemonic masculinity in China:an analysis based on the quantitative research

Based on a survey implemented in a county in central China,the researchers found it is common for women to experience gender-based violence,especially violence at the hands of intimate partners.About half of men surveyed reported inflicting physical or sexual violence on their female partners.One in five men reported having raped a partner or non-partner woman.The physical,mental and reproductive health of the female and male respondents were found to be significantly associated with women’s victimization and men’s perpetration of intimate partner violence.Gender-based violence,including intimate partner violence,is a construction of the social-ecological system.Four elements that are key to hegemonic masculinity are identified:male decision-making,male reputation,violence and heterosexuality.By positing the four elements as standards that define a“real man”,the domination of men over women is naturalized and legitimized.It is necessary to foster other non-violent and more equitable masculinities.

Government Underpinning： Failure to Abolish Consumer Slavery

This paper will assess the way in which consumerism is used to manipulate individuals within marginalized groups, specifically those based on race and gender. Following a Marxist framework, this paper will illustrate a symbiotic relationship between the laborer and the capitalist, a hierarchal relationship where mutual dependence encourages unrelenting exploitation. Further focus will center on how these social hierarchies perpetuate a continuous enslavement of individuals politically defined as black and politically defined as woman. These identities are outlined within the framework of two active dichotomies： black/white and man/woman. Both gender and race are key factors in determining an individual＇s identity. Because the hegemonic gender is man, while the hegemonic race is white, any person who does not fit into those two categories simultaneously is underprivileged. Hence the reason why black and woman, both of which have been historically deemed subordinate to white and man, is automatically a part of the underprivileged working class. Since the hierarchal laborer-capitalist relationship is greatly validated by socializations, it cannot be voided by taking legal action alone. However, policy changes addressing education gaps, gender wage gaps, and hiring discrepancies, can assist in decoupling the social constructs of race and gender from class therefore minimizing racial and gender privileges.

Male Fashion Magazines and Western Capitalism： Expansion in the Post-Colonial State

Adopting an approach of ethnography, this article uses the Chinese fashion magazine Esquire（ under the American Esquires copyright） as a case study of indigenous media in the context of the globalization of the market economy, and approaches it with critical theories of political economy of communication, in order to offer insight into the commodification process of the Chinese male and expose its implicit dependent economy model. Thus the author attempts to demonstrate how male fashion media in China are trying to re-construct Chinese males＇ masculinity in a post-socialist state and trying to re-map the spheres of class and commodity, as being manipulated by the international copyright system, in the context of postcolonialism, intending to change traditional gender order and to sustain Western Capitalism＇s planetary expansion.