Transarterial embolization and low-dose continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and raltitrexed for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombus

AIM To determine the efficacy and safety of transarterial embolization and low-dose continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and raltitrexed in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with major portal vein tumor thrombus(MPVTT).METHODS eighty-six patients with MPVTT accepted routine embolization. The catheter was kept in the hepatic artery and oxaliplatin(50 mg in 250 m L of glucose) was infused by pump for 4 h,followed by raltitrexed(2 mg in 100 m L of 0.9% saline) infusion by pump for the next 1 h. The efficacy and safety were evaluated afterthe transarterial chemoembolization(TACe).RESULTS Full or partial embolization was achieved in 86 cases,where all the cases received low dose continuous hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Complete responses(CRs),partial responses(PRs),stable disease(SD),and disease progression(PD) for intrahepatic disease were observed in 0,45,20,and 21 patients,respectively. The 1-,2-and 3-year overall survival rates of the 86 patients were 40.7%,22.1%,and 8.1% respectively,and the median survival time was 8.7 mo. Complication was limited. CONCLUSION TACE with low dose continuous hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin and raltitrexed could be an option in MPVTT patient; it was shown to be effective in patients with advanced HCC with MPVTT with less toxicity.

Efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil and High-Concentration Cisplatin Suspended in Lipiodol by Short-Term Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis

Background: Since advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is potentially fatal, and patients’ quality of life (QOL) often deteriorates during their treatment, improving the prognosis and QOL of patients given chemotherapy is very important. In addition, cost-effective treatments are highly desirable when chemotherapy must be given repeatedly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and usefulness of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and high-concentration cisplatin by short-term hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (3-day FPL) in advanced HCC patients. Methods: Thirty patients with unresectable advanced HCC were enrolled. The patients underwent hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy via the implanted port system with 5-FU on days 1 - 3 and a fine-powder formulation of cisplatin in suspended pre-warmed lipiodol on day 2 every 4 to 10 weeks. Tumor response was assessed one month later with CT. Results: All patients had evidence of portal vein invasion (Vp2-4). Four patients achieved a complete response (CR), 8 patients achieved a partial response (PR), and 7 patients had stable disease (SD). The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 198 days and 452 days, respectively. The OS was significantly longer in the successful disease control group (CR, PR, and SD) than in the progressive disease group (P < 0.005). Conclusions: Three-day FPL was effective and tolerable in advanced HCC patients due to its shorter time of administration than conventional FP therapy. Therefore, repetitive 3-day FPL appears useful and contributes to improving the prognosis and QOL of patients with advanced HCC. In addition, this protocol is a cost-effective treatment.

Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis

AIM: To evaluate the prognostic factors and efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. METHODS: Fifty hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) were treated using hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) via a subcutaneously implanted port. The epirubicin-cisplatin-5-fluorouracil (ECF) chemotherapeutic regimen consisted of 35 mg/m 2 epirubicin on day 1, 60 mg/m 2 cisplatin for 2 h on day 2, and 500 mg/m 2 5-fluorouracil for 5 h on days 1-3. The treatments were repeated every 3 or 4 wk. RESULTS: Three (6%) of the 50 patients achieved a complete response (CR), 13 (26%) showed partial responses (PR), and 22 (44%) had stable disease (SD).The median survival and time to progression were 7 and 2 mo, respectively. After 2 cycles of HAIC, CR was achieved in 1 patient (2%), PR in 10 patients (20%) and SD in 26 patients (52%). Significant pre-treatment prognostic factors were a tumor volume of < 400 cm 3 (P = 0.01) and normal levels of protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist (PIVKA)-Ⅱ (P = 0.022). After 2 cycles of treatment, disease control (CR + PR + SD) (P = 0.001), PVTT response (P = 0.003) and α-fetoprotein reduction of over 50% (P = 0.02) were independent factors for survival. Objective response (CR + PR), disease control, PVTT response, and combination therapy during the HAIC were also significant prognostic factors. Adverse events were tolerable and successfully managed. CONCLUSION: HAIC may be an effective treatment modality for advanced HCC with PVTT in patients with tumors < 400 cm 3 and good prognostic factors.

Isolated arterioportal fistula presenting with variceal hemorrhage

We report a case of life-threatening hematemesis due to portal hypertension caused by an isolated arterioportal fistula (APF). Intrahepatic APFs are extremely rare and are a cause of presinusoidal portal hypertension. Etiologies for APFs are comprised of precipitating trauma, malignancy, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, but these were not the case in our patient. Idiopathic APFs are usually due to congenital vascular abnormalities and thus usually present in the pediatric setting. This is one of the first cases of adult-onset isolated APF who presented with portal hypertension and was successfully managed through endoscopic hemostasis and subsequent interventional radiological embolization.

Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by portal vein tumor thrombus

The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied by portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is generally poor if left untreated: a median survival time of 2.7-4.0 mo has been reported. Furthermore, while transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been shown to be safe in selected patients, the median survival time with this treatment is still only 3.8-9.5 mo. Systemic single-agent chemotherapy for HCC with PVTT has failed to improve the prognosis, and the response rates have been less than 20%. While regional chemotherapy with low-dose cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil or interferon and 5-fluorouracil via hepatic arterial infusion has increased the response rate, the median survival time has not exceeded 12 (range 4.5-11.8) mo. Combined treatment consisting of radiation for PVTT and TACE for liver tumor has achieved a high response rate, but the median survival rates have still been only 3.8-10.7 mo. With hepatic resection as monotherapy, the 5-year survival rate and median survival time were reportedly 4%-28.5% and 6-14 mo. The most promising results were reported for combined treatments consisting of hepatectomy and TACE, chemotherapy, or internal radiation. The reported 5-year survival rates and median survival times were 42% and 31 mo for TACE followed by hepatectomy; 36.3% and 22.1 mo for hepatectomy followed by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; and 56% for chemotherapy or internal radiation followed by hepatectomy.

Multimodality treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with tumor thrombi in portal vein

AIM To compare the therapeutic effect andsignificances of multimodality treatment forhepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumorthrombi in portal vein (PVTT).METHODS HCC patients (n = 147) with tumortrombi in the main portal vein or the first branchof portal vein were divided into four groups bythe several therapeutic methods. There wereconservative treatment group in 18 out ofpatients (group A); and hepatic artery ligation(HAL) and/or hepatic artery infusion (HAl)group in 18 patients (group B), in whompostoberative chemoembolization was doneperiodically; group of removal of HCC with PVTTin 79 (group C) and group of transcatheterhepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) orHAl and/or portal vein infusion (PVI) afteroperation in 32 (group D).RESULTS The median survival period was 12months in our series and the 1-, 3-, and 5-yearsurvival rates were 44.3%, 24.5% and 15.2%,respectively. The median survival times were 2,5, 12 and 16 months in group A, B, C and D,respectively. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rateswere 5.6%, 0% and 0% in group A; 22.2%,5.6% and 0% in group B; 53.9%, 26.9% and16.6% in group C; 79.3%, 38.9% and 26.8% ingroup D, respectively. Significant differenceappeared in the survival rates among the groups(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION Hepatic resection with removalof tumor thrombi and HCC should increase thecurative effects and be encouraged for theprolongation of life span and quality of life forHCC patients with PVTT, whereas the besttherapeutic method for HCC with PVTT is withregional hepatic chemotherapy orchemoemblization after hepatic resection withremoval of tumor thrombi.

Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis

The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is very poor although sorafenib is recommended as the first-line treatment. Therefore, an effective treatment regime is needed for treating HCC with PVTT. This review summarized seven potential treatment regimes which including transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), TACE combined with sorafenib, TACE combined with radiotherapy (RT), hepatectomy, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), HAIC combined with sorafenib and HAIC combined with RT in the treatment of HCC with PVTT. In conclusion, hepatectomy or the combination of HAIC and sorafenib may be a more effective modality in the treatment of HCC patients with type I - II PVTT. HAIC combined with or without sorafenib/RT or the combination of RT and TACE is an alternative treatment choice for HCC patients with type III - IV PVTT. Further randomized controlled studies are warranted.

Color Doppler sonography and angioscintigraphy in hepatic Hodgkin's lymphoma

AIM:To estimate the characteristics of Color Doppler findings and the results of hepatic radionuclide angiography (HRA) in secondary Hodgkin's hepatic lymphoma.METHODS:The research included patients with a diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma with metastatic focal lesions in the liver and controls.Morphologic characteristics of focal liver lesions and hemodynamic parameters were examined by pulsed and Color Doppler in the portal,hepatic and splenic veins were examined.Hepatic perfusion index (HPI) estimated by HRA was calculated.RESULTS:In the majority of patients,hepatomegaly was observed.Lesions were mostly hypoechoic and mixed,solitary or multiple.Some of the patients presented with dilated splenic veins and hepatofugal blood flow.A pulse wave was registered in the centre and at the margins of lymphoma.The average velocity of the pulse wave was higher at the margins (P>0.05).A continuous venous wave was found only at the margins of lymphoma.There was no linear correlation between lymphoma size and velocity of pulse and continuous wave (r=390,P<0.01).HPI was significantly lower in patients with lymphomas than in controls (P<0.05),pointing out increased arterial perfusion in comparison to portal perfusion.CONCLUSION:Color Doppler ultrasonography is a sensitive method for the detection of neovascularization in Hodgkin's hepatic lymphoma and estimation of its intensity.Hepatic radionuclide angiography can additionally help in the assesment of vascularisation of liver lesions.

Clinical anatomy of hepatic vessels by computed tomography angiography:A minireview

The liver has a complex vascular anatomy with a unique dual blood supply.Clinical conditions of the liver vary widely and include disorders originating in the vascular and biliary systems as well as the parenchyma.In most vascular disorders,the effects on the liver are generally subclinical because of its abundant blood supply.However,early diagnosis of such vascular diseases can significantly reduce patient morbidity and mortality.Because imaging findings of vascular disease are not always readily apparent,diagnosis can be difficult.Computed tomography angiography is an excellent imaging modality for visualizing the vascular anatomy of patients for treatment planning.In this review article,we focus on the vascular anatomy of the liver and the imaging findings in some acute hepatic vascular diseases.

Dual transformation therapy for giant hepatocellular carcinoma: Two case reports and review of literature

BACKGROUND In the translational therapy of giant hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC)combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKI)after laparoscopic portal vein ligation(PVL)is extremely rare.This is a dual conversion therapy that combines surgery and oncology.Here,we report two cases of successful surgical completion after dual conversion therapy.CASE SUMMARY We report that a 54-year-old man and a 69-year-old woman were diagnosed with primary HCC combined with hepatitis B cirrhosis(case 2 also combined with fatty liver)on physical examination.Due to the insufficient residual liver volume assessed before surgery,laparoscopic right PVL was performed,followed by HAIC combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and TKI.Finally,surgical resection was successfully completed,and pathology confirmed that the tumor was mostly necrotic(90%)in one case,and no live tumor tissue was found in the other case.CONCLUSION In the process of surgical transformation,our treatment plan takes into account the control and transformation of oncology at the same time,which is expected to provide more opportunities for radical hepatectomy and improve the prognosis of patients with large liver cancer.

PD-1抗体联合胸腺肽α1、肝动脉灌注化疗治疗原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的疗效观察

目的探究程序性死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)抗体联合胸腺肽α1、肝动脉灌注化疗(HAIC)治疗原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)的疗效。方法选择2021年8月—2022年8月石家庄市第五医院介入医学科治疗的原发性肝癌合并PVTT患者50例,以随机数字表法分为PD-1组(n=25)和对照组(n=25)。对照组给予胸腺肽α1与HAIC治疗,PD-1组给予PD-1抗体联合胸腺肽α1、HAIC治疗。比较2组患者客观缓解率、肝功能指标、血清肿瘤标志物、免疫功能指标。结果PD-1组的客观缓解率高于对照组(48.00%vs.20.00%,χ^(2)/P=4.367/0.037)。治疗6周、12周后,2组Alb均升高,TBil、ALT均降低,且治疗12周后PD-1组升高/降低幅度显著大于对照组(t/P=2.897/0.006、3.424/<0.001、2.658/<0.001);2组患者甲胎蛋白(AFP)、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2(IGFBP-2)均降低,且治疗12周后PD-1组低于对照组(t/P=3.934/<0.001、5.992/<0.001);2组患者CD8^(+)均降低,CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)均升高,且治疗12周后PD-1组降低/升高幅度大于对照组(t/P=3.110/<0.001、2.414/0.020)。结论PD-1抗体联合胸腺肽α1、HAIC治疗能够改善原发性肝癌合并PVTT患者的肝功能和免疫功能,降低血清肿瘤标志物水平,延缓肿瘤进展,疗效显著。

多模态超声诊断肝内门静脉-肝静脉瘘

肝内外血管异常多为胚胎发育第4~6周门静脉系统与下腔静脉、肝静脉或肝动脉等形成异常交通所致。门静脉畸形包括肝动脉-门静脉瘘、肝内门静脉-肝静脉瘘、门静脉狭窄等,其中肝内门静脉-肝静脉瘘罕见,其临床表现隐匿,患者常因其他原因接受影像学检查而检出^([1-2])。目前影像学多采用Park分型评价肝内门静脉-肝静脉瘘。

双源CT双动脉期增强扫描对肝动脉-门静脉瘘的评估价值及风险因素分析

目的:探讨双源CT双动脉期增强扫描模式对肝动脉-门静脉瘘(HAPVF)的评估价值及风险因素分析。方法:选取HAPVF和非HAPVF患者各60例,分别为HAPVF组和非HAPVF组,行双源CT双动脉期增强扫描,比较2组临床指标及CT征象差异。以DSA为金标准,对比动脉早期、动脉晚期和双动脉期对HAPVF的诊断敏感度、特异度,以及对HAPVF分型的诊断准确率。应用logistic回归分析探讨HAPVF的危险因素,采用ROC曲线评估危险因素预测HAPVF的价值。结果:双动脉期诊断HAPVF的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及分型准确率均明显高于单独2期(均P<0.05)。2组肝癌大小、包膜类型、门静脉癌栓比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,肝癌大小、包膜类型、门静脉癌栓均是HAPVF的独立危险因素。ROC曲线表明,单因素预测HAPVF效果最好的是包膜类型,其次是门静脉癌栓,再次是肝癌大小。综合多因素联合预测分析显示,肝癌大小+包膜类型+门静脉癌栓预测效果最好。结论:双源CT双动脉期增强扫描模式对HAPVF的诊断敏感度、特异度较高,且在HAPVF分型中具有较好的诊断效果。HAPVF的临床及影像学征象具有一定特点,其中肝癌大小、包膜类型、门静脉癌栓均是HAPVF的独立危险因素,三者联合预测效果最好,能为临床及时诊治提供可靠依据。

HAIC联合靶向和免疫治疗晚期肝癌伴门脉主干癌栓的研究

目的 评估以mFOLFOX为基础的肝动脉灌注化疗术(HAIC)联合酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)和免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)治疗HCC伴门静脉癌栓(PVTT,Vp3,Vp4)的疗效及安全性。方法 本回顾性研究纳入2021年1月至2023年1月哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院介入科接受以mFOLFOX为基础的HAIC联合TKI和ICI治疗的37例患者进行分析,主要终点是PVTT反应的客观缓解率,次要终点是6个月、1年生存率和总生存期(OS),评估了相应的不良反应事件及并发症。使用ITK-SNAP软件评估PVTT反应,寿命表计算6个月及1年的生存率,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线评估总OS,logistic回归及Cox回归分析了与PVTT反应及OS相关的风险因素。结果 37例患者中7例(18.92%)PVTT体积完全消失(CR),21例(56.76%)患者PVTT体积减少超过50%(PR)。PVTT的客观缓解率(ORR)为75.68%。6个月生存率为89%,1年生存率为66%,中位OS为15.8个月。在单变量分析中,治疗中出现门静脉海绵样变(CTPV)(P=0.010)与PVTT反应相关,Child-Pugh评分(P=0.010)、治疗中出现PVTT反应(P=0.004)作为预测OS的重要因素;在多变量分析中,癌栓治疗前体积(P=0.033)、门静脉海绵样变(P=0.007)是预测PVTT反应的重要因素,Child-Pugh评分(P=0.035)、治疗中出现PVTT反应(P=0.015)作为预测OS的重要因素。在不良反应及并发症方面,与HAIC相关的最常见的不良反应为与奥沙利铂相关的疼痛(30.80%)和血小板减少症(22.59%),其中10例(27%)发生了3级的疼痛,4例(11%)出现了3级的血小板计数减少,在出现疼痛后通过减慢泵入速度及相应的止痛治疗后都可得到缓解;与靶向及免疫治疗相关的常见不良反应为手足反应(16.45%),其中6例(16%)发生了3级手足反应。结论 以FOLFOX为基础HAIC联合靶向及免疫治疗诱导了75.68%的PVTT客观缓解率,为肝内肿瘤提供了更多的治疗选择。

Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal venous tumor thrombosis: A comprehensive review

The natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)with portal vein tumor thrombosis(PVTT)is dismal(approximately 2-4 mo),and PVTT is reportedly found in 10%-40%of HCC patients at diagnosis.According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC)Staging System(which is the most widely adopted HCC management guideline),sorafenib is the standard of care for advanced HCC(i.e.,BCLC stage C)and the presence of PVTT is included in this category.However,sorafenib treatment only marginally prolongs patient survival and,notably,its therapeutic efficacy is reduced in patients with PVTT.In this context,there have been diverse efforts to develop alternatives to current standard systemic chemotherapies or combination treatment options.To date,many studies on transarterial chemoembolization,3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,hepatic arterial chemotherapy,and transarterial radioembolization report better overall survival than sorafenib therapy alone,but their outcomes need to be verified in future prospective,randomized controlled studies in order to be incorporated into current treatment guidelines.Additionally,combination strategies have been applied to treat HCC patients with PVTT,with the hope that the possible synergistic actions among different treatment modalities would provide promising results.This narrative review describes the current status of the management options for HCC with PVTT,with a focus on overall survival.

Small for size syndrome following living donor and split liver transplantation

The field of liver transplantation is limited by the availability of donor organs. The use of living donor and split cadaveric grafts is one potential method of expanding the donor pool. However, primary graft dysfunction can result from the use of partial livers despite the absence of other causes such as vascular obstruction or sepsis. This increasingly recognised phenomenon is termed "Small-for-size syndrome" (SFSS). Studies in animal models and humans have suggested portal hyperperfusion of the graft combined with poor venous outflow and reduced arterial flow might cause sinusoidal congestion and endothelial dysfunction. Graft related factors such as graft to recipient body weight ratio < 0.8, impaired venous outflow, steatosis > 30% and pro- longed warm/cold ischemia time are positively predictive of SFSS. Donor related factors include deranged liver function tests and prolonged intensive care unit stay greater than five days. Child-Pugh grade C recipients are at relatively greater risk of developing SFSS. Surgi- cal approaches to prevent SFSS fall into two categories: those targeting portal hyperperfusion by reducing inflow to the graft, including splenic artery modulation and portacaval shunts; and those aiming to relieve paren-chymal congestion. This review aims to examine thecontroversial diagnosis of SFSS, including current strate-gies to predict and prevent its occurrence. We will also consider whether such interventions could jeopardize the graft by compromising regeneration.

Combined vascular resection and analysis of prognostic factors for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND： Hilar cholangiocarcinoma （HCCA） is a devastating malignancy arising from the bifurcation of the hepatic duct, whether combined vascular resection benefits HCCA patients is controversial. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of combined vascular resection in HCCA patients and to analyze the prognostic factors.

Efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To investigate the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC) using floxuridine(FUDR) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) confined to the liver.METHODS:Thirty-four patients who had advanced HCC with unresectability or unsuccessful previous therapy in the absence of extrahepatic metastasis were treated with intra-arterial FUDR chemotherapy at ourhospital between March 2005 and May 2008.Among the 34 patients,9 patients were classified as Child class C,and 18 patients had portal vein tumor thrombus(PVTT).One course of chemotherapy consisted of continuous infusion of FUDR(0.3 mg/kg during day 1-14) and dexamethasone(10 mg on day 1,4,7 and 11),and this treatment was repeated every 28 d.RESULTS:Two patients(5.9%) displayed a complete response,and 12 patients(35.3%) had a partial response.The tumor control rate was 61.8%.The median overall survival times were 15.3 mo,12.4 mo and 4.3 mo for the patients who were classified as Child class A,Child class B and Child class C,respectively(P = 0.0392).The progression-free survival was 12.9 mo,7.7 mo and 2.6 mo for the patients who were classified as Child class A,Child class B and Child class C,respectively(P = 0.0443).The cumulative survival differed significantly according to the Child-Pugh classification and the presence of PVTT.In addition to hepatic reserve capacity and PVTT,the extent of HCC was an independent factor in determining a poor prognosis.The most common adverse reactions to HAIC were mucositis,diarrhea and peptic ulcer disease,but most of these complications were improved by medical treatment and/or a delay of HAIC.CONCLUSION:The present study demonstrates that intra-arterial FUDR chemotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for advanced HCC that is recalcitrant to other therapeutic modalities,even in patients with advanced cirrhosis.

介入联合索拉菲尼治疗肝癌伴门脉癌栓的疗效观察

目的:探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)序贯索拉非尼联合门静脉支架及碘125粒子链治疗原发性肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓的临床疗效。方法:选取40例肝细胞癌伴门静脉主干癌栓患者,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组(各20例),观察组予TACE序贯索拉非尼联合门静脉支架及碘125粒子链治疗,对照组予TACE联合门静脉支架及碘125粒子链治疗。对比观察组和对照组患者治疗前后血清异常凝血酶原(DCP/PIVKA-Ⅱ)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平、近期疗效、36个月生存情况。结果:观察组治疗后的总体有效率为90%,对照组为55%,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后2组血清PIVKA-II、AFP水平均低于各自治疗前的水平,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组和对照组中位生存时间分别为20个月和11个月,观察组的生存结局优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:TACE序贯索拉非尼联合门静脉支架及碘125粒子链治疗肝细胞肝癌伴门静脉主干癌栓,可延长患者生存时间,具有良好的临床应用前景。

门静脉血栓及肝动脉-门静脉瘘诊治再认识

1 门静脉血栓门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis, PVT)是指门静脉主干和(或)其肝内分支发生血栓,伴或不伴有肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉血栓,导致门静脉系统完全或不完全阻塞。1.1 原因及危险因素与其他部位静脉血栓形成的机制相似,PVT发生的基本病理生理机制也可归纳为“Virchow三角”,即血流淤滞、血管壁损伤(或内皮损伤)、高凝状态[1]。PVT发生的原因可分为肝硬化和非肝硬化性。