Phenomenology of plume-surface interactions and preliminary results from the Tianwen-1 landing crater on Mars

The plume-surface interaction(PSI)is a common phenomenon that describes the environment surrounding the landers resulting from the impingement of hot rocket exhaust on the regolith of planetary bodies.The PSI will cause obscuration,erosion of the planetary surface,and high-speed spreading of dust or high-energy ejecta streams,which will induce risks to a safe landing and cause damage to payloads on the landers or to nearby assets.Safe landings and the subsequent scientific goals of deep-space exploration in China call for a comprehensive understanding of the PSI process,including the plume flow mechanics,erosion mechanism,and ejecta dynamics.In addition,the landing crater caused by the plume provides a unique and insightful perspective on the understanding of PSI.In particular,the PSI can be used directly to constrain the composition,structure,and mechanical properties of the surface and subsurface soil.In this study,we conducted a systematic review of the phenomenology and terrestrial tests of PSI:we analyzed the critical factors in the PSI process and compared the differences in PSI phenomena between lunar and Martian conditions;we also reviewed the main erosion mechanisms and the evolution and development of terrestrial tests on PSI.We discuss the problems with PSI,challenges of terrestrial tests,and prospects of PSI,and we show the preliminary results obtained from the landing crater caused by the PSI of Tianwen-1.From analysis of the camera images and digital elevation model reconstructions,we concluded that the landing of Tianwen-1 caused the deepest crater(depth>40 cm)on a planetary surface reported to date and revealed stratigraphic layers in the subsurface of Martian soil.We further constrained the lower bounds of the mechanical properties of Martian soil by a slope stability analysis of the Tianwen-1 landing crater.The PSI may offer promising opportunities to obtain greater insights into planetary science,including the subsurface structure,mineral composition,and properties of soil.

Analysis——Phenomenology——Morphology：Some Remarks on Ludwig Wittgenstein＇s Philosophical Method

The article discusses the problem of the unity of Ludwig Wittgenstein＇s philosophy. It is demonstrated that Wittgenstein applied two methods of study. Changes in his philosophy are correlated with modifications in his method of thinking and investigation. In his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, the only correct method is logical proposition analysis. In the early 1930s, he transformed his philosophy into a phenomenological description of experience, defining its aim as the development of phenomenological language. After 1933, Wittgenstein recognised the grammatical dimension of language and created tools of grammatical analysis. He introduced the notions of language-games and life forms. His philosophy turned into morphology and a description of human language practice.

On ＂not knowing what to say＂ in the Tragic Face of Another： Radical Phenomenology as Abysmal Consolation

These reflections address the disturbing phenomenon of ＂not knowing what to say＂ to someone who has experienced the immediacy of a traumatic event and who, nevertheless, seeks a word of consolation from us to ease the suffering. The author addresses the inadequacy of consolation as mere verbiage, and then brings to mind an expanded understanding of discourse-as-comportment to offer the possibility of deep consolation for the suffering other in the groundlessness of the tragic situation, which the author calls ＂abysmal consolation＂. In the realization that discourse is also the embodied consolation of being-with the suffering other in a shattered lifeworld, both sufferer and carer of souling are freed up to meet each other in a place that was heretofore presumed to be an alienated and speechless place.

Cogito, Phenomenology, and Christianity in Michel Henry

This article shows,in Michel Henry,the relationship that Descartes’cogito maintains with phenomenology and Christianity.Thus,this article first shows to see how the phenomenology of life is only possible through a reading of Descartes’cogito.For,in it is in the cogito that one discovers how the life of the ego relates the ego to itself by excluding from itself what is outside of itself in the reduction in which this ego is constituted.The article then observes that it is from the way in which the ego is constituted in its most radical immanence that Michel shows how Husserl confused the immanence of the ego with the transcendence which lies outside of the ego.The article finally explains how the ego which discovers itself in pure immanence is the institute of a phenomenology of life which remains the mode of being of the philosophy of Christianity.

Bolzano and Phenomenology

Bolzano’s invention of“pure logic”in his Theory of Science laid the foundation for Husserl’s establishment of phenomenology,because Husserl also established a“guidance of pure logic”in Logical Investigations.However,in Husserl’s opinion,“pure logic”is only a necessary thing before the establishment of phenomenology;it is not the last thing in human thought,as well as it is not a core idea of“pure consciousness”.Therefore,Bolzano’s logical concept only promoted Husserl to a“primary phenomenology”,which was only the preparation and entrance of this phenomenological philosophy.

A Review of G.G.Shpet’s Hermeneutic-Phenomenology

Based on the analysis of the philosophical source and the epistemological roots of G.G.Shpet’s hermeneutic-phenomenology,this article states that G.G.Shpet,as an important Russian representative of the turn“from ontology to epistemology”in the philosophy of language,not only inherited Husserlian phenomenology,but also combined phenomenology and hermeneutics together as to develop a unique form of hermeneutic-phenomenology,which is based on Husserl’s phenomenology,deeply influenced by Dilthey’s hermeneutics,and inherited Humboldt’s philosophy of language to some extend as well.Besides,the author points out that some of G.G.Shpet’s thoughts were also inherited from Slavophile and Moscow school of metaphysics.

Research on the Current Situation of Development of Phenomenology and the Influences on Language Cognition

In this paper, we conduct research on current situation of development of phenomenology and the influences on language cognition. Language is a part of human cognition, it not only by the group, including cultural types and communication mode, objective social constraints, as also shared with human cognitive subject and the innate cognitive ability is closely related. Thus, the perspective of the cognitive linguistics and the cognitive introduced for expanding and deepening the research on cognitive linguistics has an important value. From the cognitive perspective and reveals language internalization mechanism is an important path to deepen the study of second language acquisition. So, with multidimensional research value and cognition, can provide important theoretical reference for language internalization. At the same time, the body cognitive is not the purpose of people, but merely a device methods or strategies. That is to say, those who have an information, experience and knowledge module, just as the main body of language cognition of raw materials, they need by the consciousness of main body of the higher order language system to filter, restructuring, deformation and consolidation, and language simulation of this new product for the secondary and experience.

Ethics of Difference:Towards a Phenomenology of Inclusion

In this essay we propose notions of difference and equality as elements of a phenomenologically informed ethics.The proposed notions are tested on a diagnosis of inclusion,and,in particular,inclusive education,both of which are leading values in contemporary public moral discourse and in the formulation of related policies.The value of inclusive practices is commonly seen in the circumstance that they safeguard difference while granting equality and realize equality without curtailing difference,thus creating conditions in which human dignity is respected.We ask in what sense,that is,according to what understanding of equality and difference,this is true.Our conclusion is that“the value of inclusion”is at least compatible with a merely formal sense of equality,which,at the same time,effectively negates human difference.On the other hand,the proposed phenomenological notions of difference and equality seem to provide an avenue towards a renewed understanding of the humanity of man,as well as of(inclusive)education as a manner of fostering that humanity.The interpretive framework for our analysis is given by Heidegger’s diagnosis of nihilism.The latter implies a notion of“values”as conditions of a dynamic of empowerment which has the“drive to more”as its intrinsic,constitutive motive.

Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Sample from a tertiary care center in Istanbul, Turkey

BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)is a heterogeneous disease in many respects and exhibits this diversity in terms of phenomenology.It also displays several different characteristics in children compared to adults.AIM To describe the socio-demographic and phenomenological features of children with OCD and to investigate the impact of these features on response to pharmacotherapy.METHODS This retrospective study was carried out with 150 children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with OCD between 2014 and 2018.Data was collected by examining the files of the patients with diagnosis of OCD and similar disorders from the hospital database.Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for Children was used for the assessment of obsession-compulsion subtypes.The Clinical Global Impression(CGI)scale was used to evaluate the severity of the disease(CGI-S)and global improvement(CGI-I).The predictors of treatment response were evaluated using linear regression analysis.The level of significance for all statistic tests was set as P<0.05.RESULTS The sample was divided into prepubertal(44%)and adolescent(56%)age groups.The most prevalent obsessions were contamination and aggression obsessions,and the most frequent compulsions were washing and checking.While contamination was observed more commonly in the prepubertal age group,the religious obsession was seen more frequently in adolescents.Patients with aggression obsession presented a higher frequency of comorbid anxiety(P=0.022)and mood subgroups(P>0.05).A lower CGI-I score was linked to a lower CGI-S score(95%confidence interval 0.21-0.39,P<0.001)and the prepubertal age of admission(95%confidence interval 0.03-0.87,P=0.020).CONCLUSION The phenomenology of OCD shows differences depending on the age group and the comorbid psychiatric disorders.Earlier identification and treatment of OCD may help to prevent the impairment of the mental health of children and adolescents.

Reflections on the Experience of Network Virtual Space FromPhenomenology of Technics

People create network virtual space that is completely different from the real space through network information technologies.The characteristics of network virtual space are that the subject can obtain a similar real space experience.From the perspective of phenomenology of technics,in order to analyze the virtual space of the network,it is necessary to clear the phenomenological concepts,such as space,space experience,and virtual space experience,so as to know the type of network virtual space experience,explore the essential characteristics,and find solutions to the ethical conflicts in the virtual space experience of the network.

不同点火方式下HMX基PBX炸药反应演化过程的特征分析

在长管强约束条件下对HMX基PBX炸药点火实验进行了数值模拟,分析了点火方式对炸药反应演化规律的影响,获得了弱冲击点火条件下炸药反应演化过程的特征图像。针对黑火药和雷管2种点火方式,分别构建了PBX炸药黑火药点燃和冲击起爆2类实验的唯象模型和数值模拟方法,通过数值模拟获得了钢管内炸药柱反应演化进程的特征图像,柱壳膨胀历程与实验结果符合较好。研究表明,不同点火方式下炸药反应演化进程存在较大差异。如果使用雷管点火,PBX炸药会在几微秒内发生爆轰反应;而使用黑火药点火,PBX炸药会在数毫秒内从缓慢燃烧转化为剧烈爆炸,但随着壳体破裂解体,管内压力骤降,抑制了反应演化向爆轰转变。黑火药点燃条件下整个反应演化过程可以分为4个主要阶段,其中管壁附近炸药柱表面燃烧传播优先于炸药柱中心基体反应,是弱冲击点火反应演化过程的重要特征之一。

重新发现教:再论教与学的关系

教与学正在走向统一,在此过程中有一种以学替教的倾向。从历史上看,教与学一直都是相对独立的,相比较而言,中国古代更注重学,西方古代更注重教。自19世纪末20世纪初开始,西方由教转向学。教的不断弱化与退让,可能造成的风险是使教的概念名存实亡,教的实践活动备受困扰,教与学的关系也失去了应有的独立性。从现象学角度看教与学的关系共有四种类型,每一种类型都有相应的发生过程。由此,带给教与学的实践启示是注重教的独立性地位和独特性价值,使教与学的关系超越单一的统一,走向和而不同的“和美”境界。

胡塞尔现象学下的童年世界意义考察

从胡塞尔的现象学来看,儿童世界首先是一种先验的交互主体性存在样态,在其中“先验的自我”作为一种原初意向性不断地构造着客观世界。成人所谈论的世界虽然总是把儿童世界排除在外,但是胡塞尔认为儿童世界所产生的变形、融合以及原促建性是成人世界所缺少的,成人世界对自我的构造只是在已有世界基础之上的转换而已。童年世界暗含着人类世界视域的原始视域,儿童正是借助同感和身体而达至对陌生经验的认识。这就说明,童年世界的意义发生是一种自心自性的内在考察,任何外在的、建构论的或技术化的分析,都可能是一种对童年世界存在意义的反向抵消。现象学哲学下的童年世界考察可看作童年现象学的研究。

肠造口患者社会参与真实感受的描述性现象学研究

目的 探讨肠造口患者社会参与真实体验和内心感受,为制定有针对性的指导和心理干预措施提供依据。方法 采用质性研究中的描述性现象学研究方法,通过目的抽样法,选取本院10例肠造口术后出院后患者进行半结构式访谈,运用Colaizzi 7步分析法进行资料分析、归纳整理,通过阅读、分析、反思、分类和提炼主题。结果 提炼出3个主题和8个亚标题:社交心理障碍(病耻感、造口相关性焦虑与担忧),社会参与度低(社交积极性低、人际关系疏离、社交增加经济负担),社会适应能力不足(应对方式消极、造口护理操作技能不足、造口信息利用不足)。结论 肠造口患者社会参与面临多种困难并缺乏相应支持,临床医护人员应重视住院期间肠造口患者的心理正向引导,做好肠造口健康科普和造口操作技能培训,出院后提供高质量的延续性护理,提供问题咨询渠道及增加心理、社会支持,提高肠造口患者的生活质量。

论《资本论》的科学现象结构

以资本为基础的物质生产是《资本论》科学现象学的基础本体论。《资本论》从以资本为基础的物质生产理解科学,阐述和呈现出一幅系统的本体论的由科学的现象结构构成的科学图景。《资本论》的“科学的应用—科学”的现象结构,普遍适用于以资本为基础的物质生产方式,揭示了“科学的应用”对于科学具有的决定性的和推动作用;《资本论》的“技术—科学”的现象结构,是“科学的应用—科学”现象结构在机器大工业生产方式的具体化,它从自动化机器体系是劳动资料最完善的形式这一基本发现出发,揭示了现代科学对知识的制造是由以资本为基础的物质生产决定的技术筹划的本体论特征;将《资本论》揭示的资本逻辑对现代社会的根本性的统摄作为出发点,“技术—科学”的现象结构就演变为“资本—技术—科学”共生体。“资本—技术—科学”共生体是《资本论》揭示的现代科学最成熟、内容最丰富的基本存在形式。

磁性材料的磁滞建模研究综述

磁性材料作为电机设备能量转换的核心部件,对提升设备效率、稳定运行具有重要意义。新型高功率密度电机的设计对所用磁性材料的磁滞特性模拟预测精度提出了更高的要求,磁滞模型为电机损耗计算、充/去磁曲线分析、磁化饱和分析及在线调磁提供理论支撑。目前从物理建模和唯象建模两种角度出发,提出了多种描述磁滞特性的模型,典型的模型有Preisach、Jiles-Atherton(J-A)、Stoner-Wohlfarth等。分别介绍现有各类磁滞模型的基本原理及研究现状,分析各种磁滞模型的局限性和适用范围,同时阐述磁滞建模在电机设计中的意义,最后分析磁滞特性模拟面临的问题和未来的发展趋势。通过不断改进磁滞建模方法,精确地模拟磁性材料的磁滞特性,以便在新型电力设备、高效能新型电机设计中实现产业化应用。

空间维度的构造现象学分析——论二维空间概念的构造

空间对人类的生存而言是最为基本的概念之一,而空间的“维度”是一个较为抽象的观念,在不同学科中也有不同的定义。从现象学的视角来看,一切关于维度的定义都有其可理解性与合法性的根源,它们植根于具身的运动感知,因此,只有通过回溯到原初身体性经验中的综合与观念化过程,才能揭示维度观念的真正起源,理解其形成方式。在现象学视角下,从知觉尤其是视觉出发的概念构造分析,可以揭示二维空间的原初意义结构层次与结构化步骤,以此表明更一般的维度观念何以能够实现。

痛并快乐:资深马拉松业余跑者良性自虐的现象学研究

为了深入探讨资深马拉松业余跑者良性自虐的表现形式、动机来源和认知特点,运用现象学研究方法以13名资深马拉松业余跑者为访谈对象,并对访谈文本进行分析。研究结果表明:(1)良性自虐现象普遍存在于资深马拉松业余跑者群体中;(2)资深马拉松业余跑者良性自虐的表现形式主要体现在环境、生理和心理等3个方面;(3)资深马拉松业余跑者良性自虐的动机来源主要包括挑战自我、过往经历、同伴激励、追求刺激和探索未知等5个方面;(4)资深马拉松业余跑者良性自虐在认知上反映出追求认同接纳、能力体现和利弊权衡的结果。研究认为良性自虐行为对于资深马拉松业余跑者利弊共存,需要积极引导宣传、正确教育和制度合理管控,保障马拉松跑者安全科学运动,促进身心健康。

通过聆听:对“声音民族志”书写的回顾与重思

声音与听觉构成一个共同体,但我们所面对的问题不在于论证其同一性,而是基于两者的差异,讨论音乐人类学需要什么样的“声音民族志”,聆听在声音民族志中扮演怎样的角色,如果丧失了对声音敏锐的感受力,如何以音乐这种体验艺术为对象、以民族志这种体验文本为方式进行声音民族志写作。“聆听”兼具方法与对象的双重意义,能够导向对于跨文化审美与情感、自然生态与声音生态、感官声音史等话题的讨论。在一定程度上,音乐人类学不乏对声音的关注,倘若缺少对听觉的关切,则难以对多元文化中的聆听者——“人”及其作乐实践有更为本体意义上的关怀。

论符号现象学的形成

符号现象学的形成源自皮尔斯的符号思想理论体系。皮尔斯对现象问题的思考不仅奠定了符号学理论的基础,而且也为当今哲学符号学研究提供了重要的理论支撑。皮尔斯在其现象学手稿中清晰地论证了三种普遍范畴的存在方式与特性,以及三种范畴与人类意识活动之相互关系,这为探究文学艺术中日益凸显的意义与意识问题提供了理论资源。