Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage in the Yellow River Basin Under Global Warming

The increasing temperature in the Yellow River Basin has led to a rapid rise in the melting level height,at a rate of 5.98 m yr^(-1)during the cold season,which further contributes to the transition from snowfall to rainfall patterns.Between 1979 and 2020,there has been a decrease in snowfall in the Yellow River Basin at a rate of-3.03 mm dec^(-1),while rainfall has been increasing at a rate of 1.00 mm dec^(-1).Consequently,the snowfall-to-rainfall ratio(SRR)has decreased.Snowfall directly replenishes terrestrial water storage(TWS)in solid form until it melts,while rainfall is rapidly lost through runoff and evaporation,in addition to infiltrating underground or remaining on the surface.Therefore,the decreasing SRR accelerates the depletion of water resources.According to the surface water balance equation,the reduction in precipitation and runoff,along with an increase in evaporation,results in a decrease in TWS during the cold season within the Yellow River Basin.In addition to climate change,human activities,considering the region's dense population and extensive agricultural land,also accelerate the decline of TWS.Notably,irrigation accounts for the largest proportion of water withdrawals in the Yellow River Basin(71.8%)and primarily occurs during the warm season(especially from June to August).The impact of human activities and climate change on the water cycle requires further in-depth research.

Stand structure and height-diameter relationship of a degraded Populus euphratica forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Northwest China

Understanding stand structure and height-diameter relationship of trees provides very useful information to establish appropriate countermeasures for sustainable management of endangered forests. Populus euphratica, a dominant tree species along the Tarim River watershed, plays an irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of regional ecology, economy and society. However, as the result of climate changes and human activities, the natural riparian ecosystems within the whole river basin were degraded enormously, particularly in the lower reaches of the river where about 320 km of the riparian forests were either highly degraded or dead. In this study, we presented one of the main criteria for the assessment of vitality of P. euphrafica forests by estimating the defoliation level, and analyzed forest structure and determined the height-diameter （height means the height of a tree and diameter means the diameter at breast height （DBH） of a tree） relationship of trees in different vitality classes （i.e. healthy, good, medium, senesced, dying, dead and fallen）. Trees classified as healthy and good ac- counted for approximately 40% of all sample trees, while slightly and highly degraded trees took up nearly 60% of total sample trees. The values of TH （tree height） and DBH ranged from 0-19 m and 0-125 cm, respectively. Trees more than 15 m in TH and 60 cm in DBH appeared sporadically. Trees in different vitality classes had different distribution patterns. Healthy trees were mainly composed more of relatively younger trees than of degraded tress. The height-diameter relationships differed greatly among tress in different vitality classes, with the coefficients ranging from 0.1653 to 0.6942. Correlation coefficients of TH and DBH in healthy and good trees were higher than those in trees of other vitality classes. The correlation between TH and DBH decreased with the decline of tree vitality. Our results suggested that it might be able to differentiate degraded P. euphratica trees from healthy trees by determining the height-diameter correlation coefficient, and the coefficient would be a new parameter for detecting degradation and assessing sustainable management of floodplain forests in arid regions. In addition, tree vitality should be taken into account to make an accurate height-diameter model for tree height prediction.

Assessment of tear film parameters post-treatment with commercial eyelid cleaning wipes:a pilot study

AIM:To investigate the short-term effects of commercially available eyelid-cleaning wipes on film parameters.METHODS:This study enrolled 48 healthy participants aged 20-35y(both males and females).Clinical assessment included the Ocular Surface Disease Index(OSDI)questionnaire,non-invasive tear break-up time(NITBUT),tear meniscus height(TMH),and lipid layer pattern(LLP).Based on these initial results,participants were categorized as either non-dry eye or dry eye.Participants in each group were randomly allocated to either Blephaclean■or Systane■treatments.Changes in NITBUT,TMH,and LLP levels before and after lid wipe treatment were assessed.RESULTS:The dry eye group exhibited significantly higher OSDI scores and lower NITBUT and TMH levels than in the non-dry eye group(P<0.001).Following the application of eyelid wipes(Systane■wipes),dry eye subjects experienced a significant improvement in NITBUT levels(P=0.0014)compared to the non-dry eye individuals.Although the remaining participants showed a marginal increase in TMH and NITBUT levels,these changes did not achieve statistical significance(P>0.05).Similarly,the LLP levels were significantly improved with Systane■(P<0.001)post-treatment compared to individuals in the non-dry eye group.However,the dry eye subjects showed higher posttreatment LLP levels than the untreated group(P<0.02).CONCLUSION:The short-term effects of Systane®eyelid wipes on tear film parameters suggest their effectiveness in dry eye disease.Nonetheless,further exploration of their long-term impact is essential to justify their cost effectiveness and efficacy in treating both aqueous deficiency and evaporative dryness.

Intra-and interobserver reliability of ocular surface analyzer LacryDiag

AIM:To invastigate intra-and interobserver reliability of interferometry,tear meniscus height(TMH)measurement and meibography(MBG)of an ocular surface analyzer,LacryDiag(Quantel Medical,France).METHODS:Five consecutive measurements and subsequent analysis of interferometry,TMH,and MBG were recorded by two examiners using the LacryDiag.To assess intra-and interobserver reliability,we used Cohen’s kappa for categorical variables(interferometry),or intraclass correlation coefficient for continuous variables(TMH,MBG).RESULTS:Thirty eyes of 30 examinees were included.For both observers,there was excellent intraobserver reliability for MBG(0.955 and 0.970 for observer 1 and 2,respectively).Intraobserver reliability for observer 1 was substantial for interferometry(0.799),and excellent for TMH(0.863).Reliability for observer 2 was moderate for interferometry(0.535)and fair to good for TMH(0.431).Interobserver reliability was poor for interferometry(0.074)and fair to good for TMH(0.680)and MBG(0.414).CONCLUSION:LacryDiag ocular surface analyzer in our study proves to be a reliable noninvasive tool for the evaluation of TMH and MBG.As for interferometry,poor interobserver reliability,fair to good intraobserver reliability for observer 1,and moderate for observer 2,leave room for improvement.

Correlation of eco-hydrographic benefit and height increment of Robinia pseudoacacia stand with climatic environmental factors in Yellow River Delta Wetland of China

The relationship between eco-hydrographic benefit of forest vegetation and climatic environmental factors is one of the focuses in the research on environmental protection and ecosystem countermeasures in Wetland. The runoff, sediment and soil moisture rate dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and its clearcut area were investigated in the natural runoff experiment plots in Yellow River Delta Wet- land, Shandong Province, China. The correlation of height increment ofR. pseudoacacia with nine climate factors such as light, water, heat, etc. was analyzed by stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the amounts of runoff and sediment in clearcut area of R. pseudoacacia were 53.9%-150.8% and 172.8%-387.1% higher than that in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation, respectively. The runoff peak value in R. pseudoacacia stand was obviously lower than that in clerarcut area, meantime, the occurrence of runoffpeak in R. pseudoacacia stand was 25 min later than in its clerarcut area. The soil moisture rates in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation in both dry season and humid season. The annual mean soil moisture rate in R. pseudoacacia stand was 23.3%-25.6% higher than that in its clearcut area. Meanwhile, a regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of R. pseudoacacia and climatic factors was developed by stepwise regression procedure method. It showed that the light was the most important factor for the height increment ofR. pseudoacacia, followed by water and heat factors.

Vitality variation and population structure of a riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,NW China

Since 2000, the Chinese government has implemented emergency water diversion measures to restore the damaged riparian forest ecosystem with dominant tree species Euphrat poplar(Populus euphratica Oliv.)at the lower reaches of the Tarim River. In the present study, comparative analysis of variations in the vitality of P. euphratica trees were made using 2005 and 2010 data to illustrate the revitalization process of riparian forest. Poplar trees within 300 m of the riverbed were positively revitalized, while the vitality of trees farther than 300 m from the river decreased. Population structure was studied to demonstrate the development of poplar community. In the first belt, the class structure for the diameter at breast height(DBH) of P. euphratica fit a logistic model, and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th belt curve fittings were close to a Gaussian model; in other plots they were bimodal. Cluster analysis of the composition of the DBH class of poplar trees demonstrated that those within 16–36 cm DBH were the most abundant(58.49% of total) in study area, under 16 cm of DBH were second(31.36%), and trees >40 cm DBH were the least abundant(10.15%). More than 80% of the trees were young and medium-sized, which means that the poplar forest community in the vicinity of the lower Tarim River is at a stable developmental stage. The abundance of juvenile trees of P. euphratica in the first and second measuring belts was 12.13% in 2005 and increased to 25.52% in 2010, which means that the emergency water transfer had a positive impact on the generation of young P. euphratica trees in the vicinity of the river.

Lipid layer thickness and tear meniscus height measurements for the differential diagnosis of evaporative dry eye subtypes

AIM： To explore a new diagnostic index for differentiating the evaporative dry eye（EDE） subtypes by analysis of their respective clinical characteristics. METHODS： A cross-sectional study of 139 patients（139 eyes） with EDE who were enrolled and classified as obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction（MGD）（n=81） and non-obstructive MGD（n=58） EDE. All patients completed a Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness（SPEED） questionnaire and were evaluated for average lipid layer thickness（LLT）, tear meniscus height measurements（TMH）, tear break-up time（TBUT）, ocular surface staining score, Schirmer I test（SIT）, lid margin abnormalities, and meibomian gland function and morphology. RESULTS： Age, average LLT, TMH, scores of lid margin abnormalities, meibum quality, meibomian gland loss（MGL）（all P≤0.001）, and TBUT（P=0.03） were all significantly different between obstructive MGD EDE patients and nonobstructive MGD EDE patients. Average LLT in obstructive MGD EDE was correlated with meibomian expressibility（r=-0.541, P≤0.001）, lid margin abnormalities were marginally not significant（r=0.197, P=0.077）, and TMH was correlated with MGL（total MGL： r=0.552, P≤0.001; upper MGL： r=0.438, P≤0.001; lower MGL： r=0.407, P≤0.001）. Average LLT in non-obstructive MGD EDE, was correlated with meibomian expressibility and Oxford staining（r=-0.396, P=0.002; r=-0.461, P≤0.001）. The efficiency of combining average LLT and TMH was optimal, with a sensitivity of 80.2% and a specificity of 74.1%. Obstructive MGD EDE patients had an average LLT≥69 nm and TMH≥0.25 mm, while non-obstructive MGD EDE patients had an average LLT〈69 nm and TMH〈0.25 mm.CONCLUSION： Obstructive MGD EDE and nonobstructive MGD EDE have significantly different clinical characteristics. Combining average LLT and TMH measurements enhanced their reliability for differentiating these two subtypes and provided guidance for offering more precise treatments for EDE subtypes.

基于计算机视觉的干眼检测算法综述

对当前干眼检测算法的研究进展进行总结和分析。首先,介绍干眼症基本概念和识别干眼症的重要指标。其次,将现有检查方法和算法按照泪河高度检查、泪膜破裂时间测定、睑板腺功能检查进行介绍和分析。通过对不同算法的总结和分析,比较各自算法的优点并归纳缺点。最后,对待解决的相关问题进行讨论,并展望干眼检测未来发展趋势。

三江源地区夏季-10℃层高度变化及云垂直结构特征

利用三江源地区沱沱河、玉树、达日3个探空站的探空资料对1999—2021年-10℃层高度时间变化趋势、突变时间进行了研究,同时对该地区2021年云出现频率和云垂直分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了-10℃层高度、云层垂直结构与降水的关系。结果表明:(1)近20 a来三江源地区夏季08时和20时的-10℃层高度平均值分别为7 014.1、7 201.6 m,并呈显著上升趋势。突变检验分析确定三江源地区夏季08时-10℃层高度出现突变是从2009年开始,20时出现突变是从2012年开始。(2)08时三江源地区夏季云层结构较为复杂,20时三江源地区夏季主要以单层云为主,6—8月平均出现频率分别为35%、42%、39%。从三江源地区夏季云顶高度、云底高度和云层厚度来看,7月云顶高度最低、云底高度最高、云层厚度最小。(3)三江源地区夏季-10℃层位于该地区云层中下部。产生降水时-10℃层高度主要集中在7 200~7 800 m,云层厚度在4 000~11 000 m。三江源地区夏季降水量与-10℃层高度、云顶高、云层厚之间存在显著的正相关,与云底高存在显著的负相关。-10℃层高度与云顶高度、云层厚度间存在显著的正相关;与云底高度间相关性不显著。

河流下多煤层开采安全性及保护技术

我国新疆地区干旱缺水,艾维尔沟河作为新疆一条具有重要地理特征和环境影响的河流,其对于流经区域的经济、生态都具有重要意义,因此在艾维尔沟河下进行煤炭开采时,既要保证矿井安全也要保证河流的正常使用。采用理论分析、数值模拟等方法对河流下多煤层开采安全性及河流保护技术进行研究,通过理论计算得到多煤层开采条件下,覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度(11401工作面为41.9 m、1502工作面为110 m、11401工作面为113.8 m)并绘制剖面示意图;同时,采用数值模拟方法对覆岩导水裂缝发育形态及高度进行确定,最终基于导水裂隙带高度(117.8 m)与最小煤层埋藏深度(191.5 m)的相互关系,确定河流下开采是安全的可行的。在保证河流下煤层安全开采的前提下,通过分析离层注浆原理,并结合采动影响特征参数及工程现场,提出了以离层注浆为主,河道防渗及优化开采设计为辅的多手段对采动影响范围内地表特定目标的精准保护技术。根据实际采矿地质条件,采用概率积分法计算试采工作面开采前后河道位置处地表移动变形,计算结果显示:采用离层注浆精准保护技术后,河道的最大水平变形值(2 mm/m)未超出允许坝体的极限变形值(2.5 mm/m),所以采用离层注浆精准保护技术可以实现,井下安全开采的同时,保证河道的正常使用。通过对河流下多煤层开采的安全性及保护技术的分析研究,为矿山绿色开采提供参考和借鉴。

Simulation and Analysis about the Effects of Geopotential Height Anomaly in Tropical and Subtropical Region on Droughts or Floods in the Yangtze River Valley and North China

Previous study comes to the conclusion： based on the anomalies of the South Asian high （SAH）, 100-hPa geopotential height, and 100-hPa circulation over tropical and subtropical regions, we can predict precipitation anomaly in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. To test its validity, a series of experiments have been designed and operated, which include controlled experiment, sensitivity experiment （which has added anomalies into 100-hPa geopotential height and wind field）, and four-composite experiments. Experiments based on the composed initial field such as EPR-CF, EPR-CD, EPR-HF, and EPR-HD, can reproduce the floods or droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. It suggests that anomalies of the SAH, 100- hPa geopotential height, and circulation over tropical and subtropical regions may probably imply summer precipitation anomalies in the two regions. Sensitivity experiment results show that anomalies of the SAH, 100-hPa geopotential height, and southwest flow in the previous period is a signal of droughts or floods for the following summer in the Yangtze River Valley and North China. And it is also one of the factors that have impact on summer precipitation anomaly in the two regions. Positive anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and the anomalous intensifying of the SAH and southwest flow will induce floods in the Yangtze River Valley and droughts in North China; while negative anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and anomalous weakening of the SAH and southwest flow will induce droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and floods in North China.

融合星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像的长江中游洲滩典型禾本科植物高度动态研究

植物是大型河流生态系统的重要成分。但受气候变化和人类活动影响,洲滩禾本科植物高度不断发生调整,进而影响洲滩生境和河道防洪安全,故需长期监测。近年来,伴随着星载激光雷达(LiDAR)技术的发展,应用LiDAR卫星数据反演洲滩禾本科植物高度成为一种可能。本文融合新一代星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像,基于XGBoost算法构建了考虑物候、累积温度与光合有效辐射指标的洲滩典型禾本科植物高度外推模型,同时利用Attention-UNet算法搭建了洪淹区域识别模型。随后以长江中游洲滩为例,探明了星载LiDAR技术在获取洲滩植株高度方面的性能,分析了各指标对模型精度的影响,并初步得出了洲滩典型禾本科植物高度对不同淹没条件的响应模式。主要结论包括:(1)星载LiDAR系统GEDI具有准确探测洲滩植物高度的能力,与无人机航测数据相比RMSE=0.43 m;(2)运用GEDI数据构建禾本科植物高度外推模型时,考虑物候和累积温度等指标可有效提升模型精度,提升幅度为6.8%~10.7%;(3)利用无人机航测数据对模型外推植物高度进行评价,RMSE=0.80 m。同时从模型外推结果中可知,受2020年流域尺度洪水影响,中游各河段平均植物高度下降了0.03~0.24 m;(4)在2020年流域尺度洪水作用下,淹没历时≤10天的洲滩禾本科植物,其次年株高整体呈增长趋势;而淹没历时>10天时,其次年株高平均下降了2.3%~3.1%。此外,对于日均淹没水深与株高的比值>0.95的洲滩,随着比值增加,洪水对禾本科植株高度的负面作用逐步增强。

人表皮生长因子滴眼液对白内障患者晶状体超声乳化术后干眼症的效果

目的 探讨人表皮生长因子滴眼液对白内障患者晶状体超声乳化术(PHACO)术后干眼症的效果。方法 选取2023年1月至10月安徽省阜阳市人民医院收治的90例白内障PHACO术后干眼症患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分成对照组和观察组,各45例。对照组予以聚乙烯醇滴眼液治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用人表皮生长因子滴眼液治疗。用药4周后,比较两组疗效、泪河高度、泪膜稳定性、视觉质量及不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组泪膜破裂时间(BUT)长于治疗前,角膜荧光素染色实验(FL)、眼表疾病指数(OSDI)、标准干眼症状评估量表(SPEED)评分低于治疗前,泪河高度、基础泪液分泌实验(LST)高于治疗前,且观察组BUT长于对照组,FL、OSDI、SPEED评分低于对照组,泪河高度、LST高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组均未见明显不良反应。结论 聚乙烯醇滴眼液联合人表皮生长因子滴眼液用于白内障PHACO术后干眼症患者临床治疗,可通过改善泪河高度及泪膜稳定性,提升效果,并提高患者视觉质量,且用药安全。

基于量纲分析的泥石流堰塞坝高度特征研究

泥石流堵河堰塞坝高度直接决定了堰塞湖库容与溃决洪水流量,是影响上、下游受灾程度的关键因素。将影响泥石流堵河的主要参数组合成为4个无量纲因子(体积浓度因子、体积因子、黏粒含量因子、流速比),并通过室内水槽实验研究了无量纲因子作用下高容重泥石流完全堵河形式及堰塞坝高度特征,还构建了直角交汇情况下堰塞坝沟口高度和堵河高度的预测模型。结果表明:(1)根据主支流量比Q、流速比U的乘积可进一步将泥石流完全堵河模式划分为顶冲对岸式(Q×U≤0.045)和连续推进式(Q×U>0.045)两种形式。(2)对泥石流堰塞坝高度的分析表明,泥石流沟口高度与体积浓度因子、体积因子呈正比,与流速比呈反比;泥石流堵河高度与体积因子呈正比,与体积浓度因子、流速比呈反比,而在黏粒含量因子影响下,泥石流沟口高度和堵河高度均呈现先增后减趋势。(3)构建的模型预测精度良好,实际案例与模型对比相结合的方法验证结果显示,预测模型具有一定适用性。研究成果可为泥石流堵河的防灾减灾工作提供参考。

养阴润目方核桃灸联合玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗干眼症临床研究

目的:观察养阴润目方核桃灸联合玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗干眼症临床疗效。方法:选取64例干眼症患者,按随机数字表法分为治疗组及对照组各32例。对照组接受玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗,治疗组接受养阴润目方核桃灸联合玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗。比较2组临床疗效,比较2组治疗前后泪液分泌试验(SIT)值、泪河高度(LTMH)、非接触泪膜破裂时间平均值(NIBUTav)、眼表疾病指数(OSDI)评分、角膜荧光染色评分(FL)、睑板腺评分、睑脂性状评分的变化。结果:治疗后,2组SIT、NIBUTav指标值及治疗组LTMH指标值治疗前后比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组SIT、LTMH、NIBUTav指标值均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组OSDI评分、睑脂性状评分及治疗组FL评分治疗前后比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组OSDI评分、FL评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组临床疗效总有效率为86.67%,对照组总有效率为56.67%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:养阴润目方核桃灸联合玻璃酸钠滴眼液治疗干眼症临床疗效较好,可改善泪液分泌量及泪膜稳定性,缓解临床症状。

重睑术后泪液分泌水平的变化研究

目的 探讨重睑术后患者泪液分泌水平的变化情况。方法 回顾性选取2020年12月—2022年9月赤峰朝聚眼科医院行切开法重睑术的31例(62眼)患者的临床资料,分别于术前、术后1周、术后1个月和术后3个月检查患者泪液分泌、泪膜破裂时间和泪河高度统计及术后并发症情况。结果 手术前后各时间点泪液分泌、泪膜破裂时间和泪河高度差异比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。手术前患者泪膜破裂时间为(7.96±6.41)s,短于术后1周的(12.90±6.49)s,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.02,P<0.05),而术后1个月和3个月与术前相比,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。所有患者术后均未发生明显严重并发症。结论 重睑手术后泪膜破裂时间在术后1周时较术前改善,而重睑手术对泪液分泌和泪河高度无明显影响。

总体城市设计下“城观山”眺望视廊导控路径初探--以南宁市邕江两岸城市设计为例

总体城市设计中的眺望视廊导控,是实现生态文明指导下“山景互融”“山城互望”景观风貌建设的有效手段之一。梳理相关研究和实践以明晰眺望视廊控制的差异化参数及其适用情景,在此基础上构建和完善“眺望视廊遴选+眺望视廊控高”2阶段、7步骤的视廊控制框架和技术细节,并以南宁邕江“城观山”眺望景观控制为例,验证技术方法的可行性。值得一提的是,在普适性技术框架和共通性技术数据之下,仍需因地制宜地进行导控参数的差异化应用。同时,眺望视廊的控高分析应是一个动态的持续增补和完善过程。

NCEP/NOAA全球预报产品在江苏近岸及长江口外的精度评估

利用2021年1—7月江苏近岸和长江口外13个测风站、3个波浪浮标的观测数据,与美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NCEP/NOAA)全球预报系统的风场、波浪预报数据进行对比。结果表明:与上一代预报产品相比,目前全球业务预报产品在风场预报方面的准确度明显提高,江苏近岸地区的风速预报误差明显小于长江口外地区,24 h风速和风向预报的均方根误差分别为2 m/s和45°。对大风天、大浪天环境下全球预报产品精度的评估表明:大风天风速预报精度在长江口外降低,在江苏近岸无明显变化,风向预报精度在长江口外无明显变化,在江苏近岸提高;大浪天波高、浪向的预报精度分别降低、提高。在台风极端天气条件下,全球预报产品对长江口的风场仍有一定的预报能力,但预报的最大风速的出现时间滞后6~9 h,且无法预报出风速剧烈变化的情况。尝试基于长短期记忆网络方法利用NCEP/NOAA预报及观测改进业务预报,可以改善短期单站预报水平。

河下采煤“两带”微震监测应用研究

为确定河下煤矿工作面回采后上覆岩层“两带”发育高度范围,采用微震监测技术对工作面回采前后上覆岩“两带”发育过程与高度进行了定性与定量预测,并在此基础上对传统验公式进行修正。结果表明:微震监测方法可以实现顶板“两带”发育高度的有效探测,监测得到的杨村煤矿325工作面顶板最大垮落带与裂缝带高度分别为38.5m与90.01m,满足《三下采煤规范》要求,可以实现河下安全开采。

The response of annual runoff to the height change of the summertime 0℃ level over Xinjiang

According to climate features and river runoff conditions, Xinjiang could be divided into three research areas： The Altay-Tacheng region, the Tianshan Mountain region and the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. Utilizing daily observations from 12 sounding stations and the annual runoff dataset from 34 hydrographical stations in Xinjiang for the period 1960-2002, the variance of the summertime 0℃ level height and the changing trends of river runoff are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, through trend contrast of curves processed by a 5-point smoothing procedure and linear correlation. The variance of the summertime 0℃ level height in Xinjiang correlates well with that of the annual river runoff, especially since the early 1990s, but it differs from region to region, with both the average height of the 0℃ level and runoff quantity significantly increasing over time in the Al- tay-Tacheng and Tianshan Mountain regions but decreasing on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The correlation holds for the whole of Xinjiang as well as the three indi- vidual regions, with a 0.01 significance level. This indicates that in recent years, climate change in Xinjiang has affected not only the surface layer but also the upper levels of the atmosphere, and this raising and lowering of the summertime 0℃ level has a direct impact on the warming and wetting process in Xinjiang and the amount of river runoff. Warming due to climate change increases the height of the 0℃ level, but also speeds up, ice-snow melting in mountain regions, which in turn increases river runoff, leading to a season of plentiful water instead of the more normal low flow period.