Centennial Analysis of Human Activity Intensity and Associated Historical Events in Heilongjiang River Sino-Russo Watershed

Human activities in a transborder watershed are complex under the influence of domestic policies,international relations,and global events.Understanding the forces driving human activity change is important for the development of transborder watershed.In this study,we used global historical land cover data,the hemeroby index model,and synthesized major historical events to analyze how human activity intensity changed in the Heilongjiang River(Amur River in Russia)watershed(HLRW).The results showed that there was a strong spatial heterogeneity in the variation of human activity intensity in the HLRW over the past century(1900-2016).On the Chinese side,the human activity intensity change shifted from the plain areas for agricultural reclamation to the mountainous areas for timber extraction.On the Russian side,human activity intensity changes mostly concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.Localized variation of human activity intensity tended to respond to regional events while regionalized variation tends to reflect national policy change or broad international events.The similarities and differences between China and Russia in policies and positions in international events resulted in synchronous and asynchronous changes in human activity intensity.Meanwhile,policy shifts were often confined by the natural features of the watershed.These results reveal the historical origins and fundamental connotations of watershed development and contribute to formulating regional management policies that coordinate population,eco-nomic,social,and environmental activities.

Recent advances on study of hadrosaurid dinosaurs in Heilongjiang(Amur) River area between China and Russia

Four main dinosaur-bearing sites have been investigated in latest Cretaceous deposits from the Amur/Heilongjiang Region ： Jiayin and Wulaga in China （ Yuliangze Formation）, Blagoveschensk and Kundur in Russia （Udurchukan Formation）. More than 90% of the bones discovered in these localities belong to hollow-crested lambeosaurine hadrosaurids： Charonosaurus fiayinensis at Jiayin, Amurosaurus riabinini at Blagoveschensk, Olorotitan arharensis at Kundur, and Sahaliyania elunchunorum at Wulaga. Flat-headed hadrosaurine hadrosaurids are much less numerous, but appear well diversified as well： Kerberosaurus manakini at Blagoveschensk, Wulagasaurus dongi at Wulaga, and a new genus at Kundur. Theropods are represented by shed teeth and isolated bones; isolated scutes and teeth discovered at Kundur are tentatively attributed to nodosaurids. Palynological studies suggest that these sites are probably synchronous with the Lancian＇ vertebrate localities of western North America, which represent the youngest dinosaur faunas in this area. However, the latest Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages are completely different in the Amur/Heilongjiang region （lambeosaurines abundant, ceratopsids absent） and in western North America （ceratopsids abundant, lainbeosaurines extremely rare or absent）. This probably reflects some kind of geographical barrier between both areas by Maastrichtian time rather than strong differences in palaeoecological conditions.

Climate change characteristics of Amur River

Unusually severe weather is occurring more frequently due to global climate change. Heat waves, rainstorms, snowstorms, and droughts are becoming increasingly common all over the world, threatening human lives and property. Both temperature and precipitation are representative variables usually used to directly reflect and forecast the influences of climate change. In this study, daily data （from 1953 to 1995） and monthly data （from 1950 to 2010） of temperature and precipitation in five regions of the Amur River were examined. The significance of changes in temperature and precipitation was tested using the Mann-Kendall test method. The amplitudes were computed using the linear least-squares regression model, and the extreme temperature and precipitation were analyzed using hydrological statistical methods. The results show the following： the mean annual temperature increased significantly from 1950 to 2010 in the five regions, mainly due to the warming in spring and winter; the annual precipitation changed significantly from 1950 to 2010 only in the lower mainstream of the Amur River; the frequency of extremely low temperature events decreased from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River; the frequency of high temperature events increased from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River; and the frequency of extreme precipitation events did not change significantly from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for settling disputes between China and Russia on sustainable development and utilization of water resources of the Amur River.

Gridded inventories of historical usage for selected organochlorine pesticides in Heilongjiang River Basin, China

The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.

In Search of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in Heilongjiang River Area of China

A new geological section recognized in Baishantou of Jiayin,Heilongjiang Province,China,was studied preliminarily in searching for the K/T boundary.An early Paleocene florule characrerized by abundant Tiliaephyllum tsagajanicum leaves and its associated plants,was collected from the Baishantou Member(new member representing the lower part of the Paleocene Wuyun Formation)overlying the possible K/T boundary.A tuff bed was found from the upper part of the Furao Formation(uppermost Cretaceous)in this section.The new findings imply that the K/T boundary is probable lying in the interval between the base of the Baishantou Member and the tuff bed,based on the correlation of the present strata with the stratotype of the Tsagajan Group spanning the K/T boundary in"Belaya Gara"of the Bureya Basin,Russia.The early Paleocene florule from the Baishantou Member and the early-middle Maastrichtian dinosaurs found from the Yuliangzi Formation underlying the Furao Formation suggest that the Baishantou section is more promising for searching for the K/T boundary in this area.Further studies of the section is needed,integrating paleontological,biostratigraphic,geochemical,paleomagnetic,and sedimentary research would benefit our understanding the mass extinction event and biotic recovery in the Heilongjiang River area,China,and even all of northeast Asia during the K/T boundary interval.

Spatial-temporal variability of snow cover over the Amur River Basin inferred from MODIS daily snow products in recent decades

MODIS snow products MOD10A1\MYD10A1 provided us a unique chance to investigate snow cover as well as its spatial-temporal variability in response to global changes from regional and global perspectives.By means of MODIS snow products MOD10A1\MYD10A1 derived from an extensive area of the Amur River Basin,mainly located in the Northeast part of China,some part in far east area of the former USSR and a minor part in Republic of Mongolia,the reproduced snow datasets after removal of cloud effects covering the whole watershed of the Amur River Basin were generated by using 6 different cloud-effect-removing algorithms.The accuracy of the reproduced snow products was evaluated with the time series of snow depth data observed from 2002 to 2010 within the Chinese part of the basin,and the results suggested that the accuracies for the reproduced monthly mean snow depth datasets derived from 6 different cloud-effect-removing algorithms varied from 82%to 96%,the snow classification accuracies(the harmonic mean of Recall and Precision)was higher than 80%,close to the accuracy of the original snow product under clear sky conditions when snow cover was stably accumulated.By using the reproduced snow product dataset with the best validated cloud-effect-removing algorithm newly proposed,spatial-temporal variability of snow coverage fraction(SCF),the date when snow cover started to accumulate(SCS)as well as the date when being melted off(SCM)in the Amur River Basin from 2002 to 2016 were investigated.The results indicated that the SCF characterized the significant spatial heterogeneity tended to be higher towards East and North but lower toward West and South over the Amur River Basin.The inter-annual variations of SCF showed an insignificant increase in general with slight fluctuations in majority part of the basin.Both SCS and SCM tended to be slightly linear varied and the inter-annual differences were obvious.In addition,a clear decreasing trend in snow cover is observed in the region.Trend analysis(at 10%significance level)showed that 71%of areas between 2,000 and 2,380 m a.s.l.experienced a reduction in duration and coverage of annual snow cover.Moreover,a severe snow cover reduction during recent years with sharp fluctuations was investigated.Overall spatial-temporal variability of Both SCS and SCM tended to coincide with that of SCF over the basin in general.

Sedimentological features of Cretaceous--Tertiary (K/T) boundary section along Heilongjiang River,Northeast China

The Jiayin area along the Heilongjiang River in Northeast China has attracted stratigraphic and sedimentological interests recently because the Cretaceous--Tertiary (K/T) boundary should be located in this non-marine succession.Dinosaur remains disappear suddenly at the upper part of the Maastrichtian,whereas plants gradually evolved throughout the succession.Analysis of sedimentary facies has been carried out and paleo-environments through Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene sections are reconstructed.Fluvial to lacustrine sedimentary environments are inferred from the facies.Several debris flow events have been identified,and it is in these deposits that the dinosaur fossils are concentrated.

Forest and Agricultural Land Use Changes in the Amur River Basin in the 20th Century:Tendencies and Driving Forces

The main part of the Amur River basin(over 90%) belongs to the Russian Far East and Northeastern China.Forests and agricultural lands,covering more than 70%of considered watershed,in the 20th century played a role of important resources base for both regional economic development and growth of national economies.Present-day and future environmental conditions of adjoining regions of Russia

Sedimentary facies of Maastrichtian to Danian deposits in Amur River area,Russian Far East

Sedimentary facies of the Tsagayan Formation is distributed in the eastern Zeya-Bureya Basin has been analyzed. The formation is of the Maastrichtian to Danian in age and characterized by the cyclicity of the fining-upwards successions. Analysis of environmental changes during the K/T boundary is the focus of this study. Five facies have been identified: Facies A, thick and laterally extensive coarse-grained to medium-grained sandstone units, interpreted as channelfill deposits; Facies B, parallel-laminated to massive mudstone units interpreted as interchannel lakes and flood plain deposits; Facies C, sheet-like medium-grained to fine-grained sandstones interpreted as crevasse splay deposits; Facies D, coal to coaly mudstone beds interpreted as deposits of peatlands; Facies E, very poorly sorted sandy mudstone beds interpreted as debris flow deposits. Fluvial environments with the low-relief flat topography was inferred. A channel transported large volumes of clasts, and a flood basin with interchannel lakes and peatlands was deciphered. Any distinct change of sedimentary environments has not been identified throughout the Tsagayan Formation (including the K/T boundary). However, two beds of debris flow deposits were identified. The one occurs at the uppermost part of the lower Tsagayan Subformation and contains dinosaur fossils. The other is intercalated in the upper Tsagayan Subformation.

Variations of Dissolved Iron in the Amur River During an Extreme Flood Event in 2013

As a key factor limiting primary productivity in marine ecosystem, dissolved iron(DFe) export from fluvial systems has increased recently. There is particular concern about discharges of DFe during extreme flooding, when they are thought to increase considerably. An extreme flood event that caused inundation of extensive areas of Far Eastern Russia and Northeastern China occurred in the basin of the Amur River during summer and autumn 2013. During this event, water samples were collected in the middle reaches of the Amur River and the lower reaches at Khabarovsk City and analyzed for DFe concentrations and other aquatic parameters. The results show that the average DFe concentrations in the middle reaches of the Amur River(right bank) and at Khabarovsk were 1.11 mg/L and 0.32 mg/L, respectively, during the extreme flood in 2013. The total discharge of DFe during the flood event was 6.25 × 104 t. The high discharge of DFe during the flood reflects the elevated discharge of the river, hydrologically connected riparian wetlands, vast quantities of terrestrial runoff, and flood discharges from the Zeya and Bureya reservoirs. These results show that long-term monitoring is needed to identify and assess the impacts of DFe transport on the downstream reaches, estuarine area, and coastal ecosystems of the Amur River.

黑龙江省主要河流封冻日期变化特征及预测

河冰是冰冻圈的重要组成部分。在气候变暖背景下,对黑龙江省主要河流的封冻日期进行研究,可为该地区防凌减灾提供科学依据。本文基于1962—2020年黑龙江省水文观测站封冻日期观测资料,利用Mann-Kendall检验、相关分析方法,探讨了黑龙江省主要河流封冻日期在气象要素的影响下随时间变化的特征,并采用信息扩散理论、线性回归分析方法对封冻日期进行了模拟预测。结果表明,1962—2020年松花江哈尔滨站、嫩江江桥站、黑龙江黑河站和乌苏里江饶河站平均封冻日期在11月12—22日之间,分别在1970年、2005年、2000年、2012年发生突变。1962—2020年黑龙江省四大江的封冻日期均呈推迟趋势,其中江桥站、黑河站封冻日期表现为显著推迟趋势(P<0.05),59年来分别推迟了15 d、8 d,变化速率分别为2.46 d·(10a)^(-1)、1.35 d·(10a)^(-1)。处于纬度相对较高地区的江桥站、黑河站封冻日期主要受11月上旬平均气温、地表气温、最低气温影响,而纬度相对较低的哈尔滨站、饶河站主要受11月中旬平均气温、地表气温、最低气温影响。当负积温为-180℃时,出现封冻的概率达到80%~90%;当负积温达到-240℃时,基本全部冻结。本文基于平均气温、地表气温、最低气温等关键因子所构建的多元线性回归模型预报精度均在80%以上。

黑龙江结雅河口段流量对河道水动力特征的影响

黑龙江结雅河口段属于弯曲分汊型河段,水流条件复杂,且属于中俄界河,河势变化关乎国界线的稳定。为探明不同流量对河道水动力特征的影响,采用原位观测法对结雅河汇流比、汊道分流比、水动力轴线、深泓线水位、最大垂向平均流速随流量的变化特征开展研究。结果表明,结雅河的汇流比一般不低于0.3,汇流量对黑龙江干流径流量影响很大;分汊河段,河道流量越小,主槽分流比越大,且不低于0.5;流量越大,主流越偏向于凹岸;卡伦山站流量越大,结雅河口以上河道的水位和流速受到的顶托作用越明显。

黑龙江干流黑河市城区段河床演变研究

黑龙江黑河市城区河段河道受自然及人为因素影响,河床演变复杂。采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和双累积曲线法分析了水沙变化趋势。基于实测水文和泥沙资料,对河床稳定性及冲淤变化进行了定量研究。研究结果表明,该河段属于少沙河流,结雅河口以上年径流和输沙量随时间呈减小趋势,结雅河口以下年径流没有明显的趋势性变化,年输沙量呈减小趋势。自然状态下,河段岸线和深泓线位置基本稳定,河床冲淤变化不大,以约10年为一个周期,基本可以达到冲淤平衡。在人类活动及支流汇入影响下,黑河水位站至长发岛段纵向不稳定,预测会引起该段未防护岛屿洲滩的岸线变迁。

额尔古纳河流域水文地理区划研究

额尔古纳河流经中俄蒙3国,对3个国家间水权分配问题和黑龙江(阿穆尔河)水资源量具有重要影响。为研究额尔古纳河流域水文地理分布特征,基于30 m数字地表模型,结合行政区划、图鉴等资料,对额尔古纳河流域基于行政管理、地表水和地下水3因素分区,分析流域水资源分布特性。额尔古纳河流域流经中俄蒙3国共10个行政区,根据地表径流特征和地下水赋存特征划分为6个地表水分区和3个地下水分区。耦合3因素得到额尔古纳河流域17个分区,分区数最多、流域涉及面积最广且地下水类型分布多样的为中国,为协调整个流域的水资源管理问题,以中国境内为主,辅以俄罗斯和蒙古两国,以流域的可持续发展加强跨界河流国家的生态-社会-经济的可持续发展。通过从全流域视角对额尔古纳河流域水资源进行规划和区划,对额尔古纳河及同类型的跨界河流水资源的管理提供具有地域特性的分配依据以及研究方法的参考。

基于灰色关联度-突变理论模型的黑龙江上游凌汛灾害风险评价

在高纬度和高海拔地区河流凌汛现象频繁发生,常导致冰塞或冰坝洪水,严重威胁人身和财产安全。因此,全面考虑各因素进行科学的风险评价是预防凌汛灾害风险的首要前提和必然要求。研究基于突变理论构建凌汛灾害风险评价模型,引入灰色关联度分析法进行基础指标排序,对黑龙江上游地区凌汛灾害风险进行评价。鉴于不同指标之间的相互关联性,采用皮尔逊相关系数法精简指标集并选取代表性年份,依据代表年风险排序与层次聚类分析-突变理论所得结果进行比较。结果表明:在水文、气象、社会、经济等多因素影响下,2000年至2020年期间黑龙江上游漠河、塔河、呼玛三区凌汛灾害风险水平整体均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。其中,积雪深度、水位、冰厚、气温等要素与凌汛灾害发生频率之间表现出极高的相关性,而人口、农业、经济、医疗等社会因素也对洪水发生后的风险水平产生影响。漠河河段因其复杂陡峭的河流地形、恶劣的气候条件以及相对较高的人口密度,整体呈现出较高的风险水平。灰色关联度-突变理论模型风险隶属度值分布在0.85至0.93之间,且较层次聚类分析-突变理论模型具有更优的风险排序和安全裕度,验证了该模型在凌汛灾害风险评价中的有效性和实用性,为凌汛灾害风险研究提供了新的科学方法和理论依据。

元代黑龙江流域农业经济研究

元初,黑龙江流域饱受战乱之苦,社会经济凋敝。平息乃颜、哈丹之乱后,元廷着手恢复农业生产:派遣汉族官兵至上游怯绿连河(今克鲁伦河)和混同江(今松花江)一带,与当地女真族和蒙古族人民一道屯田,建立浦峪路屯田万户府、肇州蒙古屯田万户府、水达达屯田总管府;将“流囚”从奴儿干改发至肇州屯田;上百户张成等率部屯田于水达达地面以至于“黑龙江之东北极边”地区楚科奇半岛;每有灾荒,元廷要赈济受灾农户。这些举措使得黑龙江流域的农业生产得到了有效恢复和发展,促进了社会经济的进步。

河湖长制背景下黑龙江省小微水体污染分析与治理研究

作为地表水最小的单位部分和最基本的生态细胞-小微水体,在水循环中起着极其重要的作用,对人居生态环境质量发挥着重要的基础性功能和作用,但部分小微水体饱受长期无人问津、疏于管护以及“人进水退”、垃圾和污水随意丢弃、水质严重污染、生态系统崩溃等问题严重突出,已然成为水生态文明建设的“盲点”和“重点”。以黑龙江省小微水体治理管护为切入点,分析、研究并总结小微水体的定义、特征、分类和数量,系统介绍了小微水体污染来源,梳理了高效治理的对策和方法,为黑龙江省和国内开展小微水体污染治理提供参考。

智媒时代黑龙江流域少数民族文化微传播策略研究

随着智媒时代的到来,文化传播的方式和途径发生了改变。黑龙江流域作为多民族聚居区,少数民族文化积淀深厚,传承传播意义重大。通过深入分析智媒时代微传播特点和黑龙江流域少数民族文化传播现状中存在的问题,探讨提出“聚焦微圈层”“创新微内容”等微传播实施策略,以期推动黑龙江流域少数民族文化的有效传播和创新发展。

基于“两山”理论的黑龙江省幸福河湖实践探索

黑龙江省响应习近平总书记关于建设造福人民的幸福河的伟大号召,开展了幸福河湖建设。在揭示“绿水青山”“冰天雪地”本身就有价值、是重要生产力,和“金山银山”是互动转化关系的基础上,提出建设黑龙江省幸福河湖必须立足美好生态就是最普惠民生福祉的生态民生观,坚持人与自然、人与人、人与社会和谐的生态文明观,牢牢守住水安全底线,坚持最严格制度和最严密法制保护的生态法治观。实施黑龙江省幸福河湖建设行动,应在推动滨水绿色产业发展、探索河湖生态价值转换、共建人民美好精神家园等方面积极践行“两山”理论,实现生态资源的保值增值,以满足人民对美好生活的向往。