High Permeability in Broadband of Co-sputtered [Fe-Fe_(20)Ni_(80)/Cr]_(n) Multilayer Films

To achieve high microwave permeability in wide-band for the micron-thick magnetic films,[Fe-Fe_(20)Ni_(80)/Cr]_(n) multilayer structure was proposed by co-sputtering Fe and FeNi to form the magnetic layers and Cr to form the interlayers.The multilayer structure contributes to the high permeability by reducing the coercivity and diminishing out-of-plane magnetization.The maximum imaginary permeability of[Fe-Fe_(20)Ni_(80)/Cr]_(n) multilayer film reaches a large value of 800 at 0.52 GHz even though its overall thickness exceeds 1μm.Besides,the magnetic resonance frequency of the multilayer film can be modulated from 0.52 to 1.35 GHz by adjusting the sputtering power of Fe from 0 to 86 W,and its bandwidth for μ’’>200(Δf) is as large as 2.0 GHz.The desirable broad Δf of magnetic permeability,which can be well fitted by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations,is due to dual magnetic resonances originated from double magnetic phases of Fe and FeNi that are of different saturation magnetization.The micron-thick multilayer films with high permeability in extended waveband are promising candidate for electromagnetic noise suppression application.

Analysis of the Effect of High-Dose Segmental Citrate Anticoagulation in High Flux Hemodialysis

Objective:To analyze the clinical effect of high-dose citrate in segmental extracorporeal anticoagulation for high-throughput hemodialysis.Methods:The subjects included in this study were admitted to the hospital for maintenance hemodialysis treatment from January 2021 to January 2023.All patients had a high risk of bleeding and received 4%trisodium citrate anticoagulant treatment,administered at a rate of 200 mL/h before and after the dialyzer.The anticoagulant effects achieved by the patients were observed and analyzed.Results:The total number of patients who received high-dose segmented citrate extracorporeal anticoagulation dialysis treatment was 50,with each patient undergoing 100 treatments.During the treatment,2 patients had to end the treatment early due to transmembrane pressure exceeding 30 mmHg and an increase in venous pressure exceeding 250 mmHg;the treatment times for these patients were 20 minutes and 200 minutes,respectively.The remaining patients successfully completed the 4-hour treatment.Blood pH and calcium ion concentration in the venous pot were monitored.It was observed that before dialysis,after 2 hours of dialysis,and at the end of dialysis,the blood pH of the patients remained within a relatively normal range.Although some patient levels changed after dialysis,they remained within the normal range.No adverse reactions(such as numbness of the limbs or convulsions)were observed during the anticoagulant treatment.Conclusion:Administering 4%trisodium citrate at a rate of 200 mL/h before and after the dialyzer achieves a good anticoagulant effect,maintains the patient’s blood gas levels within the normal range at the end of dialysis,and causes no adverse reactions.

High flux hemodialysis in elderly patients with chronic kidney failure

BACKGROUND Hemodialysis is an advanced blood purification technique to manage kidney failure.However,for conventional hemodialysis,the high prevalence of dyslipidemia may cause cardiovascular diseases and an increase in mortality.Moreover,toxins accumulating in the body over time may induce some complications.High flux hemodialysis can effectively improve disease indexes and clinical symptoms.AIM To investigate the efficacy of high flux hemodialysis in elderly patients with chronic kidney failure(CKF).METHODS A total of 66 elderly patients with CKF who were admitted to our hospital from October 2017 to October 2018 were included in the study.According to the therapies they received,the patients were divided into a study group and a control group with 33 patients in each group.The study group received high flux hemodialysis and the control group received conventional dialysis treatment.Kidney function,toxin levels in serum,and complications were compared in the two groups.RESULTS Before the treatment,there was no significant difference in kidney function,β2-microglobulin,or blood urea nitrogen between the two groups(P>0.05).In contrast,kidney function was better in the study group than in the control group after the treatment(P<0.05).In addition,the study group had significantly lower parathyroid hormone and serum cystatin C than the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of complications was 8.57%in the study group,which was lower than that of the control group(20.00%;P<0.05).CONCLUSION High flux hemodialysis may improve kidney function and reduce toxin levels in serum and the incidence of complications in elderly patients with CKF.

The Influence of Regular Hemodialysis on the Highly Sensitive Troponin-I Level in Children without Any Symptoms

Backgrounds: Cardiovascular diseases are still the prominent cause of death in cases of end-stage renal disease, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) can be used for detecting cardiac involvement in asymptomatic cases of end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Aim: Determine the direct cardiac consequence of dialysis treatments in children on hemodialysis by measuring high-sensitive troponin-I as a marker of myocardial injury. Subjects and Methods: This case-control study included thirty children with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis;the study group was selected from the nephrology hemodialysis unit of Al-Zahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University. Another group of thirty healthy children matches age and sex with the patient’s group as a control. Highly Sensitive cTnI (hsTnI) was measured pre and post hemodialysis with a sensitive assay;moreover, ECG, lipid profile including cholesterol, triglyceride, low and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the same line with routine investigations for those patients, we used bioimpedance for dry weight assessment in the hemodialysis (HD) group. Results: Children on (HD) have a significantly higher (hsTnI) pre-dialysis (0.250 ± 0.069 ng/ml) compared to post-dialysis (0.187 ± 0.004 ng/ml) with (p, 0.001). With no significant difference between post HD (0.187 ± 0.004 ng/ml) and the control group (0.189 ± 0.005) with (p, 0.090). cTnI is detected in (73.3%) of children pre-dialysis above the cut-off value compared to (3.31%) had a high-level post-dialysis. cTnI is positively correlated with systolic, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate with (r. 0.333, p, 0.001: r. 0.343, p, 0.001: r. 0.276, p, 0.033) respectively and (hsTnI) is negatively correlated with Hb and HDL (r. -0.333, p, 0.009: r. 0.324, p, 0.011). Meanwhile (hsTnI) is positively correlated with serum urea, creatinine, ph, PTH, serum ferritin and positively correlated with QT interval and QTC. Conclusion: cTnI levels rise significantly before hemodialysis, so those patients are exposed to silent myocardial injury pre HD, and fortunately, it is not persistent after hemodialysis except for a few of them had a high level. We strongly advised not to delay dialysis appointments;the nephrology team should aggressively treat those patients to prevent further myocardial damage.

Formation damage control of high permeability sandstone reservoir

The concern on formation damage control of high permeability sandstone reservoir has been growing in oil industry in recent years. The invasion of particles and the filtrate of drilling fluid are proven as one of the key factors accounting for reservoir damage. Based on the ideal packing theory, the practical software has been developed to optimize the blending proportion of several bridging agents, and the core flooding tests were conducted to evaluate return permeability of core samples contaminated with different drilling fluids. Experimental results show that the ideal packing approach can reduce the dynamic filtration rate, improve the return permeability and drawdown the breakthrough pressure, indicating that this kind of drilling fluids can meet the demands of formation damage control for high permeability sandstone reservoirs. Some applying procedures for formation damage control are also proposed in this paper.

THE CURATIVE EFFECT OF HIGH EFFICIENCY HEMODIALYSIS AND THE GRADIENT CHANGE OF PLASMA OSMOTIC PRESSURE(Report of 27 Cases)

ＴＨＥＣＵＲＡＴＩＶＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＨＩＧＨＥＦＦＩＣＩＥＮＣＹＨＥＭＯＤＩＡＬＹＳＩＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＧＲＡＤＩＥＮＴＣＨＡＮＧＥＯＦＰＬＡＳＭＡＯＳＭＯＴＩＣＰＲＥＳＳＵＲＥ（Ｒｅｐｏｒｔｏｆ２７Ｃａｓｅｓ）ＣｈｅｎＨｕａｊｉ（ＣｅｎｔｒａｌＨｏｓ...

Application of nursing sensitive indicators in improving the quality of hemodialysis

To explore the application value of hemodialysis-related nursing sensitive indicators in improving the quality of hemodialysis.Methods Totally 40 outpatients undergoing dialysis treatment from January 2016 to December 2016 served as observation group.Another 40 outpatients who received dialysis from January 2015 to December 2015were selected as control group.Patients in control group received routine nursing and health education on hemodialysis,and those in observation group were given interventions based on nursing sensitive indicators.The hemodialysisrelated nursing sensitive indicators and satisfactory degree of patients on nursing service were compared between two groups.Results Observation group had a better outcome of hemodialysis nursing sensitive indicators compared with control group(observation group:Kt/V[1.30±0.06],Hb[115.0±4.8]g/L,serum Ca[2.31±0.06]mmoL/L,serum P[1.75±0.18]mmoL/L,product of Ca and P[30.95±0.58]mg2/dl,PTH[305±65]pg/mL.control group:Kt/V[1.18±0.07],Hb[99.0±5.2]g/L,serum Ca[2.52±0.07]mmoL/L,serum P[2.07±0.21]mmoL/L,product of Ca and P[39.75±0.74]mg2/dl,PTH[420±84]pg/mL.P<0.05 respectively.)The satisfactory degree of patients on nursing service was97.5%(39/40)in observation group and 80.0%(32/40)in the control group,with a significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusion Hemodialysis-related nursing sensitive indicators provide a scientific basis for nursing quality improvement in patients with hemodialysis,and also play a certain role in promoting high quality nursing service.

Effect of high-multiple water injection on rock pore structure and oil displacement efficiency

Experimental methods,including mercury pressure,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and core(wateroil)displacement,are used to examine the effects of high-multiple water injection(i.e.water injection with high injected pore volume)on rock properties,pore structure and oil displacement efficiency of an oilfield in the western South China Sea.The results show an increase in the permeability of rocks along with particle migration,an increase in the pore volume and the average pore throat radius,and enhanced heterogeneity after high-multiple water injection.Compared with normal water injection methods,a high-multiple water injection is more effective in improving the oil displacement efficiency.The degree of recovery increases faster in the early stage due to the expansion of the swept area,and the transition from oil-wet to water-wet.The degree of recovery increases less in the late stage due to various factors,including the enhancement of heterogeneity in the rocks.Considering both the economic aspect and the production limit of water flooding,it is recommended to adopt other technologies to further enhance oil recovery after 300 PV water injection.

Feasibility Study on Chemical Flooding in Super High Porosity and Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoir

In this paper, the feasibility study of chemical flooding is carried out for ultra-high porosity and high permeability heavy oil field with permeability higher than 10 μm2 and porosity greater than 35%. The viscosity-concentration relationship of four kinds of oil flooding systems such as hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, structural polymer A, structural polymer B and gel was studied. The results showed that the viscosity of ordinary polymer and structural polymer B was lower compared with other two types of oil displacement agents, and the viscosity of structural polymer A was higher. The higher the concentration, the higher the viscosity retention rate. The gel system has the highest viscosity and best anti-shear ability. The resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of structural polymer A and gel system were further studied. The results show that permeability, velocity and polymer concentration all affect the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient. From the point of view of resistance establishment ability, it is considered that structural polymer A is not suitable for permeability formation above 10 μm2. Gel system has stronger ability to establish resistance coefficient than structural polymer A flooding system, and it is more feasible for formation system with permeability above 10 μm2.

Preparation of high-permeability NiCuZn ferrite

Appropriate addition of CuO/V2O5 and the reduction of the granularity of the raw materials particle decrease the sintering temperature of NiZn ferrite from 1200 °C to 930 °C. Furthermore, the magnetic properties of the NiZn ferrite prepared at low temperature of 930 °C is superior to that of the NiZn ferrite prepared by sintering at high temperature of 1200 °C because the microstructure of the NiZn ferrite sintered at 930 °C is more uniform and compact than that of the NiZn ferrite sintered at 1200 °C. The high permeability of 1700 and relative loss coefficient tanδ/μi of 9.0×10?6 at 100 kHz was achieved in the (Ni0.17Zn0.63Cu0.20)Fe1.915O4 ferrite.

Effect of High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation on EVLW and Lung Capillary Permeability of Piglets with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Insults

The effect of high frequency oscillatory ventilation（HFOV） at early stage on hemodynamic parameters, extravascular lung water（EVLW）, lung capillary permeability, CC16 and s ICAM-1 in piglets with pulmonary or extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome（ARDS） was explored. Central vein pressure（CVP） and pulse indicator continuous cardiac output（Pi CCO） were monitored in 12 anesthetized and intubated healthy piglets. Pulmonary ARDS（ARDSp） and extrapulmonary ARDS（ARDSexp） models were respectively established by lung lavage of saline solution and intravenous injection of oleic acid. Then the piglets received HFOV for 4 h. EVLW index（EVLWI）, EVLW/intratroracic blood volume（ITBV） and pulmonary vascular permeability index（PVPI） were measured before and after modeling（T0 and T1）, and T2（1 h）, T3（2 h）, T4（3 h） and T5（4 h） after HFOV. CC16 and s ICAM-1 were also detected at T1 and T5. Results showed at T1, T3, T4 and T5, EVLWI was increased more significantly in ARDSp group than in ARDSexp group（P〈0.05）. The EVLWI in ARDSp group was increased at T1（P=0.008）, and sustained continuously within 2 h（P=0.679, P=0.216）, but decreased at T4（P=0.007） and T5（P=0.037）. The EVLWI in ARDSexp group was also increased at T1（P=0.003）, but significantly decreased at T3（P=0.002） and T4（P=0.019）. PVPI was increased after modeling in both two groups（P=0.004, P=0.012）, but there was no significant change within 4 h（T5） under HFOV in ARDSp group, while PVPI showed the increasing trends at first, then decreased in ARDSexp group after HFOV. The changes of EVLW/ITBV were similar to those of PVPI. No significant differences were found in ΔEVLWI（P=0.13）, ΔPVPI（P=0.28） and ΔEVLW/ITBV between the two groups（P=0.63）. The significant decreases in both CC16 and s ICAM-1 were found in both two groups 4 h after HFOV, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. It was concluded that EVLWI and lung capillary permeability were markedly increased in ARDSp and ARDSexp groups. EVLW could be decreased 4 h after the HFOV treatment. HFOV, EVLW/ITBV and PVPI were increased slightly at first, and then decreased in ARDSexp group, while in ARDSp group no significant difference was found after modeling. No significant differences were found in the decreases in EVLW and lung capillary permeability 4 h after HFOV.

Numerical simulation and experiment analysis of improving permeability by deep-hole presplitting explosion in high gassy and low permeability coal seam

Created a new damage model for explosive for LS-DYNA3D,taking advantageof the Taylor method aimed at the high gassy and low permeability coal seam,and numericallysimulated and analyzed the deep-hole presplitting explosion.The entire processof explosion was represented,including cracks caused by dynamic pressure,transmissionand vibration superposition of stress waves,as well as cracks growth driven by gas generatedby explosion.The influence of the cracks generated in the process of explosion andthe performance of improving permeability caused by the difference of interval between.explosive holes were analyzed.A reasonable interval between explosive holes of deepholepresplitting explosions in high gassy and low permeability coal seams was proposed,and the resolution of gas drainage in high gassy and low permeability coal seam was putforward.

Pressure-relief and permeability-increase technology of high liquid–solid coupling blast and its application

As for the coal seam with high stress,high gas and low permeability,a single technology cannot prevent the complex dynamic disasters.Because of this,the study proposes a new method of pressure-relief and permeability-increase technology of the high liquid–solid coupling blast.Through coal seam injection and charging structure change,the paper fully works out the dual functions of the water and explosion.Using the theoretical calculation,numerical simulation and physical experiments,we obtained that the initial blasting stress,displacement and overpressure of the liquid–solid coupling blast are much better than that of ordinary blasting.The technology has been used in the relative coal mine,and the application results show that the technique has effectively prevented the coal and gas outburst,which has a wide range of application.

Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor to permeability of blood-brain barrier and brain edema during high-altitude exposure

BACKGROUND： Many studies have evaluated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） in traumatic brain edema and hemorrhagic brain edema. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of VEGF expression on permeability of the blood-brain barrier （BBB） during high-altitude and hypoxia exposure, and to investigate the correlation between VEGF expression and BBB permeability with regard to Evans blue staining and brain edema during high-altitude exposure. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized, controlled, animal study was performed at the Tanggula Etape, Central Laboratory of Chengdu Medical College, and Central Laboratory of General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, China, from July 2003 to November 2004. MATERIALS： Quantitative RT-PCR kit （Sigma, USA）, VEGF ELISA kit （Biosource, USA）, and Evans blue （Jingchun, China） were acquired for this study. METHODS： A total of 180 Wistar rats were equally and randomly assigned to 15 groups： low-altitude （500 m）, middle-altitude （2 880 m）, high-altitude （4 200 m）, super-high-altitude （5 000 m）, 1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 days of super high-altitude exposure. Wistar rats were exposed to various altitude gradients to establish a hypoxia model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Brain water content was calculated according to the wet-to-dry weight ratio. BBB permeability to Evans blue was determined by colorimetric method. VEGF mRNA and protein levels in brain tissues were detected using RT-PCR and double-antibody sandwich ELISA. RESULTS： Brain water content, BBB permeability to Evans blue, and VEGF mRNA and protein levels in brain tissues increased with increasing altitude and prolonged exposure to altitude. The greatest increase was determined on day 9 upon ascending 5 000 m. Simultaneously, VEGF expression positively correlated to BBB permeability of Evans blue and brain water content （r = 0.975, 0.917, P〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Increased VEGF protein and mRNA expression was responsible for increased BBB permeability, which may be an important mechanism underlying brain edema during high-altitude exposure.

Porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling in the Sichuan Basin, SW China

To investigate the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling, we selected the core samples of deep shale from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Weirong and Yongchuan areas of the Sichuan Basin for porosity and permeability experiments and a triaxial compression and sound wave integration experiment at the maximum temperature and pressure of 120 ℃ and 70 MPa. The results show that the microscopic porosity and permeability change and the macroscopic rock deformation are mutually constrained, both showing the trend of steep and then gentle variation. At the maximum temperature and pressure, the porosity reduces by 34%–71%, and the permeability decreases by 85%–97%. With the rising temperature and pressure, deep shale undergoes plastic deformation in which organic pores and clay mineral pores are compressed and microfractures are closed, and elastic deformation in which brittle mineral pores and rock skeleton particles are compacted. Compared with previous experiments under high confining pressure and normal temperature,the experiment under high temperature and high pressure coupling reveals the effect of high temperature on stress sensitivity of porosity and permeability. High temperature can increase the plasticity of the rock, intensify the compression of pores due to high confining pressure, and induce thermal stress between the rock skeleton particles, allowing the reopening of shale bedding or the creation of new fractures along weak planes such as bedding, which inhibits the decrease of permeability with the increase of temperature and confining pressure. Compared with the triaxial mechanical experiment at normal temperature, the triaxial compression experiment at high temperature and high pressure demonstrates that the compressive strength and peak strain of deep shale increase significantly due to the coupling of temperature and pressure. The compressive strength is up to 435 MPa and the peak strain exceeds 2%, indicating that high temperature is not conducive to fracture initiation and expansion by increasing rock plasticity. Lithofacies and mineral composition have great impacts on the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale. Shales with different lithologies are different in the difficulty and extent of brittle failure. The stress-strain characteristics of rocks under actual geological conditions are key support to the optimization of reservoir stimulation program.

Study on "fracturing-sealing" integration technology based on high-energy gas fracturing in single seam with high gas and low air permeability

To improve the gas extraction efficiency of single seam with high gas and low air permeability,we developed the"fracturing-sealing"integration technology,and carried out the engineering experiment in the3305 Tunliu mine.In the experiment,coal seams can achieve the aim of antireflection effect through the following process:First,project main cracks with the high energy pulse jet.Second,break the coal body by delaying the propellant blasting.Next,destroy the dense structure of the hard coal body,and form loose slit rings around the holes.Finally,seal the boreholes with the"strong-weak-strong"pressurized sealing technology.The results are as follows:The average concentration of gas extraction increases from8.3%to 39.5%.The average discharge of gas extraction increases from 0.02 to 0.10 m^3/min.The tunneling speeds up from 49.5 to 130 m/month.And the permeability of coal seams improves nearly tenfold.Under the same conditions,the technology is much more efficient in depressurization and antireflection than common methods.In other words,it will provide a more effective way for the gas extraction of single seam with high gas and low air permeability.

Various admixtures to mitigate the long-term strength retrogression of Portland cement cured under high pressure and high temperature conditions

In order to investigate the problem of long-term strength retrogression in oil well cement systems exposed to high pressure and high temperature(HPHT)curing conditions,various influencing factors,including cement sources,particle sizes of silica flour,and additions of silica fume,alumina,colloidal iron oxide and nano-graphene,were investigated.To simulate the environment of cementing geothermal wells and deep wells,cement slurries were directly cured at 50 MPa and 200?C.Mineral compositions(as determined by X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinement),water permeability,compressive strength and Young’s modulus were used to evaluate the qualities of the set cement.Short-term curing(2e30 d)test results indicated that the adoption of 6 m m ultrafine crystalline silica played the most important role in stabilizing the mechanical properties of oil well cement systems,while the addition of silica fume had a detrimental effect on strength stability.Long-term curing(2e180 d)test results indicated that nano-graphene could stabilize the Young’s modulus of oil well cement systems.However,none of the ad-mixtures studied here can completely prevent the strength retrogression phenomenon due to their inability to stop the conversion of amorphous to crystalline phases.

High Temperature Gas Permeability Tester for Refractories and Its Application

In this paper,an ideal structural model and a scientific and practical mathematical model of high temperature permeability testing technology were established based on the formula of gas permeability at room temperature according to Darcy’s equation and Forchheimer equation and combined with the basic law of gas mechanics and the resistance loss of gas movement process at high temperatures.Through a gas heater,the safe heating of gas from room temperature to the test temperature was realized;the pressure sealing of high temperature permeability test technology was studied using high temperature resistant flexible material instead of silica gel material and combining preloading with system expansion and continuous loading.Based on the above research,a high temperature gas permeability tester for refractories has been developed and the test temperature can be up to 1000℃.The equipment was applied to research refractories,showing well using effects.

Development of a new correlation to calculate permeability for flows with high Knudsen number

Flows with high Knudsen number play a prominent role in many engineering applications. The present study is an effort toward the simulation of flow with high Knudsen number using modified lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） through a porous medium in a channel. The effect of collision between molecules and solid walls, which is required to accurately simulate transition flow regime, is taken into account using a modified relaxation time. Slip velocity on the wall, which is another significant difficulty in simulating transition flow regime, is captured using the slip reflection boundary condition （SRBC）. The geometry of porous medium is considered as in-line and staggered. The results are in good agreement with previous works. A new correlation is obtained between permeability, Knudsen number and porosity for flows in transition flow regimes.

Low-tension gas process in high-salinity and low-permeability reservoirs

Polymer-based EOR methods in low-permeability reservoirs face injectivity issues and increased fracturing due to near wellbore plugging,as well as high-pressure gradients in these reservoirs.Polymer may cause pore blockage and undergo shear degradation and even oxidative degradation at high temperatures in the presence of very hard brine.Low-tension gas(LTG) flooding has the potential to be applied successfully for low-permeability carbonate reservoirs even in the presence of high formation brine salinity.In LTG flooding,the interfacial tension between oil and water is reduced to ultra-low values(10^-3 dyne/cm) by injecting an optimized surfactant formulation to maximize mobilization of residual oil post-waterflood.Gas(nitrogen,hydrocarbon gases or C02) is co-injected along with the surfactant slug to generate in situ foam which reduces the mobility ratio between the displaced(oil) and displacing phases,thus improving the displacement efficiency of the oil.In this work,the mechanism governing LTG flooding in low-permeability,high-salinity reservoirs was studied at a microscopic level using microemulsion properties and on a macroscopic scale by laboratory-scale coreflooding experiments.The main injection parameters studied were injected slug salinity and the interrelation between surfactant concentration and injected foam quality,and how they influence oil mobilization and displacement efficiency.Qualitative assessment of the results was performed by studying oil recovery,oil fractional flow,oil bank breakthrough and effluent salinity and pressure drop characteristics.