Effect of cytokines on the efficiency of gene transfer into murinehematopoietic progenitors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cytokines on the efficiency of gene transfer into murine hematopoietic progenitors and human K562 cells mediated by retrovirus vectors (RV) containing bacterial neomycin-resistant (neoR) gene. The bone marrow cells were preincubated with cytokines and then transfected with supernatant containing retrovirus vectors, each for 24 h. The transfected cells were plated in the semisolid culture with or without G418. The efficiency of gene transfer into hematopoietic progenitors was estimated by biological assay and PCR analysis. The most efficient combination of the cytokines, IL-1α/IL-3/SCF,increased the efficiency of gene transfer into murine CFUGM from 6.04±1. 34% to 43. 60±5. 94%. SCF alone most efficiently facilitated the gene transfer into K562 cells from 19.04±1. 58% to 54.46±2. 13%. The results suggest that the combination of IL-1α/IL-3/SCF can increase efficiency of gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and progenitors, and in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using autologous bone marrow transplantion (ABMT),SCF can facilitate gene transfer into hematopoietic cells in gene-marking clinical studies.

黑枸杞花青素联合人脂肪源性血管外膜细胞支持脐血造血干/祖细胞的增殖

背景:黑枸杞花青素(Anthocyanins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr,ALRM)是黑枸杞中重要的活性成分之一,具有抗氧化、免疫调节等功效。人脂肪源性血管外膜细胞(CD146^(+)hAD-PCs)是骨髓间充质干细胞的前体细胞,在体外具有促进造血干/祖细胞增殖与分化的功能。ALRM联合CD146^(+)hAD-PCs对脐血造血干/组细胞的体外支持作用有待于研究。目的:探讨ALRM联合CD146^(+)hAD-PCs对脐血CD34^(+)造血干/祖细胞体外扩增的支持作用。方法:CCK-8法检测不同质量浓度ALRM(0,200,400,600,800,1000 mg/L)对CD146^(+)hAD-PCs增殖的影响;流式细胞术检测ALRM对CD146^(+)hAD-PCs细胞周期的影响。共培养实验分为空白组、ALRM组、CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组、ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组,分析ALRM联合CD146^(+)hAD-PCs对脐血CD34^(+)造血干/祖细胞的体外支持作用。共培养1,2,4周,比较扩增后细胞数量、集落形成单位数量,流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫表型,ELISA检测细胞因子水平。结果与结论:(1)ALRM质量浓度为200 mg/L时,CD146^(+)hAD-PCs活力最高,CD146^(+)hAD-PCs的G_(0)/G_(1)期细胞比例下降,S期、G_(2)/M期细胞比例上升(P<0.01)。(2)脐血CD34^(+)造血干/祖细胞数量变化:在共培养1,2,4周时ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组高于ALRM组(P均<0.05),在共培养2,4周时ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组高于CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组(P均<0.05),ALRM组与空白组随着共培养时间延长细胞数量逐渐减少。(3)集落形成能力及免疫表型分析:在共培养1,2周时ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组的集落形成单位数量高于CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组和ALRM组(P均<0.05);在共培养1,2,4周时ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组CD45^(+)、CD34^(+)CD33^(-)细胞比例高于CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组(P均<0.01)。(4)细胞因子变化:在共培养4周时ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组的白细胞介素2水平高于ALRM组、CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组(P<0.05);在共培养2,4周时ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组白细胞介素3水平高于CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组(P<0.05);在共培养1周时ALRM+CD146^(+)h AD-PCs组的粒细胞集落刺激因子水平高于CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组,在共培养2周时高于ALRM组、CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组(P<0.01);在共培养1,2,4周时ALRM组、ALRM+CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组的干扰素γ水平低于CD146^(+)hAD-PCs组(P<0.05)。(5)由于空白组无基质细胞,脐血CD34^(+)造血干/祖细胞在共培养1周之后就无法计数,未进行免疫表型、集落分析和细胞因子检测。(6)结果表明:ALRM可以通过促进CD146^(+)hAD-PCs增殖和细胞周期转化进而促进脐血CD34^(+)造血干/祖细胞的体外扩增,在造血干细胞移植研究方面具有重要价值。

Hematopoietic stem cells in research and clinical applications:The“CD34 issue”

In this paper,experimental findings concerning the kinetics of hematopoietic reconstitution are compared to corresponding clinical data.Although not clearly apparent,the transplantation practice seems to confirm the basic proposals of experimental hematology concerning hematopoietic reconstitution resulting from successive waves of repopulation stemming from different subpopulations of progenitor and stem cells.One of the "f irst rate" parameters in clinical transplantations in hematology;i.e.the CD34+ positive cell dose,has been discussed with respect to the functional heterogeneity and variability of cell populations endowed by expression of CD34.This parameter is useful only if the relative proportion of stem and progenitor cells in the CD34+ cell population is more or less maintained in a series of patients or donors.This proportion could vary with respect to the source,pathology,treatment,processing procedure,the graft ex vivo treatment and so on.Therefore,a universal dose of CD34+ cells cannot be def ined.In addition,to avoid further confusion,the CD34+ cells should not be named "stem cells" or "progenitor cells" since these denominations only concern functionally characterized cell entities.

HUMAN PRIMITIVE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS ARE MORE ENRICHED IN CD34^+CD38^- POPULATION THAN IN CD34^+CD38^+ POPULATION

To clarify the hematopoietic potential of various sub-classes of human hematopoietic progenitor cells, we used a multicolor staining protocol in conjunction with anti-CD34 and -CD38 McAb. We characterized two cell fractions in CD34+cells with or without CD38 expression. A clonogenic assay showed that most CFC were present in CD34+CD38+ population. Morphologic analysis showed that blast-like cells were more enriched in the CD34+CD38 fraction. To clarify the biologic differences between both fractions, we examined the more primitive progenitor cell function by assessing long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) on the stromal cells. At the first two weeks, more CF.C harvested from the culture in the fractions initiated with both populations. However, more LTC-IC were present during weeks 4 to 12 in the CD34+CD38- population. These results indicate the primitive progenitors are more enriched in CD34+CD38 population than in CD34+CD38+ cells.

Role of osteoclasts in regulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Bone marrow(BM) cavities are utilized for hematopoiesis and to maintain hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs). HSCs have the ability to self-renew as well as to differentiate into multiple different hematopoietic lineage cells. HSCs produce their daughter cells throughout the lifespan of individuals and thus, maintaining HSCs is crucial for individual life. BM cavities provide a specialized microenvironment termed "niche" to support HSCs. Niches are composed of various types of cells such as osteoblasts, endothelial cells and reticular cells. Osteoclasts are unique cells which resorb bones and are required for BM cavity formation. Loss of osteoclast function or differentiation results in inhibition of BM cavity formation, an osteopetrotic phenotype. Osteoclasts are also reportedly required for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell(HSPC) mobilization to the periphery from BM cavities. Thus, lack of osteoclasts likely results in inhibition of HSC maintenance and HSPC mobilization. However, we found that osteoclasts are dispensable for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization by using three independent osteoclast-less animal models. In this review, I will discuss the roles of osteoclasts in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization.

Immunophenotyping of hematopoietic progenitor cells: Comparison between cord blood and adult mobilized blood grafts

AIM:To study the immunophenotype of hematopoietic progenitor cells from cord blood (CB) grafts (n = 39) in comparison with adult apheresis grafts (AG, n = 229) and pre-apheresis peripheral blood (PAPB) samples (n = 908) using flow cytometry analysis.METHODS: First, we performed a qualitative analysis of CD34+ cell sub-populations in both CB and PAPB grafts using the standardized ISHAGE protocol and a wide panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies. Next, we stud-ied some parameters, such as the age of mothers and the weight of newborns, which can influence the qual-ity and the quantity of CD34+ cells from CB. RESULTS: We found that the percentage of apoptotic cells was high in CB in comparison to PAPB (PAPB: 4.6% ± 2.6% vs CB: 53.4% ± 5.2%, P < 0.001). In CB, the weight of newborn and the age of the mother have the influence on CD34+ cells. The follow-up of Ag CD133in the ISHAGE double platform protocol in association with CD45, CD34 and the 7’AAD shows an equal rate between the two cell populations CD133+CD45+CD34+ high and CD34+CD45+ high with a higher percentage. So, is the inclusion of Ac CD133 necessary in the pres-ent panel included in the ISHAGE methodflLast part, we showed a signif icant presence of interferon γ in CB in comparison to PAPB, the annexin showing the high number of apoptotic cells in CB. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that many different obstetric factors must be taken into account when processing and cryo-banking umbilical CB units for transplantation.

Human adipose tissue contains erythroid progenitors expressing fetal hemoglobin

AIM: To investigate the origin of hematopoietic progenitors contained in the stromal vascular fraction(SVF)of human adipose tissue.METHODS: Tissue samples obtained from lipectomies were subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase to obtain a single-cell suspension. The centrifuged cell pellet, termed SVF, was separated immunomagnetically into CD45+and CD45-cells and cultured in serum-free medium containing hematopoietic cytokines. The freshly isolated and cultured cells were evaluated to determine their ability to form hematopoietic colony-forming units in clonogenic assays and for the expression of certain hematopoietic transcription factors by reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction; the gene expression level was compared to that in CD34+hematopoietic progenitor cells from cord blood(CB) and adult peripheral blood(PB). To characterize erythroid progenitors, burst-forming units-erythroid(BFU-E) were developed in a semisolid medium under different culture conditions, and the hemoglobin composition and globin gene expression in the erythroid colonies were determined.RESULTS: The transcription factors SCL/TAL1, RUNX1,RUNX2 and GATA2 were expressed in both the CD45+and CD45-SVF populations; however, in contrast to our observations in the CD34+cells from CB and adult PB, GATA1 was not detected. Nevertheless, GATA1could be detected in the SVF cells after seven days in culture, whereas its expression was upregulated in the CB CD34+cells. The analysis of BFU-E-derived colonies revealed that virtually all erythroid cells produced by SVF cells expressed fetal hemoglobin, and the γ-globin mRNA levels ranged between those obtained in the adult- and neonatal-derived erythroid cells. Moreover,the SVF-derived erythroid cells synthesized similar levels of α- and β-globin mRNA, whereas the α-globin transcript levels were consistently higher those ofβ-globin in the cells derived from CB or PB CD34+cells. Furthermore, although the cellular distribution of hemoglobin in the erythroid cells derived from the CD34+cells obtained from hematopoietic tissues was dependent on the presence or absence of serum in the culture medium, this did not affect the SVF-derived erythroid cells.CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that hematopoietic progenitors in SVF have molecular and functional features that differ from those exhibited by circulating progenitors, suggesting the possibility of a different origin.

Impact of T cells on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function:Good guys or bad guys?

When hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells(HSPC)are harvested for transplantation, either from the bone marrow or from mobilized blood, the graft contains a significant number of T cells. It is these T cells that are the major drivers of graft-vs-host disease(Gv HD). The risk for Gv HD can simply be reduced by the removal of these T cells from the graft. However, this is not always desirable, as this procedure also decreases the engraftment of the transplanted HSPCs and, if applicable, a graft-vs-tumor effect. This poses an important conundrum in the field: T cells act as a double-edged sword upon allogeneic HSPC transplantation, as they support engraftment of HSPCs and provide anti-tumor activity, but can also cause Gv HD. It has recently been suggested that T cells also enhance the engraftment of autologous HSPCs, thus supporting the notion that T cells and HSPCs have an important functional interaction that is highly beneficial, in particular during transplantation. The underlying reason on why and how T cells contribute to HSPC engraftment is still poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluate in this review the studies that have examined the role of T cells during HSPC transplantation and the possible mechanisms involved in their supporting function. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms can provide new insight into improving HSPC engraftment and thus lower the number of HSPCs required during transplantation. Moreover, it could provide new avenues to limit the development of severe Gv HD, thus making HSPC transplantations more efficient and ultimately safer.

Transfer and expression of rhSCF gene in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

Stem cell factor (SCF) is a novel growth factor thatinfluences the growth and development of hematopoieticcells, germ cells and melanocytes. To explore

Involvement of VLA-5 and VLA-6 in facilitating endothelium-oriented transmigration of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

目的 :研究 VLA- 5及 VLA- 6是否参与内皮细胞促进的造血干 /祖细胞定向移行。方法 :对纯化人 CD34+ 细胞进行体外移行及阻断实验 ,观察其穿移覆盖人脐静脉内皮细胞 ( HUVECs)滤膜的能力。应用四色荧光活化流式细胞术 ( FACS)检测 CD34+细胞其粘附分子及趋化因子受体CXCR- 4的表达谱。结果 :基质由来因子 ( SDF) - 1 α介导的动员外周血 ( m PB)及骨髓 ( BM)来源的CD34+ 细胞穿透覆盖 HUVECs滤膜百分率分别为 ( 5 6.6± 2 0 .1 ) %及 ( 1 5 .6± 1 .8) % ,显著高于其穿移未覆盖 HUVECs滤膜的比率。预先对 CD34+ 细胞进行抗 VLA- 5和 /或 VLA- 6中和抗体处理可消除这一促进效应。此外 ,BM来源的 CD34+细胞其穿移覆盖及未覆盖 HUVECs滤膜的能力均显著低于 m PB CD34+细胞 ,两者间穿移能力的差异与其 VLA- 5及 VLA- 6(而非 VLA- 4及趋化因子受体 CXCR- 4)抗原表达水平相关。结论 :VLA- 5和 VLA- 6参与 HUVECs促进 HS/PCs穿移能力。

EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKIN-4 ON GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE-COLONY FORMATION FROM MURINE BONE MARROW CELLS AND HEMATOPOIETIC RECONSTITUTION FOLLOWING MURINE ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

We investigated the effects of mouse recombinant IL-4 on hematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. IL-4 alone was found to be incapable of stimulating colony formation, but it inhibited both IL-3-and GM-CSF-induced colony formation by murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. In contrast, colony formation induced by G-CSF was enhanced in the presence of IL-4. We also studied the influence of IL-4 on hematopoietic reconstiution after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a murine medel, and found that IL-4 had significant inhibitory effects on neutrophil recovery and that neutrophil recovery accelerated by IL-3 and G-CSF was significantly suppressed by IL-4. The combination of IL-4 and GM-SF caused a significant decrease in the absolute number of neutrophils.

脐带血造血干细胞体外生成红细胞过程中高效脱核体系的研究

目的 研究磷脂酰肌醇三羟激酶(PI3K)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶2(HDAC2)和细胞松弛素B对脐带血造血干细胞体外培养促红系脱核的作用,以期建立高效脱核体系。方法 采用磁分选富集脐带血CD34+细胞。在培养第0、4天添加干细胞因子(SCF)、IL-3、促红细胞生成素(EPO),培养第7天添加SCF、EPO,培养第11、15、18天仅添加EPO。分别于第7、11、15和18天添加PI3K(0、25、50、100 ng/mL)、HDAC2(0、60、150、300 ng/mL)、细胞松弛素B(0、25、50、75 ng/μL)3种脱核剂。采用正交设计实验分析3种脱核剂的浓度和添加时间4因素4水平对促红系脱核效果的影响,获得最佳脱核条件并作为优选组,以不加脱核剂培养作为对照组进行验证。细胞培养至第21天时,用流式细胞仪分别检测CD235+、SYTO-64-细胞,计算脱核率。使用血细胞计数仪检测RBC,ELISA法检测2,3-二磷酸甘油(2,3-DPG)、化学发光法检测ATP,观察细胞形态。结果 最佳脱核条件为培养第15天添加PI3K浓度为100 ng/mL、HDAC2浓度为150 ng/mL和松弛素B浓度为75 ng/μL。培养至第21天,优选组红细胞脱核率为(74.30±5.59)%,对照组为(28.30±14.10)%,优选组高于对照组(t=9.099,P=0.012)。培养体系获得RBC平均可达2×1010/L,红细胞ATP、2,3-DPG与正常红细胞无差异,红细胞形态与正常红细胞一致。结论 以上最佳脱核条件建立的培养体系可促进造血干细胞体外生成红细胞高效脱核。

嵌合抗原受体介导的抗肿瘤细胞治疗的发展

嵌合抗原受体(CAR)技术驱动的T细胞疗法在肿瘤治疗中展示了巨大的创新潜力,尤其在血液肿瘤方面取得了显著成果。通过精准改造患者或供体细胞,使其能够特异性识别并清除肿瘤细胞,此策略已进入临床实践的新阶段。尽管如此,CAR-T细胞疗法在实体瘤中的治疗效果尚未达到预期,并且其潜在的不良反应引起了广泛关注。随着科技的不断进步,基于CAR技术改造的多种细胞类型,如NK细胞、巨噬细胞、NKT细胞及γδT细胞等,正在被纳入肿瘤治疗研究,拓展了治疗前景。本综述深入探讨了CAR技术的最新进展及其在细胞疗法中的应用,为抗肿瘤治疗提供潜在的新思路和可能性。

地黄寡糖对SAMP8小鼠造血祖细胞增殖的作用

采用造血祖细胞体外克隆培养等实验血液学技术，研究了地黄寡糖对快速老化模型Ｐ系小鼠（ＳＡＭＰ８）骨髓造血祖细胞增殖作用的影响．结果表明地黄寡糖可促进ＳＡＭＰ８小鼠骨髓粒系巨噬系祖细胞，早期和晚期红系祖细胞的增殖，其脾细胞条件液也可使造血祖细胞克隆集落数明显增加，地黄寡糖还可使其基质细胞层上粒系巨噬系祖细胞集落的产率明显增多．提示地黄寡糖可能通过多种途径激活机体组织，特别是造血微环境中的某些细胞，促进其分泌多种造血生长因子而增强造血祖细胞的增殖．

鸡血藤单体化合物对造血祖细胞增殖的调控作用研究

目的研究从中药鸡血藤(spatholobus suberectus dunn,SSD)中提取的9个单体化合物对骨髓抑制小鼠造血祖细胞增殖的影响,明确鸡血藤补血活血作用的主要物质基础。方法采用血清药理学方法,通过造血祖细胞培养观察9个化合物对骨髓抑制小鼠CFU-E、BFU-E、CFU-GM、CFU-Meg生长的作用。结果腹腔注射鸡血藤各单体后的含药血清对骨髓抑制小鼠造血祖细胞的生长有较强的刺激作用:各单体化合物(除焦性粘液酸、芒柄花苷外)含药血清均可刺激CFU-GM的生长(P<0.01);儿茶素、没食子儿茶素、丁香酸、表儿茶素的含药血清对CFU-E、BFU-E和CFU-Meg的刺激增殖作用与对照组比较亦差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论从中药鸡血藤中提取的单体化合物可刺激骨髓抑制小鼠造血祖细胞的增殖,缓解其造血祖细胞内源性增殖缺陷,其中儿茶素的刺激增殖活性相对最强,可能是鸡血藤补血活血的主要物质基础。

人参皂甙诱导骨髓巨噬细胞表达造血生长因子的研究

目的 探讨人参皂甙对巨噬细胞表达造血生长因子的影响。 方法 采用造血祖细胞体外培养、造血生长因子生物学活性检测、免疫细胞化学与核酸原位杂交等技术 ,研究人参总皂甙 (TSPG)对大鼠骨髓巨噬细胞(rBMM)和人单核细胞株 (THP 1)表达造血生长因子的影响。 结果 经TSPG(10～ 5 0mg L)诱导制备的rBMM和THP 1的培养上清液可显著提高大鼠和人的CFU Mix、CFU GM和CFU E的集落产率 ;经TSPG诱导后rBMM和THP 1表达EPO、GM CSF、IL 3、IL 6的蛋白水平有不同程度提高 ;经TSPG诱导后rBMM和THP 1表达EPO、GM CSF和IL 3的mRNA水平和强度显著提高。 结论 TSPG可通过直接和 或间接途径刺激造血诱导微环境的巨噬细胞 ,从蛋白水平和基因转录水平两级层次上促进造血调控因子 (如EPO、GM CSF、IL 3和IL 6等 )的合成和分泌 ,进而促进造血干 祖细胞的增殖分化 ,这或许是人参调节血细胞生成的可能途径之一。

人参多糖和当归多糖诱导人内皮细胞表达造血生长因子的实验研究

目的 :研究和论证人参和当归促进血细胞生成及“补气生血”的现代生物学机理。方法 :采用造血生长因子生物活性检测与免疫细胞化学等技术 ,研究经人参多糖 (GPS)和当归多糖 (APS)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞株 (Ecv30 4 )上清液 (HEcCM)中造血生长因子的活性及粒单系集落刺激因子 (GM CSF)、IL 3和IL 6在内皮细胞的表达。结果 :GPS和APS体外诱导制备的HEcCM能显著促进粒单系造血祖细胞(CFU GM )和多向性造血祖细胞 (CFU Mix)的增殖 ;同时 ,GPS和APS能不同程度地促进内皮细胞GM CSF、IL 3和IL 6蛋白表达。结论 :GPS和APS能上调造血微环境中的内皮细胞分泌造血生长因子来调节血细胞的生成。

当归多糖诱导L－细胞产生造血生长因子的实验研究

用造血祖细胞体外培养、造血生长因子检测和流式细胞术等方法，研究当归多糖（ＡＰ）诱导Ｌ－细胞（成纤维细胞株）产生造血生长因子及其对血细胞发生的调节作用。结果表明，Ｌ－细胞条件培养液（ＬｃＣＭ）对造血祖细胞（ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ、ＢＦＵ－Ｅ、ＣＦＵ－Ｅ）的体外增殖呈双向调节作用；１０％ＬｃＣＭ能促进骨髓造血细胞进入增殖活跃的Ｓ＋Ｍ／Ｇ２期；经ＡＰ诱导制备的ＬｃＣＭ在有或无外源性造血生长因子（如Ｅｐｏ，ＢＰＡ，ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）存在时均对造血祖细胞的克隆增殖显示较高刺激活性；ＡＰ或ＩＬ－１与造血生长因子间似无协同作用。本研究提示ＡＰ可能通过诱导造血微环境的成纤维细胞分泌某些造血生长因子，从而促进造血祖细胞增殖分化，这或许是当归＂补血＂的生物学机理之一。

当归多糖动员的造血干/祖细胞移植重建小鼠造血功能的研究

目的探讨当归多糖(Angelica polysaccharides,APS)动员的造血干/祖细胞(hematopoietic stem/progenitorcell,HSPC)对造血衰竭小鼠造血功能重建的作用。方法将APS动员的雄性BALB/c小鼠的外周血单个核细胞(periph-eral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC)静脉输注给受到8.5Gy60Coγ射线照射的雌性同系受体小鼠;观察受体小鼠外周血白细胞(WBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、血小板(PLT)的变化及30d存活情况;采用PCR方法鉴定其造血重建的来源。结果APS组受体小鼠WBC、PLT、HGB、30d存活数均明显高于对照组和NS组(P<0.05);对APS组存活小鼠进行Y染色体PCR分析,证实雌性受体小鼠重建的造血细胞来自雄性供体。结论APS动员的小鼠外周血HSPC移植后能够重建造血衰竭小鼠长期造血。