Karyotype and cytogeography of the genus Heracleum (Apiaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains

In the present study, the karyotypes of 34 populations belonging to 11 species and one variety of Heracleum from the Hengduan Mountains in China were examined. Chromosome numbers and the karyotypes of three species （H. souliei, H. la＇ngdoni, and H. wenchuanense） are reported for the first time, as are the karyotypes of H. moellendorffii and H. henryi （tetraploid）. Populations of H. candicans, H. franchetii, and H. kingdoni in the Hengduan Mountains were found to consist of a mixture of diploid and tetraploid plants. Except for four species of Heracleum, namely H. candicans, H. franchetii, H. henryi, and H.kingdoni, which have both diploid and tetraploid karyotypes, all other species of Heracleum are were found to be diploid. All karyotypes were found to belong to the 2A type of Stebbins, with the exception ofH. candicans var. obtusifolium, which belongs to 2B, and H. hemsleyanum and H. franchetii （Mt. Dujuan, Daocheng, Sichuan, China）, which belong to 1A. There was only a slight difference in the karyotype asymmetry index, which suggests a close kinship for species of Heracleum and that the entire phylogenetic development of Heracleum is relatively primitive. Species that exhibited advanced morphological features were also more advanced in karyotype structure, with the order ofkaryotype evolution being 1A→2A→2B. This phenomenon indicates that the species distributed in the Hengduan Mountains have not diverged completely and that the Hengduan Mountains are a relatively young and active area for the evolution of Heracleum. Polyploidization in Heracleum may be an important evolutionary mechanisms for some species, generating diversity. The biological attributes, distribution range, and the geological history of the genus have all played a part in accelerating the evolution through polyploidization or aneuploidization. It is known that as the distribution latitude of Heracleum decreases from north to south, the chromosome number, ploidy level, and asymmetry structure appear to increase. In the Hengduan Mountains, these tendencies are also evident. Finally, based on all the available cytogeographic data, we speculate that the more advanced tetraplont or aneuploid species of Heracleum in India may be derived from early diplont species that were distributed in the Caucasus region and Hengduan Mountains. The dispersal of Heracleum was from Eurasia to India, because this correlates with the emergence of the Himalayan Mountains through tectonic movement. Thus, the Hengduan Mountains are not only a center of diversity for Heracleurn, but also a center of active speciation in modern times.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of Heracleum persicum L. extract on rats with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Heracleum persicum L.against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.Methods:Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups including control(normal saline),gentamicin(80 mg/kg/d for 10 d),Heracleum persicum(750 mg/kg/d),and gentamicin(10 d)+Heracleum persicum extract at three different doses(250,500,and 750 mg/kg/d for 40 d).Urine creatinine,urea,protein,and albumin levels were determined.In addition,serum urea,creatinine,sodium,potassium,cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-10),glutathione peroxidase activity,total antioxidant capacity,kidney malondialdehyde,stereological parameters,and expressions of apoptosis-related genes(p53,Bax,Bcl-2,and caspase-3)were measured.The LD50 of Heracleum persicum extract was determined based on Lorke’s method.Histopathological evaluation was also performed.Results:In addition to decreased urine protein and albumin,and increased creatinine and urea,co-treatment with gentamicin and Heracleum persicum significantly reduced levels of creatinine and urea,and increased sodium and potassium in serum.Heracleum persicum treatment also improved stereological parameters and serum inflammatory cytokines.There was a significant increase in serum glutathione peroxidase activity and total antioxidant capacity as well as a reduction in malondialdehyde level.Furthermore,treatment with Heracleum persicum extracts downregulated p53,caspase-3,and Bax and upregulated Bcl-2 expressions.In histopathological evaluation,Heracleum persicum extracts showed protection against gentamicin-induced renal damages.Conclusions:Heracleum persicum exhibits protective effects against gentamicin-induced structural and functional renal impairments.

Prenylated Coumarins from Heracleum stenopterum,Peucedanum praeruptorum,Clausena lansium,and Murraya paniculata

Four hitherto unknown prenylated coumarins,namely 600-O-b-D-apiofuranosylapterin(1),40-O-isobutyroylpeguangxienin(2),6-(3-methyl-2-oxobutyroyl)-7-methoxycoumarin(3),and 6-hydroxycoumurrayin(4),were isolated from the ethanol extract of Heracleum stenopterum,Peucedanum praeruptorum,Clausena lansium,and Murraya paniculata,respectively.Their chemical structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.Compound 2 exhibited in vitro cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines(HL-60,A-549,SMMC-7721,MCF-7,and SW-480)with IC50 values ranging from 15.9 to 23.2μM.

Study on the Quality Standard of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the quality standard of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance.,so as to provide data support for the 2003 version of Quality Standards for Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicinal Materials in Guizhou Province.[Methods]H.moellendorffii was subjected to character identification and microscopic identification.Referring to Chinese Pharmacopoeia,TCL thin-layer identification and extract determination were carried out on 10 batches of H.moellendorffii from 6 habitats in Guizhou.[Results]The characters and microscopic characteristics of H.moellendorffii were described in detail.The TLC thin-layer identification spots were clear,with strong specificity.The limit of the medicinal material extract was determined to be not less than 22.0%.[Conclusions]This study can provide data support for the quality evaluation and standard improvement of the medicinal material H.moellendorffii.

A new trimeric furanocoumarin from Heracleum rapula

新 trimeric 线性类型的 furanocoumarin， rapultririn A (1 ) ，从 Heracleum rapula 的地下的部分被孤立。这新混合物的结构被 NMR 阐明， MS 分光镜的方法。

Effect of Ploughing Depth on the Growth and Yield of Heracleum candicans:a Threatened Medicinal Herb and a Less-explored Potential Crop of the Himalayan Region

This paper examines the effect of ploughing depths (A — 60 cm,B — 45 cm and C — 30 cm) on the growth and yield of Heracleum candicans Wall (Apiaceae),a threatened medicinal herb of the Himalayan region. This less-explored plant is being suggested as a potential crop for the mountain agriculture. The study was carried out in an orchard in Himachal Pradesh,India at 2500 m altitude,for two successive growth years. During the first year,all plants remained in juvenile state;in the second year,nearly 65 % plants produced flowers only under 60 cm ploughing depth. Among its morphological traits,plant height,collar diameter and aboveground fresh weight were found to be strongly correlated (P < 0.01) with the belowground biomass during the first year (r =0.968,0.925 and 0.973,respectively) and during the second year (r=0.945,0.928 and 0.775,respectively). Increase in the ploughing depth was significantly correlated (P<0.01) with all growth parameters,including the belowground dry weight,marketable portion of the produce. The belowground biomass (commercial yield;16.28 Qt/hec) at depth A was about 2.6 and 4.7 times higher than those recorded at depths B and C,respectively. The results clearly justify the importance of deep ploughing and this paper strongly recommends it for economically sustainable cropping.

Phytochemistry and biological activities of Heracleum persicum: a review

Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch is used in Iranian traditional medicines, for the treatment of various diseases including neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, rheumatological and urinary tract diseases. In phytochemical analysis of H. persicum, several classes of natural chemicals including volatile （aliphatic esters, carbonyls, phenyl propenes and terpenes） and nonvolatile （flavonoids, furanocoumarins, tannins and alkaloids） constituents as well as different minerals have been identified. Scientific studies on H. persicum proved that it has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. This article has provided comprehensive information on Iranian traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacolog- ical activities of H. persicum.

独活种苗质量分级标准研究

以19个采样点采集的1791株独活种苗为研究材料,测定了其主根长、主根粗、侧根数、芽体长度、芽数和单株根重6个主要质量指标,利用K-均值聚类分析法,并结合种苗实际生产情况对独活种苗进行等级划分。根据单株根重、主根长、主根粗3个指标将独活种苗分为3个等级:Ⅰ级,单株根重≥16.0 g,主根长≥22 cm,主根粗≥17 mm;Ⅱ级,8.0 g≤单株根重<16.0 g,18 cm≤主根长<22 cm,12 mm≤主根粗<17 mm;Ⅲ级,3.6 g≤单株根重<8.0 g,14 cm≤主根长<18 cm,9 mm≤主根粗<12 mm。

裂叶独活精油成分分析及其对HaCat细胞辐射损伤的保护作用

目的采用GC/Q-TOF MS对裂叶独活精油进行成分定性分析并研究其对X射线照射的HaCaT细胞的损伤保护作用。方法应用水蒸气蒸馏法提取裂叶独活精油,采用GC/Q-TOF MS对其成分进行解析;采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性探索裂叶独活精油的照射剂量、作用浓度和时间;细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移;Real-time PCR法检测Notch1受体和Jagged1配体mRNA表达。结果共得到裂叶独活精油118个化学成分,其中含量较高的有3-苯基丙基环丁烷羧酸酯(9.06%)、十六烷酸(8.62%)、匙羹藤醇(7.76%)、氧化石竹烯(4.05%)、反式-橙花叔醇(3.99%)、2-(4-甲基苯基)2-丙醇(3.92%),主要为单萜、倍半萜、脂肪族和芳香族类化合物;裂叶独活精油能有效促进HaCaT细胞增殖、迁移,并上调Notch1受体和Jagged1配体mRNA表达。结论裂叶独活精油成分对辐射损伤的HaCaT细胞有防护作用,可能是通过激活Notch信号通路,上调HaCaT细胞相关受体与配体的表达,发挥其促增殖和迁移作用。

独活属植物香豆素类化合物及其生物活性研究进展

为独活属植物中香豆素类化合物的深入研究及利用提供参考,总结了独活属植物中已鉴定的香豆素类化合物的种类及其化学结构,归纳了其在抗菌、抗氧化、抗细胞增殖、抗炎、毒性等方面的研究进展,比较分析了国内外相关研究差异。揭示了独活属植物中香豆素类化合物的多样性及其食药用价值,提出其在药物开发过程中存在功能研究不够深入、系统,活性成分不明确等问题。建议加强毒性和药效研究,促进独活属植物作为食药用植物资源的开发和利用。

牛尾独活叶抗红色毛癣菌活性成分研究

为了解牛尾独活叶的抗红色毛癣菌活性,以抑菌圈大小为考察指标,对比了牛尾独活不同部位、其它独活品种和常见的抗红色毛癣菌植物之间的差异,通过单因素试验和响应面法优化牛尾独活叶提取工艺,并对牛尾独活叶提取液进行溶剂萃取和化学成分预试分析。研究结果表明:伞形科不同属植物的抗红色毛癣菌活性具有差异性,牛尾独活具有较好的抑菌活性,其叶、种子、茎和根的抑菌活性差异不大。牛尾独活叶最佳抗红色毛癣菌活性的提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数25%、液料比15∶1(mL∶g)、超声波功率220 W、提取温度80℃、提取时间30 min,在此工艺条件下,牛尾独活叶提取液对红色毛癣菌的抑菌圈为(22±0.2)mm;牛尾独活叶提取液中抑菌成分均能较好地溶解在石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇中,其中,石油醚萃取液抑菌效果最好;化学成分预试显示牛尾独活叶具有抗红色毛癣菌的活性成分可能是多酚类和黄酮类化合物。

独活茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛生长性能、血清生化指标、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

为探究独活茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛生长性能、血清生化指标、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,选用西门塔尔杂交公牛20头,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别添加150、300、450 g/d的独活茎叶粉。预试期15 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:(1)试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日增重高于对照组,料重比低于对照组。(2)试验Ⅲ组血清免疫球蛋白A含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),血清球蛋白和免疫球蛋白M含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和丙二醛含量极显著低于对照组、试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01);血清白细胞介素-10、总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶活性极显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01);血清β-内啡肽和免疫球蛋白G含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),血清超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01);血清亮氨酸-脑啡肽含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),显著高于试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在饲粮中添加独活茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛机体蛋白质合成代谢及生长性能有一定促进作用,且能显著提高机体免疫和抗氧化性能,建议每头牛添加量为450 g/d。

复方赤红颗粒中独活和川芎及芍药苷的含量测定

目的建立复方赤红颗粒中独活、川芎及芍药苷含量的测定方法。方法分别取复方赤红颗粒、独活阴性样品及独活对照药材各1 g制备独活鉴别的供试品、阴性对照及对照药材溶液,分别取复方赤红颗粒(2 g)、川芎阴性样品(2 g)及川芎对照药材(0.1 g)制备川芎鉴别的供试品、阴性对照及对照药材溶液,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对独活和川芎进行定性鉴别;取复方赤红颗粒(3 g)制备供试品溶液,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定芍药苷含量,进行线性关系、精密度、稳定性、重复性和加样回收率试验及上述3批样品的含量测定。结果独活和川芎的薄层色谱中斑点清晰,阴性无干扰;芍药苷在5.22~167.04 mg/L范围内具有良好线性关系(r=0.9990),精密度、稳定性及重复性试验的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.14%、1.45%及1.39%;平均加样回收率为102.8%,RSD为1.36%;3批样品芍药苷平均含量分别为1.4243 mg/g、1.4091 mg/g及1.4327 mg/g。结论复方赤红颗粒的TLC方法专属性高,本研究建立的含量测定方法专属性强、分离度高及重复性好。

独活总香豆素类成分的纯化工艺研究

利用大孔吸附树脂对独活（Heracleum hemsleyanum Diels）中的总香豆素类成分进行纯化。采用静态与动态吸附-解吸相结合的方法,以解吸量及解吸率为主要指标对工艺条件进行优化,确定了最佳纯化工艺条件。结果表明,采用LX-36型大孔吸附树脂纯化效果较好,其最佳工艺条件为上柱药液浓度相当于原药0.1 g/m L,上柱药液p H为2.5-5.5,吸附速率为5 BV/h,上样量相当于树脂量的50%,解吸液乙醇体积分数为95%,解吸速率为1 BV/h,解吸液用量为5 BV,经LX-36型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化后的独活干浸膏中总香豆素的含量由原来的8.42%升高到27.09%。表明LX-36型大孔吸附树脂适于独活总香豆素的初步纯化。

中国独活属叶柄的解剖学研究

本文首次观察了我国独活属（Ｈｅｒａｃｌｅｕｍ）１５种植物叶柄解剖结构的基本特征和变异幅度。根据叶柄的维管束排列，结合横切面形状，近轴面沟槽的有无及形状，周缘的变化及髓腔的有无等特征，把１５种独活的叶柄解剖分为５个类型．依据各类型的结构特点结合其植物的外部形态，以及细胞学和花粉形态等特征，讨论了这５个类型可能的演化关系和独活属的属下分类问题。作者认为我国西南部的横断山区不仅独活属植物的种类丰富，是该属的频度中心，而且形态分化活跃．也是其最大变异中心。

老山芹生长发育规律及主要性状相关性分析

试验研究老山芹植株生长发育过程及各性状间相关关系,为老山芹人工大面积栽培提供理论依据。观察老山芹植株物候期,测量从展叶期至种子发育期植株和种子主要形态学指标,分析主要性状相关性。结果表明,老山芹植株生长发育过程可分为宿根萌发期、展叶期、现蕾期、抽薹期、开花期、种子发育期及种子收获期七个阶段;依据株高和最大叶片面积生长发育变化曲线,将展叶后植株形态发育过程划分为缓慢增长期、迅速增长期和停滞增长期三个阶段,其中展叶第10~20天是老山芹嫩茎叶可大量采摘食用适宜时期;依据种子形态变化,可将种子发育过程划分为迅速膨大期、缓慢生长期和收获期三个时期,其中种子发育第5~20天是种子干物质迅速积累重要时期,35 d后即开始分批采收种子,种子发育过程种皮颜色经历深绿、翠绿、枯黄和褐色四个阶段。老山芹叶轴-叶面积之间存在异速生长关系,老山芹植株冠幅是多个形态指标共同调节结果,这些形态指标对种子干物质积累及种子形态影响显著。

中国伞形科独活属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国伞形科独活属15个种的果实表面微形态特征进行了比较观察.结果表明:(1)多数种的外果皮表面细胞为凹陷型,细胞形状为4～6边形、不规则形和细胞轮廓不可见.(2)外果皮纹饰可分为网状纹饰和条状纹饰两类;多数种类具有尖囊状或带状表皮毛以及鳞片状或颗粒状的分泌物.(3)其微形态特征在独活属属下种间表现出丰富的多样性,可为种的划分提供重要的分类学依据.(4)结合形态学、孢粉学、细胞学和解剖学等特征对钝叶独活(H.candicans var.obtusifolium)和长裂叶独活(H.millefolium var.longilobum)的系统位置分析认为:将钝叶独活作为白亮独活的变种处理较恰当;将长裂叶独活作为种(H.longilobum)处理,系统位置在裂叶独活(H.millefolium)之后.

白云花根的化学成分研究Ⅰ

目的:研究白云花根的化学成分。方法:用各种现代色谱方法分离白云花根化学成分,用波谱技术(IR,UV,MS,1D和2D NMR)鉴定结构。结果:从白云花根中分离得到8个香豆素类成分,分别鉴定为甲氧基欧芹酚(ostholⅠ),佛手苷内酯(bergaptenⅡ),花椒毒素(xanthotoxinⅢ),异虎耳草素(isopimpinellinⅣ),欧前胡素(imperatorinⅤ),异欧前胡素(isoimperatorinⅥ),cnidilinⅦ,珊瑚菜内酯(phellopterinⅧ)。1个双香豆素类成分,鉴定为rivulobirinA(Ⅸ)。结论:其中Ⅵ,Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅸ等4个成分为首次从该植物中分离。

老山芹根中亲脂性化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的分析老山芹根的亲脂性化学成分。方法采用GC-MS法对其亲脂性化学成分进行分析,面积归一化法计算其相对含量。结果从老山芹根中鉴定出了33个化合物,并确定了其相对含量,其中石油醚部分鉴定出19个化合物,氯仿部分鉴定出14个化合物。结论老山芹根中亲脂性化学成分主要为长链醇、甾醇和香豆素类化合物。

不同层积条件下老山芹种子形态后熟的研究

以老山芹种子为试验材料,研究低温及变温层积处理对种子形态后熟过程影响,为揭示老山芹种子休眠机理,终止种子休眠提供依据。结果表明,两种层积处理种胚胚长、胚宽、胚剖面面积及胚率等指标均随层积时间延长不断增加,而胚附近胚乳空腔面积在层积过程中随着种胚逐渐增大而减小;变温层积处理效果优于低温层积处理。变温层积可加速老山芹种子后熟过程,缩短种子休眠时间。