Centennial Analysis of Human Activity Intensity and Associated Historical Events in Heilongjiang River Sino-Russo Watershed

Human activities in a transborder watershed are complex under the influence of domestic policies,international relations,and global events.Understanding the forces driving human activity change is important for the development of transborder watershed.In this study,we used global historical land cover data,the hemeroby index model,and synthesized major historical events to analyze how human activity intensity changed in the Heilongjiang River(Amur River in Russia)watershed(HLRW).The results showed that there was a strong spatial heterogeneity in the variation of human activity intensity in the HLRW over the past century(1900-2016).On the Chinese side,the human activity intensity change shifted from the plain areas for agricultural reclamation to the mountainous areas for timber extraction.On the Russian side,human activity intensity changes mostly concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.Localized variation of human activity intensity tended to respond to regional events while regionalized variation tends to reflect national policy change or broad international events.The similarities and differences between China and Russia in policies and positions in international events resulted in synchronous and asynchronous changes in human activity intensity.Meanwhile,policy shifts were often confined by the natural features of the watershed.These results reveal the historical origins and fundamental connotations of watershed development and contribute to formulating regional management policies that coordinate population,eco-nomic,social,and environmental activities.

Gridded inventories of historical usage for selected organochlorine pesticides in Heilongjiang River Basin, China

The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.

Sedimentological features of Cretaceous--Tertiary (K/T) boundary section along Heilongjiang River,Northeast China

The Jiayin area along the Heilongjiang River in Northeast China has attracted stratigraphic and sedimentological interests recently because the Cretaceous--Tertiary (K/T) boundary should be located in this non-marine succession.Dinosaur remains disappear suddenly at the upper part of the Maastrichtian,whereas plants gradually evolved throughout the succession.Analysis of sedimentary facies has been carried out and paleo-environments through Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene sections are reconstructed.Fluvial to lacustrine sedimentary environments are inferred from the facies.Several debris flow events have been identified,and it is in these deposits that the dinosaur fossils are concentrated.

Impact of historical pattern of human activities and natural environment on wetland in Heilongjiang River Basin

Mid and high latitude wetlands are becoming fragmented and losing ecosystem functions at a much faster rate than many other ecosystems.This is due in part to increasing human activities and climate change.In this study,we analyzed wetland distribution and spatial pattern changes for the Heilongjiang River Basin over the past 100 yr.We identified the driving factors and quantified the relative importance of each factor based on landscape pattern metrics and machine learning algorithms.Our results show that wetlands have been fragmented into smaller and regular patches with dominant factors that varied at different periods.Geographic features play the most important role in patterns of wetland change for the entire basin(with 50%-60%of relative importance).Human activities are more important than climate change at the century scale,but less important when magnified at the decadal scale.In the early 1900s,human activities were relatively low and localized and remained that way in the subsequent decades.Thus,the effect of human activities on wetland area of the entire basin is weaker when examined at the magnified decadal scale.The results also show that human activities are more important on the Chinese side of the Heilongjiang River Basin,in the ZeyaBureya Plain on the Russian side,and at lower altitudes(0-100 m).Revealing the spatial and temporal processes and driving factors over the past 100 yr helps researchers and policymakers understand and anticipate wetland change and design effective conservation and restoration policies.

Flux characteristics of total dissolved iron and its species during extreme rainfall event in the midstream of the Heilongjiang River

The occurrence of extreme rainfall events and associated flooding has been enhanced due to climate changes, and is thought to influence the flux of total dissolved iron（TDI） in rivers considerably. Since TDI is a controlling factor in primary productivity in marine ecosystems, alteration of riverine TDI input to the ocean may lead to climate change via its effect on biological productivity. During an extreme rainfall event that arose in northeastern China in 2013, water samples were collected in the midstream of the Heilongjiang River to analyze the concentration and species of TDI as well as other basic parameters. The speciation of TDI was surveyed by filtration and ultrafiltration methods.Compared with data monitored from 2007 to 2012, the concentration of TDI increased significantly during this event, with an average concentration of 1.11 mg/L, and the estimated TDI flux reached 1.2 × 10^5 tons, equaling the average annual TDI flux level.Species analysis revealed that low-molecular-weight complexed iron was the dominant species, and the impulse of TDI flux could probably be attributed to the hydrological connection to riparian wetlands and iron-rich terrestrial runoff. Moreover, dissolved organic matter played a key role in the flux, species and bioavailability of TDI. In addition,there is a possibility that the rising TDI flux could further influence the transport and cycling of nutrients and related ecological processes in the river, estuary coupled with the coastal ecosystems, which merits closer attention in the future.

黑龙江结雅河口段流量对河道水动力特征的影响

黑龙江结雅河口段属于弯曲分汊型河段,水流条件复杂,且属于中俄界河,河势变化关乎国界线的稳定。为探明不同流量对河道水动力特征的影响,采用原位观测法对结雅河汇流比、汊道分流比、水动力轴线、深泓线水位、最大垂向平均流速随流量的变化特征开展研究。结果表明,结雅河的汇流比一般不低于0.3,汇流量对黑龙江干流径流量影响很大;分汊河段,河道流量越小,主槽分流比越大,且不低于0.5;流量越大,主流越偏向于凹岸;卡伦山站流量越大,结雅河口以上河道的水位和流速受到的顶托作用越明显。

黑龙江干流黑河市城区段河床演变研究

黑龙江黑河市城区河段河道受自然及人为因素影响,河床演变复杂。采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和双累积曲线法分析了水沙变化趋势。基于实测水文和泥沙资料,对河床稳定性及冲淤变化进行了定量研究。研究结果表明,该河段属于少沙河流,结雅河口以上年径流和输沙量随时间呈减小趋势,结雅河口以下年径流没有明显的趋势性变化,年输沙量呈减小趋势。自然状态下,河段岸线和深泓线位置基本稳定,河床冲淤变化不大,以约10年为一个周期,基本可以达到冲淤平衡。在人类活动及支流汇入影响下,黑河水位站至长发岛段纵向不稳定,预测会引起该段未防护岛屿洲滩的岸线变迁。

黑龙江省主要河流封冻日期变化特征及预测

河冰是冰冻圈的重要组成部分。在气候变暖背景下,对黑龙江省主要河流的封冻日期进行研究,可为该地区防凌减灾提供科学依据。本文基于1962—2020年黑龙江省水文观测站封冻日期观测资料,利用Mann-Kendall检验、相关分析方法,探讨了黑龙江省主要河流封冻日期在气象要素的影响下随时间变化的特征,并采用信息扩散理论、线性回归分析方法对封冻日期进行了模拟预测。结果表明,1962—2020年松花江哈尔滨站、嫩江江桥站、黑龙江黑河站和乌苏里江饶河站平均封冻日期在11月12—22日之间,分别在1970年、2005年、2000年、2012年发生突变。1962—2020年黑龙江省四大江的封冻日期均呈推迟趋势,其中江桥站、黑河站封冻日期表现为显著推迟趋势(P<0.05),59年来分别推迟了15 d、8 d,变化速率分别为2.46 d·(10a)^(-1)、1.35 d·(10a)^(-1)。处于纬度相对较高地区的江桥站、黑河站封冻日期主要受11月上旬平均气温、地表气温、最低气温影响,而纬度相对较低的哈尔滨站、饶河站主要受11月中旬平均气温、地表气温、最低气温影响。当负积温为-180℃时,出现封冻的概率达到80%~90%;当负积温达到-240℃时,基本全部冻结。本文基于平均气温、地表气温、最低气温等关键因子所构建的多元线性回归模型预报精度均在80%以上。

Radiometric Zircon Ages of a Tuff Sample from the Baishantou Member of Wuyun Formation,Jiayin:A Contribution to the Search for the K-T Boundary in Heilongjian River Area,China

The existence of the Cretaceous-Tertiary （K/T） boundary in the non-marine succession is expected at Jiayin in the Heilongjiang River area, China. Zircons from a tuff sample from the Baishantou Member of Wuyun Formation in Jiayin were analyzed by the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LA-ICP-MS） U-Pb dating and fission-track dating methods. Ages of 64.1±0.7 Ma （U-Pb） and 61.7±1.8 Ma （fission-track dating） were obtained, which allow reevaluation of a previously reported late Maastrichian age for the tuff layer that was in conflict with the paleontological evidence. These results confirm the Danian age of the section in agreement with the paleontological evidence.

额尔古纳河流域水文地理区划研究

额尔古纳河流经中俄蒙3国,对3个国家间水权分配问题和黑龙江(阿穆尔河)水资源量具有重要影响。为研究额尔古纳河流域水文地理分布特征,基于30 m数字地表模型,结合行政区划、图鉴等资料,对额尔古纳河流域基于行政管理、地表水和地下水3因素分区,分析流域水资源分布特性。额尔古纳河流域流经中俄蒙3国共10个行政区,根据地表径流特征和地下水赋存特征划分为6个地表水分区和3个地下水分区。耦合3因素得到额尔古纳河流域17个分区,分区数最多、流域涉及面积最广且地下水类型分布多样的为中国,为协调整个流域的水资源管理问题,以中国境内为主,辅以俄罗斯和蒙古两国,以流域的可持续发展加强跨界河流国家的生态-社会-经济的可持续发展。通过从全流域视角对额尔古纳河流域水资源进行规划和区划,对额尔古纳河及同类型的跨界河流水资源的管理提供具有地域特性的分配依据以及研究方法的参考。

Late Cretaceous biota and the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg)Boundary in Jiayin of Heilongjiang,China

An international cooperative study of the Late Cretaceous biota and non-marine strata including the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K--Pg) boundary in Jiayin near the Heilongjiang River,China during 2002-2010,is summarized in this paper. The strata includes the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun-,Taipinglinchang-,Yuliang-zi-,and Furao formations,and the Paleocence Wuyun Formation consisting of Baoshantou Member and a Coalbearing Member. Seven palynological assemblages from Santonian to Paleocene are recognized,which is used for definition of the K--Pg boundary. Through the palynological analysis of three drilled boreholes (XHY-2005,2006,2008) in Xiaoheyan of western Jiayin,the K--Pg boundary is defined within 20. 00-20. 05 m in the borehole XHY-2006 (as a standard boundary) which is just between the top of Furao Formation (late Maasterichtian) and the base of Baishantou Member (early Danian) . These new research results are supported by paleo- magnetic,geochemical and other analyses,also. On the other hand,the presence of eight taxa of Maasterichtian dinosaurs (mostly hadrosaurids) have been recognized by the authors; and two mega-plant assemblages from the Yong'ancun Fm (Santonian) to Taipinglinchang Fm (Campanian) are confirmed. These research a-chievements indicate that the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in Jiayin can be well correlated to the strata in the neighboring Zeya-Bureja basin,Russia. The K--Pg boundary definited in Jiayin is the first well documented non-marine K--Pg boundary in China. Also the related paleoclimate,paleoenvironment and the mass extinctions in this area during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition are also discussed.

基于灰色关联度-突变理论模型的黑龙江上游凌汛灾害风险评价

在高纬度和高海拔地区河流凌汛现象频繁发生,常导致冰塞或冰坝洪水,严重威胁人身和财产安全。因此,全面考虑各因素进行科学的风险评价是预防凌汛灾害风险的首要前提和必然要求。研究基于突变理论构建凌汛灾害风险评价模型,引入灰色关联度分析法进行基础指标排序,对黑龙江上游地区凌汛灾害风险进行评价。鉴于不同指标之间的相互关联性,采用皮尔逊相关系数法精简指标集并选取代表性年份,依据代表年风险排序与层次聚类分析-突变理论所得结果进行比较。结果表明:在水文、气象、社会、经济等多因素影响下,2000年至2020年期间黑龙江上游漠河、塔河、呼玛三区凌汛灾害风险水平整体均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。其中,积雪深度、水位、冰厚、气温等要素与凌汛灾害发生频率之间表现出极高的相关性,而人口、农业、经济、医疗等社会因素也对洪水发生后的风险水平产生影响。漠河河段因其复杂陡峭的河流地形、恶劣的气候条件以及相对较高的人口密度,整体呈现出较高的风险水平。灰色关联度-突变理论模型风险隶属度值分布在0.85至0.93之间,且较层次聚类分析-突变理论模型具有更优的风险排序和安全裕度,验证了该模型在凌汛灾害风险评价中的有效性和实用性,为凌汛灾害风险研究提供了新的科学方法和理论依据。

元代黑龙江流域农业经济研究

元初,黑龙江流域饱受战乱之苦,社会经济凋敝。平息乃颜、哈丹之乱后,元廷着手恢复农业生产:派遣汉族官兵至上游怯绿连河(今克鲁伦河)和混同江(今松花江)一带,与当地女真族和蒙古族人民一道屯田,建立浦峪路屯田万户府、肇州蒙古屯田万户府、水达达屯田总管府;将“流囚”从奴儿干改发至肇州屯田;上百户张成等率部屯田于水达达地面以至于“黑龙江之东北极边”地区楚科奇半岛;每有灾荒,元廷要赈济受灾农户。这些举措使得黑龙江流域的农业生产得到了有效恢复和发展,促进了社会经济的进步。

智媒时代黑龙江流域少数民族文化微传播策略研究

随着智媒时代的到来,文化传播的方式和途径发生了改变。黑龙江流域作为多民族聚居区,少数民族文化积淀深厚,传承传播意义重大。通过深入分析智媒时代微传播特点和黑龙江流域少数民族文化传播现状中存在的问题,探讨提出“聚焦微圈层”“创新微内容”等微传播实施策略,以期推动黑龙江流域少数民族文化的有效传播和创新发展。

冬季非坞区卧泊船舶船员履职能力探究

在黑龙江水系约五个月的流凌期和冰封期,相当一部分船舶在综合考虑后,选择在非坞区卧泊。由于内河船舶老旧船占比较高,船员整体素质不高,非坞区卧泊又缺少必要的安全保障,提升非坞区卧泊船舶船员履职能力成为消除流凌期及冰封期船舶险情的重要举措。海事部门应转变服务职能,创新监管及服务模式,采用“六员合一”模式提升船员履职能力,保障船舶冬季非坞区卧泊安全。

基于“两山”理论的黑龙江省幸福河湖实践探索

黑龙江省响应习近平总书记关于建设造福人民的幸福河的伟大号召,开展了幸福河湖建设。在揭示“绿水青山”“冰天雪地”本身就有价值、是重要生产力,和“金山银山”是互动转化关系的基础上,提出建设黑龙江省幸福河湖必须立足美好生态就是最普惠民生福祉的生态民生观,坚持人与自然、人与人、人与社会和谐的生态文明观,牢牢守住水安全底线,坚持最严格制度和最严密法制保护的生态法治观。实施黑龙江省幸福河湖建设行动,应在推动滨水绿色产业发展、探索河湖生态价值转换、共建人民美好精神家园等方面积极践行“两山”理论,实现生态资源的保值增值,以满足人民对美好生活的向往。

河湖长制背景下黑龙江省小微水体污染分析与治理研究

作为地表水最小的单位部分和最基本的生态细胞-小微水体,在水循环中起着极其重要的作用,对人居生态环境质量发挥着重要的基础性功能和作用,但部分小微水体饱受长期无人问津、疏于管护以及“人进水退”、垃圾和污水随意丢弃、水质严重污染、生态系统崩溃等问题严重突出,已然成为水生态文明建设的“盲点”和“重点”。以黑龙江省小微水体治理管护为切入点,分析、研究并总结小微水体的定义、特征、分类和数量,系统介绍了小微水体污染来源,梳理了高效治理的对策和方法,为黑龙江省和国内开展小微水体污染治理提供参考。

黑龙江(阿穆尔河)河槽演变相关研究成果——俄罗斯科学院远东分院水生态所《Formation of the Riverbed Relief and River Banks》简析

在水文学的探索过程中,对河槽演变的研究是揭示河流流量变化、河流水势变化与研究流域自然地理演变的基础。在中国国内对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域的研究中,关于河槽演变的成果和分析不多。《Formation of the Riverbed Relief and River Banks》一书是由俄罗斯科学院远东分院水生态研究所(IWEP FEB RAS,文中简称IWEP)副所长阿雷克谢·尼古拉耶维奇·马奇诺夫教授为第一作者编著的,该书从东亚的地区特征出发,对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)河床地貌的形成与河槽演变过程作了详细的说明。全书共分为五章,共172页,附图片44张(9张是实景彩图),并有英语和俄语两版简介与结论。该书对黑龙江河槽演变的研究具有一定的参考价值。

乡村振兴进程中黑龙江流域少数民族音乐文化治理的研究思路

黑龙江流域少数民族音乐文化是北方人口较少民族传统文化的重要组成部分,与当地少数民族人民的生活最为密切,从其传统音乐文化中萃取中华民族共同体认同的精神资源,并将其运用于当下人民音乐文化与乡村振兴生活建设的实践中,具有十分重要的现实意义和学术价值。