Effect of Saline Aquaculture Effluent on Salt-Tolerant Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in a Semi-Arid Coastal Area of China

An experiment with six treatments: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigated with freshwater), and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 (v/v) was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1:1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1:4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.

菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)对镉、铅、锌复合污染土壤的修复潜力

菊芋是一种生物量大、生长旺盛、易于栽培的能源作物。为探究菊芋对镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)复合污染土壤的修复潜力,利用土培盆栽和原位大田试验,研究菊芋对Cd、Pb、Zn复合胁迫的生长特性、富集特征、去除率及修复潜力。结果表明:随着盆栽土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn含量的增加,菊芋的株高、生物量先降低再升高再降低,SOD酶活性先升高再降低再升高,CAT酶活性先升高再降低,POD酶活性总体表现为逐渐升高。菊芋对Cd的富集系数范围为1.08~1.79,转运系数范围为2.05~6.27,地上部Cd最大积累量达到98.25 mg/kg;Pb富集系数范围为0.77~1.31,转运系数范围为3.41~5.67,地上部Pb最大累积量为585.81 mg/kg;Zn富集系数范围为0.44~0.79,转运系数范围为1.69~3.33,地上部Zn最大累积量为2668.04 mg/kg。原位大田试验中,菊芋地上部Cd、Pb、Zn含量范围分别为125.79~201.08 mg/kg、1075.99~1525.46 mg/kg、6896.21~7443.66 mg/kg,每亩受污染土壤种植2茬菊芋对Cd、Pb、Zn的年去除率分别为5.16%~9.04%、10.84%~16.90%、4.60%~5.46%。菊芋具有较好的Cd、Pb、Zn复合胁迫耐受性和修复潜力,可作为Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染土壤修复的潜在超富集植物种质资源,具有较好的应用前景。

Saffron(Crocus sativus L.) stigmas as a potential natural additive to improve oxidative stability attributes of sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) oil stored under different conditions

The aim of our study was to explore the antioxidant potential of Moroccan saffron stigmas(SS) and examine their performance as a natural antioxidant in enhancing the stability and quality properties of edible sunflower oil(SO), with a focus on understanding the critical importance of edible oil stability for predicting quality deterioration during storage. Bearing this in mind, our research was designed to compare the efficacy of three concentrations of dried SS(at 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) against tocobiol(a synthetic antioxidant) as a positive control(at 0.3% concentration). This comparison was conducted under three distinct storage conditions namely accelerated ageing(60 ℃), exposure to light at ambient temperature, and darkness, to evaluate their impact on preventing severe oxidation and extending oil shelf-life. Oxidation state evolution was evaluated through peroxide value(PV), free fatty acid(FFA), anisidine value(p-AV), K_(270)value(conjugated trienes), total oxidation index(TOTOX), iodine value(IV), and fatty acid composition(FA). Our results revealed notable differences in stability tracking parameters. Specifically, these parameters were higher in samples stored under accelerated conditions, followed by the samples stored in ambient light, while those stored in darkness showed the highest stability among the three storage conditions. Supplementation of sunflower oil with SS and tocobiol significantly enhanced its oxidation stability. Notably, SS exhibited exceptional effectiveness in stabilizing sunflower oil regardless of SS dose, with the highest efficacy observed at 0.6%. This was evidenced by the slower rate of oxidation parameters under various storage conditions, highlighting a superior antioxidant activity compared to both the non-enriched oil and tocobiol-enriched oil. Furthermore, saffron stigmas, used as a natural supplement,contributed to the preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating its potential as a robust source of natural antioxidants in sunflower oil. These attributes position SS as a promising alternative to synthetic antioxidants, offering opportunities to enhance the nutritional quality and extend edible oil shelf-life.

金属离子和热激处理对菊芋(HelianthustuberosusL.)类金属硫蛋白基因htMT_2表达的影响

使用不同金属离子及热激对菊芋进行了处理 ,并对菊芋不同组织器官中类金属硫蛋白基因 (htMT2 )mRNA水平的变化进行了研究 结果表明 ,htMT2在根中不表达 ,而且其表达不受金属离子的影响 Cu2 + 降低叶中htMT2的表达 ,Cu2 + 浓度与茎中htMT2mRNA水平呈负相关性 在低浓度范围内 ,Zn2 + 浓度与茎、叶中的htMT2mRNA水平呈正相关性 ,而在高浓度范围内 ,Zn2 + 浓度与htMT2mRNA水平呈负相关性 Ca2 + 对叶中htMT2表达的影响与Zn2 + 的作用相似 ,但Ca2 + 诱导茎中htMT2mRNA水平升高 热激处理对不同组织中htMT2的表达无显著影响 研究的结果表明 ,htMT2表达受金属离子影响的特征与植物MT基因一致 ,进一步证实了我们前期工作中分离到的htMT2是一个新的植物MT基因 .

莱州湾菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)连作对其生长及种植地土壤生物活性影响的研究

为掌握菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus L.）连作年限对菊芋生长及土壤环境的影响程度，促进今后菊芋种植模式合理发展，在大田条件下，利用莱州湾南京农业大学山东莱州“863”中试基地长期菊芋连作定位试验，系统研究了不同菊芋连作年限对菊芋生长、菊芋品质及菊芋种植地土壤生物活性的影响。结果表明：随着连作年限的延长，菊芋生长受到抑制，菊芋块茎产量连作5年后开始下降，连作5a比种植1a降低8％，连作7a降低27％；菊芋块茎蛋白质含量随着连作年限的延长而增加，连作7a蛋白质含量为17．15mg·g^-1，比种植1a高102％，而还原糖与纤维素含量呈先增加而后降低的趋势；菊芋连作严重影响土壤微生物种群结构组成，随着连作年限的延长细菌与放线菌呈先增加而后降低的趋势，而真菌含量在连作年限内一直呈增加态势，连作7a土壤真菌含量比种植1a增加325％；土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、（酸、碱性）磷酸酶、淀粉酶与蛋白酶活性随着菊芋种植地连作年限的延长呈先增加而后降低的趋势，而过氧化氢酶活性则表现为先降低而后上升的态势。菊芋连作4～5a对其生长地及土壤环境已产生了消极影响，连作6～7a连作障碍明显加重。

外源褪黑素对NaCl胁迫下向日葵种子萌发的影响

盐胁迫是影响作物产量和质量的非生物胁迫之一,褪黑素能有效提高植物应对盐胁迫的水平。本文以矮生向日葵为研究对象,以筛选出的0.25mol/LNaCl为胁迫浓度,通过测定种子萌发指标、膜脂过氧化程度、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性等,研究外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下向日葵种子萌发的生理调控机制。结果表明:随着褪黑素浓度的增加,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、可溶性蛋白质含量均呈先升后降趋势,其中25μmol/L的效果最佳。脯氨酸含量较对照不断增长,以100μmol/L的效果最佳。MDA含量较对照减少,以25μmol/L的抑制作用最为显著。不同浓度外源褪黑素对种子SOD、POD和CAT活力均有明显的增加,以25μmol/L的效果最为显著。综上所述,25μmol/L褪黑素可以作为向日葵种子萌发期对抗NaCl胁迫的有效预处理措施,本研究为褪黑素的利用和向日葵栽培调控提供依据。

Effect of NO_3^--N Enrichment on Seawater Stress Tolerance of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)

A hydroponic experiment with six treatments, i.e., 0% seawater （control）, 10% seawater, 25% seawater, 0% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, 10% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaO3）, and 25% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen addition on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus） seedlings under seawater stress. The 10% seawater stress treatment had the least effect on plant growth while at 25% seawater growth was significantly inhibited. The malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in leaves under 10% seawater were similar to those of the control, but significantly higher under the 25% seawater stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in the leaves increased concomitantly with increasing seawater concentration and time. Proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and Na^＋, K^＋, and Cl- contents in shoots and roots increased significantly with the concentration of seawater increasing. Nitrogen addition resulted in increasing fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared with seawater treatment without N. Nitrogen supplementation also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. Addition of N to seawater enhanced the contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and K^＋ and total-N in the aerial parts and roots of H. tuberosus, but it resulted in declined concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl- in the aerial parts and roots. Nitrogen addition ameliorated the toxicity of seawater by improving the antioxidative enzymes, accumulating of proiine and soluble-sugars, and altering the distribution of inorganic ions in H. tuberosus.

Cloning and Expression Pattern of a Gene Encoding a Putative Plastidic ATP/ADP Transporter from Helianthus tuberosus L.

Herein, we report the cloning and molecular characterization of a full cDNA encoding a putative plastidic ATP/ADP transporter, designated HtAATP, for Helianthus tuberosus L. The ATP/ADP translocator protein was isolated from the tuber-cDNA library of H. tuberosus for the first time. The predicted HtAATP protein was judged as a plastidic ATP/ADP translocator protein from its high homology at the amino acid sequence level to the two Arabidopsis thaliana plastidic ATP/ADP translocator proteins AATP1 and AATP2 （84.8% and 79.9% identity, respectively）. Amino acid sequence analysis of the primary structure of HtAATP revealed that it belonged to the plastidic ATP/ADP transporter family. Hydropathy prediction indicated that HtAATP gene product is a highly hydrophobic membrane protein that contains 10 transmembrane domains to form a spanning topology. Southern blotting analysis showed that the HtAATP gene is a single-copy gene in the H. tuberosus genome. Tissue distribution analysis showed that the HtAATP gene is prominently expressed in sink tissues. A stable expression pattern in tubers at different developmental stages implies an active involvement of HtAATP during carbohydrate formation.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Bifunctional Agglutinin/Trypsin Inhibitor from Helianthus tuberosus L.

In order to find new insect resistance genes, four homologous cDNAs, hta-a, hta-b, hta-c and hta-d with lengths of 775, 718, 784 and 752 bp, respectively （GenBank accession numbers AF477031-AF477034）, were isolated from a tuber cDNA expression library of Helianthus tuberosus L. Sequence analysis revealed that all four cDNAs contain an open reading frame of 444 bp, coding a polypeptide of 147 amino acid residues, and that the sequences of the cDNAs are very similar to those of the mannose-binding agglutinin genes of the jacalin-related family. In hemagglutination reactions and hapten inhibition assays, affinity-purified HTA （Helianthus tuberosus agglutinin） from induced Escherichia coli BL21（DE3） expressing GST-HTA shows hemagglutination ability and a higher carbohydrate-binding ability for mannose than other tested sugars. Trypsin inhibitory activity was detected in the crude extracts of induced E. coli BL21（DE3） expressing HTA, and was further verified by trypsin inhibitory activity staining on native polyacrylamide gel. The mechanism of interaction between HTA and trypsin was studied by molecular modeling. We found that plenty of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions can be formed between the supposed binding sites of HTA-b and the active site of trypsin, and that a stable HTA/trypsin complex can be formed. The results above imply that HTA might be a bifunctional protein with carbohydrate-binding activity and trypsin inhibitory activity. Moreover, Northern blotting analysis demonstrated that hta is predominantly expressed in tubers of H. tuberosus, very weakly expressed in stems, but not expressed at all in other tissues. Southern blotting analysis indicated that hta is encoded by a multi-gene family. The insect resistance traits have been described in another paper.

Helianthus tuberosus(Jerusalem artichoke) tubers improve glucose tolerance and hepatic lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet

Objective:To analyze the effects of feeding Helianthus tuberosus(HT) tubers on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet(HFD). Methods:A normal HFD or HFD including 10 w/w% HT tubers(HFD + HT) was fed to F334/Jcl rats. After 10 weeks,organ weights,glucose tolerance,and lipid profile were analyzed. Results:The body weight,liver weight,and epidermal fat content in the HFD group were higher than those of the normal group,and similar to those of the HFD + HT group. The oral glucose tolerance test at 10 weeks revealed that the blood glucose level 30 minutes after beginning the test in the HFD + HT group was significantly lower than that in the HFD group. Liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Fecal triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were higher than those in the HFD group. Histological analyses revealed that fat and glycogen accumulation increased in the HFD group,but decreased in the HFD + HT group. Conclusions:These results indicate that HT tubers have anti-fatty liver effects based on improvements in glucose tolerance and the hepatic lipid profile.

Accumulation and Distribution Dynamics of Soluble Carbohydrate in Helianthus tuberosus under Drought Stress

With Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 as test materials, variation of soluble carbohydrate content in different parts were studied under two types of artificially simulated drought stress （polyethylene glycd PEG-6000 stress and water-controlling stress）. The results showed that under the stress of PEG, soluble carbohydrate content in leaves of Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 increased with the prolonging time of stress; soluble carbohydrate content in stems of Qingyu 1 did not show regular changes with the prolonging time of stress, while 30% PEG stress received the best effect on Qingyu 2 after 24 h; soluble carbohydrate content in roots of Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 increased with the prolonging time of stress. Under different intensities of water-controUing stress, soluble carbohydrate content in leaves of Qingyu 1 first increased then decreased, while that in leaves of Qingyu 2 increased; soluble carbohydrate content in stems of Qingyu 1 and Qingyu 2 increased with the pro- longing time of water-controlling stress; soluble carbohydrate content in roots of Qingyu 1 decreased with the prolonging time of water-contmlling stress, while that in roots of Qingyu 2 differed slightly.

Inhibitory Effect of Extracts from Helianthus tuberosus Leaves against Phytophthora capsici and Pot Verification Test

By growth rate method, the inhibitory effects of five solvent extracts from Helianthus tuberosus leaves against Phytophthora capsici were studied in the test. The results showed that different solvent extracts all had inhibitory effect against P. capsici, while 12.5 mg/mL of extracts from H. tuberosus leaves with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as solvents had the highest inhibitory effect against P. capsici, reaching 100%. In case of various solvent extracts with different concentration gradients, ethyl acetate extract had the most significant inhibitory effect; when the concentration was 5 mg/mL, the inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate extract had reached 100% ; when the concentration reduced to 2.5 mg/mL, the inhibitory effect was still （27.91 ±2. 076） %, significantly higher than that of other solvent extracts at the same concentration. The 50 times dilution of ethyl acetate extract from H. tuberosus leaves was selected for pot test against pepper blight. , and the results showed that its control effect against pepper blight reached 100.00%, superior than that of chemical agent 25% metalaxyl WP 400 times dilution.

Research on Adsorption Characteristics of the Helianthus tuberosus Stem s to M ethylene Blue in Water

[Objective] The research aimed to study the adsorption characteristics of the Helianthus tuberosus stems to methylene blue in water. [Method] The optimum condition, adsorption thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics were studied on the methylene blue adsorbed by Helianthus tuberosus stems. [ Result] The equilibrium process was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamics parameters were enthalpy changes （△H） of -12.147 kJ/mol, Gibb＇S free energy changes （△G） of -25.75 k J/reel, and entropy changes （△S） of 47.21 J/（mol · K）, respectively, at 288 K, indicating that the adsorption thermodynamic of methylene blue adsorbed by helianthus tuberoses stems was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The kinetics of the interactions showed better agreement with the Lagergren second order kinetics. The apparent activation energy （Ea） of adsorption process was 271.7 kJ/mol. [ Conclusion] This study provided the theoretical basis for the development and utilization of low-cost agricultural wastes to remove the hazardous substances in industrial wastewater.

An Analysis on Leaf Traits of 22 Helianthus tuberosus Germplasm Resources Introduced from Abroad

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate oxidation method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry,were used to determine mineral elements,fiber,the content of chlorogenic acid and flavones in leaves of 24 Helianthus tuberosus Linn.resources,and the characteristics of the leaf introduced from abroad were evaluated.The results showed that the highest water content of 22 species was F12(27.58%),and the lowest was F16(19.02%).The difference in mean water content between the species from Denmark and France was small,but it was lower than that of Qingyu 3 and Qingyu 4.There were 3 orbicular leaves,1 long oval-shaped leaf and 18 oval leaves.The highest K content in the leaves was F19(30.62 mg/g),which was 2.5 times than Qingyu 3.The highest Mg content was D8(14.17 mg/g).The Fe content hadlittledifference,ranging from 0.09 mg/g to 0.19 mg/g.The highest Ca content was D8(26.87 mg/g).The highest level of chlorogenic acid and flavones was F7,2.55%and 1.24 g/100 g respectively.The highest fiber content was F9(16.7%),and the lowest was F19(7.36%).Through the analysis of the main component and the clustering analysis,when the genetic distance was 0.65,the 24 resources can be divided into three major categories.The first category of leaves were mainly oval and orbicular;the second category of leaves were long oval-shaped;the third category of leaves were oval.There was a difference between the various indexes in the leaf of different kinds of H.tuberosus Linn.resources.Finally,F19,D8,F9,F7,D14 and D11,6 specific species(F19,D8,F9,F7,D14 and D11)were screened out for further studies in the future.

向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)对^(133)Cs、^(88)Sr的吸收和分布(英文)

通过盆栽试验研究了向日葵(Helianthus annuusL.)对土壤中不同处理浓度133Cs和88Sr的吸收,以及133Cs和88Sr在向日葵不同部位的分布。结果表明:随着处理浓度的增加,植物中133Cs或88Sr的含量增加。同一处理浓度下,88Sr含量约比133Cs含量高一个数量级1。33Cs和88Sr在植物不同部位分布不同。根部中133Cs含量高于植物的其他部位(茎、叶、花)。不同于133Cs在植物中的分布,88Sr除在根中的分布外,主要转运到了叶片1。33Cs和88Sr在向日葵体内的分布与目前对放射性137Cs和90Sr的研究结果相似,所以133Cs和88Sr可分别预测137Cs和90Sr的运转。向日葵是治理大面积低放核素污染土壤的较佳植物种类。

向日葵[Helianthus annuus(L.)]白花粉突变体遗传研究初报

向日葵[IIelianlhus anuus (L.)]是我国的重要经济作物。其花粉通常呈深浅程度不同的黄颜色。据我们掌握和查新资料,目前世界上尚未见有关白花粉方面的报道。1989年7月下旬至8月上旬,我们在吉林农业大学向日葵育种试验田的恢复系C8711群体中,先后发现4株白花粉突变体。暂分别定名为C8711—1、C8711—2、C8711—3和C8711—4。在进行人工套袋之前,此4株突变体已经在一定程度上发生了开放授粉,其中C8711—4开放授粉程度较轻。成熟时单独收获这4株突变体的种子,以进行有关遗传学研究,本文拟对白花粉突变的遗传学机理进行初步的探讨。

Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)

Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment.In the present study,a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)growth attributes.Three different levels of chromium(Cr)i.e.,20, 40,and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower(G-3,G-9,and G-59).The results of morphological,chemical,and yield p...

Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Oil Quality of Sunflower (<i>Helianthus Annuus</i>L.) Hybrids under Sub Humid Conditions of Pakistan

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has emerged as an economically important crop in Pakistan due to its significant share in vegetable oil production. The plant metabolic processes require protein to increase the vegetative, reproductive growth and yield of the crop. The protein is wholly dependent upon the amount of nitrogen fertilization available for plant use. A two-year field study was conducted in 2008 and 2009. The objective was to determine the effect of different nitrogen (N) levels (N1 = 0 kg·ha–1, N2 = 60 kg·ha–1, N3 = 120 kg·ha–1, N4 = 180 kg·ha–1 and N5 = 240 kg·ha–1) on three sunflower hybrids (Hysun-33, Hysun-38 and Poineer-64A93) in agro-climatic conditions of Gujranwala, a sub-humid region in the centre of the Punjab province of Pakistan. A randomized complete block design split plot experiment was set-up with cultivars in the main plots and N levels in the subplots. Results showed that Hysun-38 gave maximum TDM (15815 kg·ha–1) and maximum grain yield (3389 kg·ha–1), while minimum TDM (14640 kg·ha–1) and grain yield (3125 kg·ha–1) was observed in Hysun-33. Among different N rates evaluated, N4 gave maximum TDM (17890 kg·ha–1) and grain yield (3809 kg·ha–1) compared to the other N rates. The maximum oil content (46.2%) was observed in Hysun-38 without application of N fertilizer (N1), while the minimum oil content (40.6%) was observed from N5 treatment. In conclusion, the application of 180 kg·ha–1 N to Hysun-38 provided the best combination for good yield in sunflower crop under the prevailing sub-humid conditions of Pakistan.

Evaluation of Three Sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.） Hybrids for Salt Tolerance in Vitro

This study aimed to induce callus from three sunflower （Helianthus annulus L.） hybrids, namely Anna, Alhaja and Kuds, and to evaluate their callus for salt stress tolerance. Cotyledons and hypocotyl were taken from seedling of these hybrids and cultured on MS media contained 2,4-D （0,0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L） and kinetin （0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L）. The cultures incubated at 25 ＋ I^C under light condition （1,000 Lux） for 16 h/day. After 6 weeks observations were taken on the response of cotyledons and hypocotyl to callus induction. The induced callus were cultured on the same MS media that contained appropriate concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin for callus induction as well as contained various concentration of sodium chloride NaCI （0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2%）. After six weeks callus fresh and dry weights, proline and total carbohydrates concentrations were measured. The results showed significant differences among the hybrids, explants, 2,4-D and kinetin concentration and significant interaction between them in their percentage response for callus induction. The results also revealed that fresh and dry weights were significantly reduced with increased NaCI concentration in the medium, hybrids showed significant differences in their response to salt stress. Proline and total carbohydrate concentration increased in callus as NaCI increased in the media. Significant interaction was showed between hybrids and NaCI concentration in these parameters.

Influences of Genotype and Explant on Callus Induction and Shoot Regeneration in Sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.）

In vitro regeneration was performed with the aim of developing efficient callus and shoot regeneration from different explants of sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.）. The 6 genotypes （RHAI0, RHA 14, RHA15, PR6404, N Record 109/Sanay 3-5, N Record 109/Sera） were used as plant materials. The roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons were excised from 4 day-old seedlings and cultured on embryo induction medium （EIM） supplemented with Benzylaminopurine （BAP）, Naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） and Gibberellic acid （GA3）. The experiments were kept in 18/6 hour light/dark photoperiod at 26± 2 ℃for four weeks. The rates of callus and root organ formation on explants were 67%-100% and 7%-31% respectively, depending on the genotype. Root explants produced statistically high callus formation （2.6 score） compared to cotyledon （2.0 score） and hypocotyl explants （2.5 score） at all sunflower genotypes used. The highest shoot regeneration was obtained from RHAI 5 （7%） while PR6404 （100%） produced the highest callus formation.