Heterotic loci identified for plant height and ear height using two CSSLs test populations in maize

Heterosis is an important biological phenomenon, and it has been used to increase grain yield, quality and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses in many crops. However, the genetic mechanism of heterosis remains unclear up to now. In this study, a set of 184 chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） population, which derived from two inbred lines Ix9801 （the recurrent parent） and Chang 72 （the donor parent）, were used as basal material to construct two test populations with the inbred lines Zheng 58 and Xun 9058. The two test populations were evaluated in two locations over two years, and the heterotic loci for plant height and ear height were identified by comparing the performance of each test hybrid with the corresponding CK at P〈0.05 significant level using one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan＇s multiple comparisons. There were 24 and 29 different heterotic loci （HL） identified for plant height and ear height in the two populations at two locations over two years. Three HL （hlPH4a, hlPH7c, hlPHlb） for plant height and three （hlEHld, hlEH6b, hlEHlb） for ear height were identified in the CSSLs×Zheng 58 and CSSLs×Xun 9058 populations as contributing highly to heterosis performance of plant height and ear height across four environments. Among the 29 HL identified for ear height, 12 HL （41.4%） shared the same chromosomal region associated with the HL （50.0%） identified for plant height in the same test population and environment.

Seismic responses of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with full-height rigid facing from shaking table test

To investigate the seismic response of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with fullheight rigid facing in terms of the acceleration in the backfill, dynamic earth pressure in the backfill, the displacements on the facing and the dynamic reinforcement strain distribution under different peak acceleration, a large 1-g shaking table test was performed on a reduced-scale reinforced-earth retaining wall model. It was observed that the acceleration response in non-strip region is greater than that in potential fracture region which is similar with the stability region under small earthquake,while the acceleration response in potential fracture region is greater than that in stability region in middle-upper of the wall under moderately strong earthquakes. The potential failure model of the rigid wall is rotating around the wall toe. It also was discovered that the Fourier spectra produced by the inputting white noises after seismic wave presents double peaks, rather than original single peak, and the frequency of the second peak trends to increase with increasing the PGA(peak ground amplitude) of the excitation which is greater than 0.4 g. Additionally,the non-liner distribution of strip strain along the strips was observed, and the distribution trend was not constant in different row. Soil pressure peak value in stability region is larger than that in potential fracture region. The wall was effective under 0.1 g-0.3 g seismic wave according to the analyses of the facing displacement and relative density. Also, it was discovered that the potential failure surface is corresponds to that in design code, but the area is larger. The results from the study can provide guidance for a more rational design of reinforced earth retaining walls with full-height rigid facing in the earthquake zone.

螺牙高度对螺纹桩竖向承载特性的影响

为探明竖向荷载作用下螺牙高度对螺纹桩承载特性及桩周土体的影响,通过室内半面模型桩试验,结合数字图像相关技术(DIC),研究了不同螺牙高度、不同荷载条件对桩身承载性能、桩周土体破坏特征、桩周土体位移场的影响。采用ABAQUS数值模拟方法对模型试验的结果进行验证,并扩展了螺牙高度的取值范围,分析螺纹桩桩身极限承载力与材料利用率、桩周土体应力场分布随螺牙高度变化的规律。结果表明:增加螺牙高度能提升桩身承载力,增大桩周土体位移影响范围,延缓桩侧土体剪切破坏的发展;随着桩身沉降量增加,桩顶荷载以桩侧阻力承受为主,逐渐演变为以桩端阻力承受为主;螺牙高度的增加虽然能提升桩身极限承载力,但桩身材料利用率存在峰值。

A Refined Method for Estimating the Annual Extreme Wave Heights at A Project Site

This paper presents a refined method for estimating the annual extreme wave heights at a coastal or offshore project site on the basis of the data acquired at some nearby routine hydrographic stations. This method is based on the orthogonality principle in linear mean square estimation of stochastic processes. The error of the method is analyzed and compared with that of the conventional method. It is found that the method is able to effectively reduce the error so long as some feasible measures are adopted. A simulated test of the method has been conducted in a large scale wind wave flume. The test results are in good agreement with those given by theoretical error analysis. A scheme to implement the method is proposed on the basis of error analysis. The scheme is so designed as to reduce the estimation error as far as possible. This method is also suitable to utilizing satellite wave data for the estimation.

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for the Vehicle Height and Leveling Adjustment System of an Electronic Air Suspension

The accurate control for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an electronic air suspension(EAS) still is a challenging problem that has not been effectively solved in prior researches. This paper proposes a new adaptive controller to control the vehicle height and to adjust the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body(leveling control) during the vehicle height adjustment procedures by an EAS system. A nonlinear mechanism model of the full?car vehicle height adjustment system is established to reflect the system dynamic behaviors and to derive the system optimal control law. To deal with the nonlinear characters in the vehicle height and leveling adjustment processes, the nonlinear system model is globally linearized through the state feedback method. On this basis, a fuzzy sliding mode controller(FSMC) is designed to improve the control accuracy of the vehicle height adjustment and to reduce the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method more accurately, the full?car EAS system model programmed using AMESim is also given. Then, the co?simulation study of the FSMC performance can be conducted. Finally, actual vehicle tests are performed with a city bus, and the test results illustrate that the vehicle height adjustment performance is effectively guaranteed by the FSMC, and the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body during the vehicle height adjustment procedures are also reduced significantly. This research proposes an effective control methodology for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an EAS, which provides a favorable control performance for the system.

基于模拟道路车身姿态的汽车空气动力学风洞测试

汽车在风洞内进行气动力测试时,由于车身姿态与实际道路状态不同,导致所测气动数据与真实数值存在差异。本文通过使用风洞天平系统的“浮动模式”来模拟车辆在道路上的实际车身姿态的方法,测试了9台不同车辆在初始固定姿态、车轮转动姿态和实际道路姿态下的车身姿态数据和气动性能数据,分析了车轮转动和气动升力/力矩对于车身姿态和气动性能的影响,给出了缩小风洞测试数据与实际道路测试数据差异的建议。

基于相似模拟试验的顶板导水裂隙带高度及发育形态研究

目的 为研究采动影响下顶板导水裂隙带高度及其发育形态,方法 以司马煤矿三采区1303工作面为研究对象,开展相似模拟试验,并以此为基础,对顶板的岩性组合加以改变,结合数字照相量测系统对不同岩性组合顶板导裂带高度和发育形态进行分析,并进行理论验证。结果 结果表明:(1)工作面推进长度为160 m时,硬岩岩性顶板模型、硬-软岩岩性组合顶板模型以及软岩岩性顶板模型的导水裂隙带最大发育高度分别为69.6,55.6,61.1 m;(2)3种模型的导水裂隙带发育形态分别为底角50°的正梯形、前底角62°后底角60°的近似正梯形、前底角50°后底角60°的梯形;(3)根据模型试验和数据统计结果,给出适用于长治二岗山断褶带以南井田导水裂隙带发育高度预测式;(4)运用材料力学方法分析垮落角形成规律,垮落角与导水裂隙带发育高度呈反正切函数关系,并计算得到3种模型导水裂隙带前底角发育角度,分别为49.24°,61.21°和51.12°。通过导高计算公式得到3种模型导水裂隙带发育高度分别为74.1,51.1,59 m,均与相似模拟试验结果吻合。结论 研究结果对各类岩性顶板煤矿导水裂隙带发育高度预测具有参考意义。

松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理及深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术研究

目的为探究松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理,并对片帮严重的松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁进行有效控制,方法利用材料力学理论得到煤壁片帮的频发位置,引入煤壁剪切破坏准则,得出松软煤体煤壁片帮的主控因素。并以李村煤矿1305工作面为例,通过FLAC3D建立数值模型,以煤壁最大位移、煤体破坏深度、支承压力大小和支承压力峰值位置4个因素作为参考比较对象,通过引入正交试验法,研究了煤层埋深、内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗拉强度以及支护强度对煤壁片帮的影响程度。结果结果表明:煤体自身的物理力学性质(内摩擦角和黏聚力)是影响煤壁片帮的主要因素,其次煤体的赋存条件(埋深)也是一个较为关键的影响因素。结论工业性试验基于正交试验结果提出了大采高综采工作面深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术,有效控制了李村煤矿1305工作面煤壁片帮严重情况,为其他类似地质条件大采高综采工作面煤壁片帮控制提供了借鉴。

基于正交试验的PE淋膜纸冲裁工艺参数优化

为了提高冲裁加工PE淋膜纸的断面质量,该文以冲裁速度、冲裁间隙、斜刃倾角三种工艺参数为影响因素,选择纸张毛刺高度作为评价指标,利用正交试验对工艺参数进行分析。结果表明:冲裁工艺参数对纸张毛刺高度的影响程度分别为:加工间隙>冲裁速度>斜刃倾角。冲裁速度的变化与纸张毛刺高度的变化呈负相关,斜刃倾角、加工间隙的变化与纸张毛刺高度的变化呈正相关。研究得出最优冲裁工艺参数组合为:冲裁速度为220 n·min^(-1),斜刃倾角为0.35°,加工间隙为20μm。该项实验研究结果对提高冲裁加工PE淋膜纸的断面质量和生产效率以及降低产品的加工成本具有重要参考价值,在实际生产中具有一定的实用性、经济性价值。

基础加固施工对重载铁路桥梁静动力性能影响研究

铁路桥梁墩台基础加固施工会改变桥墩约束状态,影响结构稳定和列车运营安全。以某重载铁路轻型桥墩基础加固工程为背景,采用数值模拟和试验测试手段,研究各关键施工环节对桥墩和桥跨结构稳定性、刚度和振动响应的影响规律。研究结果表明,基础加固施工分为钻孔桩施工、基础侧土体开挖、基础混凝土浇筑、墩身连接等4个关键施工步骤,其中土体开挖会导致桥墩稳定性和横向刚度降低,随开挖深度增加,两者均逐渐降低,而混凝土浇筑则引起桥墩刚度和稳定性逐渐增加,桥墩横向连接加固则引起墩身刚度显著增大,增幅达到32%;整个施工阶段中,土体开挖引起桥梁结构振动响应显著增大,其他加固环节对桥梁振动响应不明显;施工过程中,列车轴重、速度、桥墩高度是影响桥梁动力响应的最敏感因素,随列车轴重和速度以及桥墩高度增加,桥梁动力响应增大明显。

底部填芯多节段预制拼装空心桥墩抗震性能试验研究

为提高预应力连接预制节段拼装桥墩的抗震性能及施工便捷性,设计了一种底部填芯多节段预制拼装空心桥墩并进行了抗震试验研究。提出了该新型预制节段拼装桥墩填芯高度设计方法,设计了底部填芯预制节段拼装桥墩缩尺模型并开展了拟静力试验测试。基于试验结果分析了该新型桥墩在水平循环往复作用下的裂缝发展过程、失效模式、滞回性能、延性性能、耗能能力及桥墩接缝的开口大小等抗震性能。研究结果表明:所发展的底部填芯多节段预制拼装空心桥墩的失效模式为底部节段混凝土局部压溃,但范围较小,所提填芯高度的设计方法可行,可以使桥墩实现预期失效模式。该新型桥墩具有较小的残余位移、优异的耗能能力与延性性能,这表明此桥墩具有优异的抗震性能。

飞机气动除冰系统试验研究

气动除冰技术具有能耗低、可靠性高的优点,广泛应用于小型商用飞机以及通用航空飞机。研究不同参数对气动除冰效果的影响,是飞机气动除冰系统设计和优化的基础。本文通过对气囊膨胀高度的研究,发现充气时间3 s、充气气压0.2 MPa是实现气囊最佳膨胀高度的条件。在此基础上,先后在地面冷环境以及结冰风洞中建立气动除冰系统试验平台,开展了不同参数对气动除冰效果的试验研究。试验结果表明,充气时间、充气气压、气囊宽度及结冰温度对除冰率均有一定程度的影响。并且,要想实现最好的气动除冰效果,靠近前缘驻点的气囊需达到一定宽度。此外,相较于霜冰,明冰的除冰效果更佳。

用正交试验法分析四种表面活性剂的复配性能

用正交试验设计法研究月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠、十二烷基硫酸钠、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱和月桂酰肌氨酸钠复配的最佳使用比例,摸索四种表面活性剂对泡沫、洗后皮肤水分含量及刺激性的影响。结果显示,在给定的因素水平数里,泡沫高度的优方案为AES:13%,K12:4%,CAB:6%,LS30:5%;洗后皮肤水分含量的优方案为AES:14.5%,K12:3%,CAB:6%,LS30:2%;刺激性最小的优方案为AES:11.5%,K12:1%,CAB:6%,LS30:3%。通过试验数据分析可知,AES对泡沫高度和鸡胚试验评分有显著影响;K12对泡沫高度和洗后皮肤水分含量有显著影响;CAB对泡沫高度有影响;而LS30有助于降低鸡胚评分,在3%时效果最好。

车轮辐板抛丸强化试验数据分析与研究

根据轧制车轮辐板抛丸强化得到的试验数据,经PA2软件处理后绘制出阿尔门饱和曲线,结合抛丸强化工艺参数及抛丸强化机理,对车轮辐板抛丸强化试验数据及阿尔门饱和曲线进行研究分析。结果表明:弧高值的大小取决于弹丸对试片的冲击功,满足弧高值要求的情况下,冲击功越小,饱和时间越短。当冲击功低于一定值后,冲击功越小,饱和时间反而越长。在满足弧高值要求的情况下,提高工件喷丸强化生产效率的唯一方法是提高单位时间内的喷丸量,即增大抛丸器功率。

采煤机调高试验装置的设计

为了充分验证当前煤岩识别和采煤机自适应调高控制技术的应用效果,提出采用采煤机调高试验装置进行模拟试验的思路。在完成采煤机调高试验装置总体设计的基础上,重点对采煤机调高试验装置的截割系统和液压系统进行设计,完成了截割电机、减速装置以及调高油缸的设计,为完成采煤机调高试验装置的研发奠定扎实理论基础。

超大采高采煤机摇臂试验方法

提出了一种超大采高采煤机摇臂的试验方法。通过对摇臂高速腔、惰轮腔、行星头腔加油量进行严格控制,通过试验中心增速机对摇臂转速进行增速处理,对冷却水进行流量控制,使用电反馈方式进行加载试验。设计摇臂飞溅润滑专用工装,对减速箱齿轮飞溅润滑情况进行可视化检验。通过摇臂加载试验以及飞溅润滑试验,保证摇臂达到设计要求,确保采煤机在采煤工作面的正常运行。

多因素影响下巷道围岩稳定性分析及优化设计研究

针对深部煤层巷道矿压显现剧烈且巷道变形难以控制的问题,基于Kastner公式对巷道高宽比、侧压系数、埋深、断面形状、围岩强度5种影响巷道围岩稳定性的因素展开正交数值模拟实验,通过方差和直观分析图法研究了各因素对巷道变形破坏的敏感性。采用平面弹性复变函数理论分析了不同侧压系数与巷道高宽比下椭圆和矩形巷道围岩的应力分布规律,对椭圆形和矩形巷道宽高比和形状进行了优化设计。研究结果表明:围岩强度与侧压系数是影响巷道围岩稳定性的主要因素,埋深、断面形状、巷道高宽比为次要因素;椭圆形巷道在等轴应力比下围岩应力差值最小;矩形巷道宽度为5 m、高宽比为0.6左右时,应力集中程度较小;针对矩形巷道应力快速增高区,在考虑承压特性和断面利用率的基础上设计了圆角矩形优化巷道,确立了圆角半径的计算公式,通过数值模拟验证了其良好的性能。

刚性墙面双面加筋土挡墙动力响应振动台模型试验研究

设计并完成了1:4的刚性墙面双面加筋土挡墙振动台试验,在满足相似关系的前提下,通过输入不同幅值的水平向正弦波,分析刚性墙面双面加筋土挡墙的动力响应特性。研究结果表明:两侧加筋区和中部非加筋区的加速度沿着高度方向均呈现出明显的放大效应,并在挡墙顶部达到最大值。随着加载幅值的增加,双面加筋土挡墙顶部的最大放大系数主要分为3个阶段,分别是平稳段、上升段与衰减段。最大墙面位移和残余位移沿着高度方向呈线性增大。当加载幅值未超过临界加速度时,位移量较小;而加载幅值超过临界加速度时,位移会迅速增大。同时,临界加速度对双面加筋土挡墙的变形模式有着决定性作用。刚性墙面双面加筋土挡墙的筋材动应变增量随着加载幅值持续施加而不断增大。底层的最大筋材应变增量出现在连接处,且沿着高度方向,最大筋材应变增量的位置不断向内部移动。

特厚煤层开采覆岩断裂带发育高度测试研究

宽沟煤矿为特厚、高瓦斯煤层开采,工作面回采期间经常发生上隅角瓦斯超限现象。在采动覆岩裂隙内布置水平定向长钻孔抽采卸压瓦斯是一种有效的治理措施,钻孔布置于断裂带内上部区域可取得较好的抽采效果。因此,亟需对矿井特厚煤层开采断裂带发育高度进行测试研究。以矿井B2特厚煤层I010206工作面开采为原型,利用经验公式对断裂带发育高度进行了计算,得到断裂带发育高度范围为104.3~125.1m。在此基础上,通过布置两个顶板仰孔,采用注水漏失量测试的方法对工作面开采断裂带发育高度进行了实测研究,得出断裂带上边界为距离煤层底板108.3~109.4 m;结合ZK401号钻孔柱状,判断I010206工作面特厚煤层开采断裂带发育至煤层上方13.5 m的细粒砂岩层位,发育高度106.2 m。研究成果可为矿井确定特厚煤层开采断裂带发育高度,进而设计布置钻孔抽采卸压瓦斯提供技术参考。

非等高RC三柱式排架墩抗震拟静力试验研究

为研究高烈度山区非等高三柱式排架墩的延性抗震性能,本文以某桥梁桥墩为参考进行缩尺比为1∶12的拟静力试验,分析排架墩损伤过程及塑性铰演化机理,得到排架墩剪力-位移滞回曲线以及相应骨架曲线。基于骨架曲线主要特征点,计算排架墩延性系数,分析试件滞回性能、位移延性性能和刚度退化。引入损伤指数的概念,基于排架墩位移延性对抗震性能目标进行量化,建立损伤指数与排架墩抗震性能目标的联系。试验及分析结果表明:高墩和中墩在墩顶及墩底均产生塑性铰,因塑性铰区混凝土剥落、钢筋屈曲发生弯曲破坏,矮墩因较小长细比发生剪切破坏;各墩长细比相差较大,抗推刚度分布极不均匀,造成矮墩提前剪切破坏退出工作,在矮墩失效后结构仍有一定的延性性能;根据性能目标量化结果,损伤指数超过0.35时,试件进入非线性状态,发生微小损伤,损伤指数达到0.64时,试件进入严重损伤阶段。