Optimization Control of Multi-Mode Coupling All-Wheel Drive System for Hybrid Vehicle

The all-wheel drive(AWD)hybrid system is a research focus on high-performance new energy vehicles that can meet the demands of dynamic performance and passing ability.Simultaneous optimization of the power and economy of hybrid vehicles becomes an issue.A unique multi-mode coupling(MMC)AWD hybrid system is presented to realize the distributed and centralized driving of the front and rear axles to achieve vectored distribution and full utilization of the system power between the axles of vehicles.Based on the parameters of the benchmarking model of a hybrid vehicle,the best model-predictive control-based energy management strategy is proposed.First,the drive system model was built after the analysis of the MMC-AWD’s drive modes.Next,three fundamental strategies were established to address power distribution adjustment and battery SOC maintenance when the SOC changed,which was followed by the design of a road driving force observer.Then,the energy consumption rate in the average time domain was processed before designing the minimum fuel consumption controller based on the equivalent fuel consumption coefficient.Finally,the advantage of the MMC-AWD was confirmed by comparison with the dynamic performance and economy of the BYD Song PLUS DMI-AWD.The findings indicate that,in comparison to the comparative hybrid system at road adhesion coefficients of 0.8 and 0.6,the MMC-AWD’s capacity to accelerate increases by 5.26%and 7.92%,respectively.When the road adhesion coefficient is 0.8,0.6,and 0.4,the maximum climbing ability increases by 14.22%,12.88%,and 4.55%,respectively.As a result,the dynamic performance is greatly enhanced,and the fuel savings rate per 100 km of mileage reaches 12.06%,which is also very economical.The proposed control strategies for the new hybrid AWD vehicle can optimize the power and economy simultaneously.

Patient-specific bicuspid aortic valve hemodynamics study based on computer simulation and in vitro experiment

Bicuspid aortic valve(BAV)is a common congenital malformation of the aortic valve with various structural characteristics.Different types of BAV can cause secondary aortic diseases,including calcific aortic valve stenosis and aortic dilation,although their pathogenesis remains unclear.In this study,we first established patient-specific BAV simulation models and silicone models(Type 0 A-P,Type 1 R-N,and Type 1 L-R)based on clinical computed tomography angiography(CTA)and pressure data.Next,we applied a research method combining fluid-structure interaction(FSI)simulation and digital particle image velocimetry(DPIV)experiment to quantitatively analyze the hemodynamic,structural mechanical,and flow field characteristics of patients with different BAV types.Simulation-based hemodynamic parameters and experimental results were consistent with clinical data,affirming the accuracy of the model.The location of the maximum principal strain in the patientspecific model was associated with the calcification site,which characterized the mechanism of secondary aortic valve stenosis.The maximum wall shear stress(WSS)of the patient-specific model(>67.1 Pa)exceeded 37.9 Pa and could cause endothelial surface injury as well as remodeling under long-term exposure,thus increasing the risk of aortic dilation.The distribution of WSS was mainly caused by BAV type,resulting in different degrees of dilation in different parts guided by the type.The patient-specific model revealed a maximum viscous shear stress(VSS)value of 5.23 Pa,which was smaller than the threshold for shear-induced hemolysis of red blood cells(150 Pa)and platelet activation(10 Pa),but close to the threshold for platelet sensitization(6 Pa).The results of flow field characteristics revealed a low risk of hemolysis but a relative high risk of thrombus formation in the patient-specific model.This study not only provides a basis for future comprehensive research on BAV diseases,but also generates relevant insights for theoretical guidance for calcific aortic valve stenosis and aortic dilation caused by different types of BAV,as well as biomechanical evidence for the potential risk of hemolysis and thrombus formation in BAV,which is of great value for clinical diagnosis and treatment of BAV.

0D-1D coupling model and 3D fluid-structure interaction model based on coronary CT angiography for displaying hemodynamic characteristics of coronary artery stenosis

Objective To observe value of 0D-1D coupling model and 3D fluid-structure interaction(FSI)model based on coronary CT angiography(CCTA)for displaying hemodynamic characteristics of coronary artery stenosis.Methods Based on CCTA data of the stenosed left anterior descending branch(LAD)in a patient with coronary heart disease,an 0D-1D coupling model and 3D FSI model were built,respectively.Then hemodynamic characteristic indexes,including the pressure,flow velocity and wall shear stress(WSS)were obtained in every 0.01 s during 1 s at 5 sampling points(i.e.sampling point 1—5)using these 2 models,respectively,and the consistencies of the results between models were evaluated with Spearman correlation coefficient r s.Results The time consuming for construction of 0D-1D coupling model and 3D FSI model was 0.033 min and 704 min,respectively.Both models showed basically distribution of the pressure,flow velocity and WSS of the stenosed LAD.For more details,the pressure at the stenosed segment of LAD and the proximal segment of stenosis were both higher,which gradually decreased at the distal segment of stenosis,and the flow velocity at the proximal segment of stenosis was in a relatively slow and uniform condition,with significantly increased flow velocity and WSS at the stenosed segment.Compared with 3D FSI model,0D-1D vascular coupling model was relatively unrefined and lack of distal flow lines when displaying blood flow velocity.For sampling point 2 at the stenosed segment of LAD,no significant consistency for pressure between 2 models was found(P=0.118),but strong consistency for the flow velocity and WSS(r s=0.730,0.807,both P<0.05).The consistencies of pressure,flow velocity and WSS between 2 models at the proximal and distal segment of stenosis,i.e.1,3—5 sampling points were week to moderate(r s=0.237—0.669,all P<0.05).Conclusion 0D-1D coupling model exhibited outstanding computational efficiency and might provide relatively reasonable results,while 3D FSI model showed higher accuracy for details and streamline when simulating LAD stenosis.

Fake News Detection Based on Text-Modal Dominance and Fusing Multiple Multi-Model Clues

In recent years,how to efficiently and accurately identify multi-model fake news has become more challenging.First,multi-model data provides more evidence but not all are equally important.Secondly,social structure information has proven to be effective in fake news detection and how to combine it while reducing the noise information is critical.Unfortunately,existing approaches fail to handle these problems.This paper proposes a multi-model fake news detection framework based on Tex-modal Dominance and fusing Multiple Multi-model Cues(TD-MMC),which utilizes three valuable multi-model clues:text-model importance,text-image complementary,and text-image inconsistency.TD-MMC is dominated by textural content and assisted by image information while using social network information to enhance text representation.To reduce the irrelevant social structure’s information interference,we use a unidirectional cross-modal attention mechanism to selectively learn the social structure’s features.A cross-modal attention mechanism is adopted to obtain text-image cross-modal features while retaining textual features to reduce the loss of important information.In addition,TD-MMC employs a new multi-model loss to improve the model’s generalization ability.Extensive experiments have been conducted on two public real-world English and Chinese datasets,and the results show that our proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on classification evaluation metrics.

Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Maintaining Perioperative Hemodynamic Stability in Elderly Patients:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative and analgesic properties but without respiratory depression effect and has been widely used in perioperative anesthesia.Here we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on maintaining perioperative hemodynamic stability in elderly patients.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,the Cochrane Library,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and Wanfang Data were searched for randomized-controlled trials(RCTs)on the application of dexmedetomidine in maintaining perioperative hemodynamic stability in elderly patients from their inception to September,2021.The standardized mean differences(SMD)with 95%confidence interval(CI)were employed to analyze the data.The random-effect model was used for the potential clinical inconsistency.Results A total of 12 RCTs with 833 elderly patients(dexmedetomidine group,546 patients;control group,287 patients)were included.There was no significant increase in perioperative heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)in the dexmedetomidine group before and during the operation.In addition,the variations of hemodynamic indexes including HR,MAP,SBP(systolic blood pressure),and DBP were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group compared with the control group(HR:SMD=-0.87,95%CI:-1.13 to-0.62;MAP:SMD=-1.12,95%CI:-1.60 to-0.63;SBP:SMD=-1.27,95%CI:-2.26 to-0.27;DBP:SMD=-0.96,95%CI:-1.33 to-0.59).Subgroup analysis found that with the prolongation of 1.0μg/kg dexmedetomidine infusion,the patient’s heart rate declined in a time-dependent way.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine provides more stable hemodynamics during perioperative period in elderly patients.However,further well-conducted trials are required to assess the effective and safer doses of dexmedetomidine in elderly patients.

Spatiotemporal hemodynamic monitoring via configurable skin-like microfiber Bragg grating group

Systemic blood circulation is one of life activity’s most important physiological functions.Continuous noninvasive hemodynamicmonitoring is essential for the management of cardiovascular status.However,it is difficult to achieve systemichemodynamic monitoring with the daily use of current devices due to the lack of multichannel and time-synchronized operationcapability over the whole body.Here,we utilize a soft microfiber Bragg grating group to monitor spatiotemporalhemodynamics by taking advantage of the high sensitivity,electromagnetic immunity,and great temporal synchronizationbetween multiple remote sensor nodes.A continuous systemic hemodynamic measurement technique is developedusing all-mechanical physiological signals,such as ballistocardiogram signals and pulse waves,to illustrate the actualmechanical process of blood circulation.Multiple hemodynamic parameters,such as systemic pulse transit time,heartrate,blood pressure,and peripheral resistance,are monitored using skin-like microfiber Bragg grating patches conformallyattached at different body locations.Relying on the soft microfiber Bragg grating group,the spatiotemporal hemodynamicmonitoring technique opens up new possibilities in clinical medical diagnosis and daily health management.

A Multi-mode Electronic Load Sensing Control Scheme with Power Limitation and Pressure Cut-off for Mobile Machinery

In mobile machinery,hydro-mechanical pumps are increasingly replaced by electronically controlled pumps to improve the automation level,but diversified control functions(e.g.,power limitation and pressure cut-off)are integrated into the electronic controller only from the pump level,leading to the potential instability of the overall system.To solve this problem,a multi-mode electrohydraulic load sensing(MELS)control scheme is proposed especially considering the switching stability from the system level,which includes four working modes of flow control,load sensing,power limitation,and pressure control.Depending on the actual working requirements,the switching rules for the different modes and the switching direction(i.e.,the modes can be switched bilaterally or unilaterally)are defined.The priority of different modes is also defined,from high to low:pressure control,power limitation,load sensing,and flow control.When multiple switching rules are satisfied at the same time,the system switches to the control mode with the highest priority.In addition,the switching stability between flow control and pressure control modes is analyzed,and the controller parameters that guarantee the switching stability are obtained.A comparative study is carried out based on a test rig with a 2-ton hydraulic excavator.The results show that the MELS controller can achieve the control functions of proper flow supplement,power limitation,and pressure cut-off,which has good stability performance when switching between different control modes.This research proposes the MELS control method that realizes the stability of multi-mode switching of the hydraulic system of mobile machinery under different working conditions.

One in four patients with gastrointestinal bleeding develops shock or hemodynamic instability:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Hemodynamic instability and shock are associated with untoward outcomes in gastrointestinal bleeding.However,there are no studies in the existing literature on the proportion of patients who developed these outcomes after gastrointestinal bleeding.AIM To determine the pooled event rates in the available literature and specify them based on the bleeding source.METHODS The protocol was registered on PROSPERO in advance(CRD42021283258).A systematic search was performed in three databases(PubMed,EMBASE,and CENTRAL)on 14^(th) October 2021.Pooled proportions with 95%CI were calculated with a random-effects model.A subgroup analysis was carried out based on the time of assessment(on admission or during hospital stay).Heterogeneity was assessed by Higgins and Thompson’s I^(2) statistics.The Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool was used for the risk of bias assessment.The Reference Citation Analysis(https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/)tool was applied to obtain the latest highlight articles.RESULTS We identified 11589 records,of which 220 studies were eligible for data extraction.The overall proportion of shock and hemodynamic instability in general gastrointestinal bleeding patients was 0.25(95%CI:0.17-0.36,I^(2)=100%).In non-variceal bleeding,the proportion was 0.22(95%CI:0.14-0.31,I^(2)=100%),whereas it was 0.25(95%CI:0.19-0.32,I^(2)=100%)in variceal bleeding.The proportion of patients with colonic diverticular bleeding who developed shock or hemodynamic instability was 0.12(95%CI:0.06-0.22,I^(2)=90%).The risk of bias was low,and heterogeneity was high in all analyses.CONCLUSION One in five,one in four,and one in eight patients develops shock or hemodynamic instability on admission or during hospitalization in the case of non-variceal,variceal,and colonic diverticular bleeding,respectively.

Preliminary Evaluation of Hemodynamic Effects of Fontan Palliation on Renal Artery Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Background:The assessment of renal function is important to the prognosis of patients needing Fontan palliation due to the reconstructed compromised circulation.To know the relationship between the kidney perfusion and hemodynamic characteristics during surgical design could reduce the risk of acute kidney injury(AKI)and the postoperative complications.However,the issue is still unsolved because the current clinical evaluation methods are unable to predict the hemodynamic changes in renal artery(RA).Methods:We reconstructed a three-dimensional(3D)vascular model of a patient requiring Fontan palliation.The technique of computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was utilized to explore the changes of RA hemodynamics under different possible blood flow rates.The relationship between the kidney perfusion and hemodynamic characteristics was investigated.Results:The calculated results indicated the declined tendency of the pressure and pressure drop as the flow rate decreased.When the flow rate decreased to two-thirds of its baseline,both the pressure of left renal artery(LRA)and the pressure of right renal artery(RRA)dipped below 50%,and the pressure of RRA fell more quickly than that of LRA.Uneven distribution of WSS was observed on the trunk of RA,and the lowest WSS was found at the distal of RA.The average WSS in RA dropped to around 50%as the flow rate reached one-third of its baseline.Conclusions:As a promising approach,CFD can be utilized to quantitatively evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of RA and contribute to offsetting the drawbacks of clinical assessments of renal function,to help realize better prognosis for the patients with Fontan palliation.

Hemodynamic Fetal Response to Maternal Isometric Exercise in Pregnant Patients with Diabetes

Background: Studies on physical activity during pregnancy and its impact on mother and fetus are still limited. International protocols consider only aerobic exercise and fail to provide information about other modalities such as isometric exercise. Isometric exercise promotes cardiorespiratory resistance and muscle strengthening, but it is rarely tested on pregnant women because it increases maternal blood pressure and can subsequently affect placental circulation. Objectives: To assess the fetal response by use of Doppler study in diabetes pregnant women submitted to isometric exercise. Methods: A cross-sectional experimental study was conducted on 25 diabetes pregnant women with gestational age between 26 and 36 weeks. The patients were submitted to isometric handgrip, and data were collected from the mother (blood pressure, heart rate and Doppler velocimetry for the uterine arteries) and from the fetus (heart rate, Doppler velocimetry for the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and ductus venosus). All variables were collected before, during and after the isometric handgrip. Results: There was a significant reduction in the pulsatilityindex (average values pre 0.77 ± 0.30, trans 0.65 ± 0.22, and post 0.75 ± 0.22, with p = 0.001), resistance index (average values pre 0.49 ± 0.12, trans 0.44 ± 0.10, and post 0.48 ± 0.90, with p =

Hemodynamic Fetal Response to Maternal Isometric Exercise in Pregnant Patients with Hypertension

Objective: to evaluate the maternal-fetal hemodynamic response with Doppler in pregnant women with chronic arterial hypertension and preeclampsia submitted to controlled isometric activity. Methods: experimental study comparing 50 healthy and 26 hypertensive and 24 preeclamptic pregnant women, from 26 to 36 weeks of gestational age, submitted to isometric contraction with handgrip dynamometer. Maternal hemodynamic parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure;heart rate;uterine arteries Doppler) and fetal (heart rate;umbilical artery, middle cerebral and venous duct Doppler) were evaluated before, during and post-isometry. Results: in preeclampsia were observed higher values of blood pressure and uterine artery indexes in all times;middle cerebral artery indexes in the pre and post-isometry;and of maternal heart rate post-isometry. In hypertensive women, systolic blood pressure is increased all the times, with indexes of the right uterine and middle cerebral arteries higher in pre-isometry;middle cerebral and umbilical arteries greater during isometry;and maternal heart rate and umbilical artery indexes bigger after isometry. Conclusion: blood pressure is higher in preeclamptic and hypertension women. The right uterine artery has more resistance in preeclampsia, with a significant decrease in pre to isometry in hypertensive and preeclamptic women;and increased in contraction to post-isometry in healthy and hypertensive women. The left uterine artery increases resistance post-isometry in all groups. The fetal hemodynamic parameters did not show significant differences when comparing the before, during and post-isometry.

Hemodynamic Profiling Using a Cardiac Index–Systemic Vascular Resistance Plot in Patients with Fontan Circulation

Background: Elevated Fontan pressure (FP) alone cannot fully predict clinical outcomes. We hypothesized thathemodynamic profiling using a cardiac index (CI)-systemic vascular resistance (SVR) plot could characterize clinicalfeatures and predict the prognosis of post-Fontan patients. Methods: We included post-Fontan patients whounderwent cardiac catheterization at age < 10 years. Patients were classified into four categories: A, CI ≥ 3, SVRindex (SVRI) ≥ 20;B, CI < 3, SVRI ≥ 20;C, CI ≥ 3, SVRI < 20;and D, CI < 3, SVRI < 20. The primary outcome wasfreedom from the combined endpoint: new onset of protein-losing enteropathy or plastic bronchitis, heart transplant,and death. Clinical and hemodynamic variables and freedom from the endpoint were compared betweenthe hemodynamic categories and outcome predictors were evaluated. Results: Eighty-three patients wereincluded. Median follow-up was 5.3 years. Category A/B/C/D consisted of 4/15/53/11 patients, respectively. Allthe patients in category A were New York Heart Association I/II and had a significantly lower pulmonary vascularresistance index (PVRI). Patients in category C had lower pulmonary/systemic blood flow. Patients in category Dhad a higher PVRI and had the poorest freedom from the endpoint (44% at 5 years). Elevated FP and category Dwere outcome predictors. Conclusions: CI-SVR plots was a novel adjunctive method for Fontan hemodynamicprofiling.

Research progress on the influence of local hemodynamics on carotid atherosclerosis

The reasons for the formation of atherosclerosis are diverse and complex,and atherosclerosis as a kind of systemic disease has the characteristics of focal selectivity,which occurs in the carotid bifurcation.The feature enables a large number of studies have found that the severe local hemodynamic characteristics has a great influence to the occurrence of this disease.This paper briefly reviews the related research on the local hemodynamics of carotid bifurcation.The relevant parameters of local hemodynamics were sorted out and summarized,and the effects of wall shear force and its derived parameters on the generation,progression and rupture of carotid atherosclerosis and their clinical applications were reviewed,in order to provide mechanical information for the early warning of carotid plaque rupture.At the same time,this paper describes the transformation of local hemodynamics research in the clinical application of carotid atherosclerosis disease,in order to provide personalized selection and basis for the clinical treatment of this disease.

Multi-mode Multi-frequency GNSS-IR Combination System for Sea Level Retrieval

With the development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),geodetic GNSS receivers have been utilized to monitor sea levels using GNSS-Interferometry Reflectometry(GNSS-IR)technology.The multi-mode,multi-frequency signals of GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,and Beidou can be used for GNSS-IR sea level retrieval,but combining these retrievals remains problematic.To address this issue,a GNSS-IR sea level retrieval combination system has been developed,which begins by analyzing error sources in GNSS-IR sea level retrieval and establishing and solving the GNSS-IR retrieval equation.This paper focuses on two key points:time window selection and equation stability.The stability of the retrieval combination equations is determined by the condition number of the coefficient matrix within the time window.The impact of ill-conditioned coefficient matrices on the retrieval results is demonstrated using an extreme case of SNR data with only ascending or descending trajectories.After determining the time window and removing ill-conditioned equations,the multi-mode,multi-frequency GNSS-IR retrieval is performed.Results from three International GNSS Service(IGS)stations show that the combination method produces high-precision,high-resolution,and high-reliability sea level retrieval combination sequences.

Effects of remifentanil combined with propofol on hemodynamics and oxidative stress in patients undergoing resection of rectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND Rectal carcinoma(RC)treatment primarily involves laparoscopic surgery,which may induce significant hemodynamic changes and weaken immune function.Certain anesthetic approaches using opioid drugs(including remifentanil and sufentanil)pose risks,such as hypotension.AIM To determine the effects of remifentanil combined with propofol on hemodynamics and oxidative stress in patients undergoing RC resection.METHODS A total of 211 patients one hundred and four patients with RC treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University between November 2018 and November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.Among them,the remifentanil group included 45 patients receiving remifentanil with propofol anesthesia and the sufentanil group included 59 patients receiving sufentanil with propofol anesthesia.Changes in the hemodynamic index,oxidative stress index,general data,consumption of remifentanil,and use of vasoactive drugs were compared.The incidences of adverse reactions were calculated.RESULTS The two groups did not significantly differ in terms of operation,anesthesia,and extubation times(P>0.05).At 1 min after intubation,the sufentanil group showed a notably higher heart rate,systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure,and mean arterial pressure(MAP)compared with the remifentanil group(P<0.05),whereas the sufentanil group showed a notably higher SBP and MAP compared with the remifentanil group at 5 min after pneumoperitoneum(P<0.05).Thirty minutes after surgery,the remifentanil group showed significantly lower plasma cortisol,noradrenaline,and glucose levels than the sufentanil group(P<0.001).The remifentanil group consumed significantly less remifentanil than the sufentanil group(P<0.05),and the adoption frequency of ephedrine was lower in the remifentanil group than that in the sufentanil group(P<0.05).The incidence of hypotension was notably higher in the sufentanil group than that in the remifentanil group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Remifentanil combined with propofol can improve hemodynamics and relieve oxidative stress in patients undergoing RC resection.

Clinical efficacy of total laparoscopic splenectomy for portal hypertension and its influence on hepatic hemodynamics and liver function

BACKGROUND The liver hemodynamic changes caused by portal hypertension(PH)are closely related to various complications such as gastroesophageal varices and portosystemic shunts,which may lead to adverse clinical outcomes in these patients,so it is of great clinical significance to find treatment strategies with favorable clinical efficacy and low risk of complications.AIM To study the clinical efficacy of total laparoscopic splenectomy(TLS)for PH and its influence on hepatic hemodynamics and liver function.METHODS Among the 199 PH patients selected from October 2016 to October 2020,100 patients[observation group(OG)]were treated with TLS,while the remaining 99[reference group(RG)]were treated with open splenectomy(OS).We observed and compared the clinical efficacy,operation indexes[operative time(OT)and intraoperative bleeding volume],safety(intraperitoneal hemorrhage,ascitic fluid infection,eating disorders,liver insufficiency,and perioperative death),hepatic hemodynamics(diameter,velocity,and flow volume of the portal vein system),and liver function[serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and serum total bilirubin(TBil)]of the two groups.RESULTS The OT was significantly longer and intraoperative bleeding volume was significantly lesser in the OG than in the RG.Additionally,the overall response rate,postoperative complications rate,and liver function indexes(ALT,AST,and TBil)did not differ significantly between the OG and RG.The hepatic hemodynamics statistics showed that the pre-and postoperative blood vessel diameters in the two cohorts did not differ statistically.Although the postoperative blood velocity and flow volume reduced significantly when compared with the preoperative values,there were no significant inter-group differences.CONCLUSION TLS contributes to comparable clinical efficacy,safety,hepatic hemodynamics,and liver function as those of OS in treating PH,with a longer OT but lesser intraoperative blood loss.

Method of Multi-Mode Sensor Data Fusion with an Adaptive Deep Coupling Convolutional Auto-Encoder

To address the difficulties in fusing multi-mode sensor data for complex industrial machinery, an adaptive deep coupling convolutional auto-encoder (ADCCAE) fusion method was proposed. First, the multi-mode features extracted synchronously by the CCAE were stacked and fed to the multi-channel convolution layers for fusion. Then, the fused data was passed to all connection layers for compression and fed to the Softmax module for classification. Finally, the coupling loss function coefficients and the network parameters were optimized through an adaptive approach using the gray wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. Experimental comparisons showed that the proposed ADCCAE fusion model was superior to existing models for multi-mode data fusion.

A Hand Features Based Fusion Recognition Network with Enhancing Multi-Modal Correlation

Fusing hand-based features in multi-modal biometric recognition enhances anti-spoofing capabilities.Additionally,it leverages inter-modal correlation to enhance recognition performance.Concurrently,the robustness and recognition performance of the system can be enhanced through judiciously leveraging the correlation among multimodal features.Nevertheless,two issues persist in multi-modal feature fusion recognition:Firstly,the enhancement of recognition performance in fusion recognition has not comprehensively considered the inter-modality correlations among distinct modalities.Secondly,during modal fusion,improper weight selection diminishes the salience of crucial modal features,thereby diminishing the overall recognition performance.To address these two issues,we introduce an enhanced DenseNet multimodal recognition network founded on feature-level fusion.The information from the three modalities is fused akin to RGB,and the input network augments the correlation between modes through channel correlation.Within the enhanced DenseNet network,the Efficient Channel Attention Network(ECA-Net)dynamically adjusts the weight of each channel to amplify the salience of crucial information in each modal feature.Depthwise separable convolution markedly reduces the training parameters and further enhances the feature correlation.Experimental evaluations were conducted on four multimodal databases,comprising six unimodal databases,including multispectral palmprint and palm vein databases from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.The Equal Error Rates(EER)values were 0.0149%,0.0150%,0.0099%,and 0.0050%,correspondingly.In comparison to other network methods for palmprint,palm vein,and finger vein fusion recognition,this approach substantially enhances recognition performance,rendering it suitable for high-security environments with practical applicability.The experiments in this article utilized amodest sample database comprising 200 individuals.The subsequent phase involves preparing for the extension of the method to larger databases.

A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Learning Multi-Modal Fusion:Methods,Technologies and Applications

Multi-modal fusion technology gradually become a fundamental task in many fields,such as autonomous driving,smart healthcare,sentiment analysis,and human-computer interaction.It is rapidly becoming the dominant research due to its powerful perception and judgment capabilities.Under complex scenes,multi-modal fusion technology utilizes the complementary characteristics of multiple data streams to fuse different data types and achieve more accurate predictions.However,achieving outstanding performance is challenging because of equipment performance limitations,missing information,and data noise.This paper comprehensively reviews existing methods based onmulti-modal fusion techniques and completes a detailed and in-depth analysis.According to the data fusion stage,multi-modal fusion has four primary methods:early fusion,deep fusion,late fusion,and hybrid fusion.The paper surveys the three majormulti-modal fusion technologies that can significantly enhance the effect of data fusion and further explore the applications of multi-modal fusion technology in various fields.Finally,it discusses the challenges and explores potential research opportunities.Multi-modal tasks still need intensive study because of data heterogeneity and quality.Preserving complementary information and eliminating redundant information between modalities is critical in multi-modal technology.Invalid data fusion methods may introduce extra noise and lead to worse results.This paper provides a comprehensive and detailed summary in response to these challenges.

Towards trustworthy multi-modal motion prediction:Holistic evaluation and interpretability of outputs

Predicting the motion of other road agents enables autonomous vehicles to perform safe and efficient path planning.This task is very complex,as the behaviour of road agents depends on many factors and the number of possible future trajectories can be consid-erable(multi-modal).Most prior approaches proposed to address multi-modal motion prediction are based on complex machine learning systems that have limited interpret-ability.Moreover,the metrics used in current benchmarks do not evaluate all aspects of the problem,such as the diversity and admissibility of the output.The authors aim to advance towards the design of trustworthy motion prediction systems,based on some of the re-quirements for the design of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence.The focus is on evaluation criteria,robustness,and interpretability of outputs.First,the evaluation metrics are comprehensively analysed,the main gaps of current benchmarks are identified,and a new holistic evaluation framework is proposed.Then,a method for the assessment of spatial and temporal robustness is introduced by simulating noise in the perception system.To enhance the interpretability of the outputs and generate more balanced results in the proposed evaluation framework,an intent prediction layer that can be attached to multi-modal motion prediction models is proposed.The effectiveness of this approach is assessed through a survey that explores different elements in the visualisation of the multi-modal trajectories and intentions.The proposed approach and findings make a significant contribution to the development of trustworthy motion prediction systems for autono-mous vehicles,advancing the field towards greater safety and reliability.