Effect of Mushroom Extract Hericium erinaceus on Spatial Memory and Morphology of Neurons in the CA1 and CA3 Regions of the Hippocampus in Ovariectomized Rats

Various studies indicate that low levels of estradiol negatively impact cognitive abilities. Extracts from the fungus Hericium erinaceus (HE) contain bioactive components that promote the proper functioning of the nervous system and potential effects on protection against neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia and motor dysfunctions. The objective was to evaluate the effects of the administration of the HE mushroom extract on visuospatial memory and morphology of neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in ovariectomized rats. 40 young Wistar rats weighing 90 ± 10 g BW were used, which were distributed into four groups of 10 animals;Control Group, non-ovariectomized and untreated rats;Group E2, ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol (2 μg/kg/body weight);Group HE, ovariectomized rats treated with the extract of the fungus Hericium erinaceus (0.5 mg/kg body weight) and Group Ovx/ST, ovariectomized rats, without treatment. The animals were tested in the Barnes and Open Field maze, then they were sacrificed, and their brains were obtained to perform a histological analysis of neuronal morphology in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. The most outstanding results showed that the Ovx/ST group recorded the longest time to arrive at the escape box and stay in the Barnes maze. A correlation was observed between neuronal damage and function;in the groups that did not present satisfactory performance in the maze tests, morphological alterations were identified such as the presence of some neuronal somata with degeneration characteristics such as pyknosis, nuclear basophilia and shrinkage of the cells. Its soma, as well as a decrease in the nuclear area of CA1 and CA3 neurons. It is concluded that the fungus Hericium erinaceus exerted a neuroprotective effect on the neuronal bodies of the hippocampus, associated with better performance in the visuospatial recognition memory test.

Bioactive compounds in Hericium erinaceus and their biological properties:a review

Hericium erinaceus is a nutritious edible and medicinal fungi,rich in a variety of functional active ingredients,with various physiological functions such as antioxidation,anticancer,and enhancing immunity.It is also effective in protecting the digestive system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.In this review paper,we summarize the sources,structures and efficacies of the main active components in H.erinaceus fruiting body,mycelium,and culture media,and update the latest research progress on their biological activities and the related molecular mechanisms.Based on this information,we provide detailed challenges in current research,industrialization and information on the active ingredients of H.erinaceus.Perspectives for future studies and new applications of H.erinaceus are proposed.

猴头菌属(Hericium)真菌多糖的研究进展

猴头菌属(Hericium)真菌是珍贵的药膳兼用菌。从猴头菌属真菌的子实体、菌丝体及菌丝发酵液中分离得到的多糖统称为猴头菌属真菌多糖。现代医学和药理学的很多研究表明,猴头菌属真菌多糖在提高机体免疫力、抗癌抑瘤、降血压、降血糖等多方面均具有一定的疗效。文中简要介绍了猴头菌属真菌多糖提取、分离纯化的研究现状,着重阐述了目前国内外对猴头菌属真菌多糖的组成、结构分析及生物活性、液态发酵工艺的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行了展望。

猴头真菌(Hericium erinaceus)抑菌活性菌株筛选研究

本文以猴头真菌(Hericium erinaceus)为研究对象,比较不同猴头真菌液体发酵代谢产物在不同培养基、不同培养条件、不同测定方法、不同培养时间下的抑菌活性,筛选有良好抑菌活性的菌株。结果表明,猴头真菌H7在1#培养基,采用打孔法静置培养13d,其代谢产物对枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌的抑菌活性显著优于其余菌株,说明菌株H7为优势菌株。

Anti-hyperglycemic property of Hericium erinaceus --A mini review

Hericium erinaceus(H. erinaceus) is one of the widely used edible mushrooms around the world, primarily in Asian countries. H. erinaceus is used in traditional medicines, and mushroom based foods. The fruiting body and mycelia of H. erinaceus are extracted using the solvents, and several bioactive compounds were identified. Several studies have reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health benefits such as hemagglutinating, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities, etc. This manuscript consciously updated the information about the composition of H. erinaceus, H. erinaceus based foods, and anti-hyperglycemic property of H. erinaceus.

Regulatory effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate supplementation on ergosterol production in Hericium erinaceus mycelia

We evaluated the biomass and ergosterol content of Hericium erinaceus mycelium, and extracellular enzyme activities in H. erinaceus liquid culture following salicylic acid（SA） and methyl jasmonic acid（Me JA）supplementation. The optimal SA concentration was100 lmoláL-1, where the highest ergosterol content of 2.33 mgág-1was obtained following 6-day cultivation with100 lmoláL-1SA supplementation, and which was significantly higher than the unsupplemented control（p ／ 0.01）. Following 4-day supplementation with50 lmoláL-1Me JA, the highest ergosterol content obtained was 1.988 mgág-1, which was 25.8 % higher than the unsupplemented control. Our data indicate that SA and Me JA supplementation improves ergosterol content in H.erinaceus mycelium.

Acceleration of <i>Hericium erinaceum</i>mycelial growth in submerged culture using yogurt whey as an alternative nitrogen source

The effects of various carbon sources and their initial concentrations on mycelia production by Hericium erinaceum were investigated by determining the dry cell weight (DCW) and β-glucan content of mycelia in submerged culture. Glucose and xylose were superior carbon sources for promoting mycelial growth resulting in mycelial concentrations of 3.99 g/L and 4.01 g/L, respectively;glucose was the best carbon source in terms of productivity (0.44 g/L/day). Experiments were also performed using yogurt whey as an alternative nitrogen source for submerged cultivation of H. erinaceum mycelia, and DCW and β-glucan content were compared with those with chemical nutrient medium. When whey was used as a nitrogen source, DCW and total amount of β-glucan were 2.3- and 2.8-fold higher, respectively, than that with chemical nutrient medium. Thus, whey appears to be an alternative nitrogen source for promoting H. erinaceum mycelial growth.

Quantitative estimation of enzymatic released specific oligosaccharides from Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides using CE-LIF

Polysaccharides exhibit multiple pharmacological activities which are closely related to their structural features.Therefore,quantitatively quality control of polysaccharides based on their chemical charac-teristics is important for their application in biomedical and functional food sciences.However,poly-saccharides are mixed macromolecular compounds that are difficult to isolate and lack standards,making them challenging to quantify directly.In this study,we proposed an improved saccharide mapping method based on the release of specific oligosaccharides for the assessment of Hericium eri-naceus polysaccharides from laboratory cultured and different regions of China.Briefly,a polysaccharide from H.erinaceus was digested by b-(1-3)-glucanase,and the released specific oligosaccharides were labeled with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic-acid(APTS)and separated by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography(MEKC)coupled with laser induced fluorescence(LIF),and quantitatively estimated.MEKC presented higher resolution compared to polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel elec-trophoresis(PACE),and provided great peak capacity between oligosaccharides with polymerization degree of 2(DP2)and polymerization degree of 6(DP6)in a dextran ladder separation.The results of high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detector(HPSEC-MALLS-RI)showed that 12 h was sufficient for complete digestion of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus.Laminaritriose(DP3)was used as an internal standard for quantifi-cation of all the oligosaccharides.The calibration curve for DP3 showed a good linear regression(R2>0.9988).The limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)values were 0.05 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL,respectively.The recovery for DP3 was 87.32(±0.03)%in the three independent injections.To sum up,this proposed method is helpful for improving the quality control of polysaccharides from H.erinaceus as well as other materials.

Hericium erinaceus,a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history:Evidence in gastrointestinal diseases

Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries.Several studies have highlighted its therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.In addition,some components of this mushroom appear to possess strong antineoplastic capabilities against gastric and colorectal cancer.This review aims to analyse all available evidence on the digestive therapeutic potential of this fungus as well as the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.

Antioxidant and Moisture-preserving Activities of Polysaccharides Obtained from Hericium erinaceus

[Objectives]The paper was to determine the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of three polysaccharide fractions(HP1,HP2 and HP3)obtained by ethanol precipitation from cold water,hot water and hot aqueous NaOH extracts of the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus.[Methods]The chemical components,antioxidant and moisture-preserving activities of the three polysaccharides were determined.[Results]All the three polysaccharide extracts showed similar physicochemical characteristics and FT-IR spectra.HP1,which had the highest sugar content and lowest molecular weight,exhibited the best antioxidant activities against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals.HP3 exhibited the greatest ability to absorb and retain moisture.[Conclusions]These data demonstrate the potential utility of polysaccharides extracted form H.erinaceus in the cosmetics,food and pharmaceutical industries.

Biological Characteristics and Culture Conditions of Hericium coralloides(Scop.)Pers.

[Objectives]To study the biological characteristics and culture conditions of Hericium coralloides(Scop.)Pers.[Methods]The wild H.coralloides strain of Changbai Mountain was used as the experimental material to conduct a single factor test on its biological characteristics.[Results]The ideal available carbon source and nitrogen source are glucose and ammonium sulfate,respectively,the pH is 3.5-4.0,and the temperature is 20-22℃.Through the orthogonal experiment of 4 factors and 4 levels,it is found that the degree of influence of the 4 factors on H.coralloides is temperature>pH>nitrogen source>carbon source.[Conclusions]The optimum conditions for the mycelium culture of H.coralloides:the carbon source is glucose,and the nitrogen source is yeast extract or peptone,and pH is 3.5-4.0,and temperature is 20-22℃.

Systems Pharmacological Approach to Investigate the Mechanism of Hericium erinaceus for Alzheimer’s Disease

Objective To confirm evidence regarding the potential therapeutic effect of Hericium erinaceus(H.erinaceus,Hou Tou Gu,猴头菇) on Alzheimer’s disease(AD) using a system pharmacological approach in silico.Methods The active compounds of H.erinaceus were screened from the TCMDatabase@Taiwan,PubMed,and Pubchem.The predicted targets of H.erinaceus were selected by using the Similarity Ensemble Approach Database and the DisGeNET database was used to screen the targets related to AD.The compound-target-AD network was built.GO analysis and Pathway enrichment analysis were used for bioinformatics analysis.Results A total of 21 kinds of H.erinaceus active compounds were screened by network pharmacology,showing 451 predicted targets of active compounds.Among them,165 targets were associated with AD,and the compounds in H.erinaceus were highly connected to AD-related signaling pathways and biological processes,such as cholinergic synaptic transmission,inflammation-related pathways and neurotrophin signaling pathway.Conclusions Our results indicate that compounds in H.erinaceus interact with multiple targets in a synergetic way and the anti-inflammatory,anti-apoptosis and synaptic transmission enhancing effects of H.erinaceus might contribute to its major therapeutic effects on Alzheimer’s disease.

小兴安岭地区两株野生珊瑚猴头菌的驯化栽培研究

以采自黑龙江省小兴安岭地区的2个猴头菌属真菌子实体为试验材料,通过种质分离纯化、ITS分子鉴定、驯化栽培和农艺性状评价,发掘野生菌株的优异性状,以期为良种选育提供优质材料和参考依据。结果表明:菌株RT29、RT30与珊瑚猴头菌(H.coralloides)为同一种属,均具有遗传特异性。与对照菌株RT24相比,RT29菌丝长势好、生育期短、子实体个头大、外型美观,单袋产量高,生物学效率可达60%以上,具有高产优质菌株的特点,而RT30菌丝生长速度慢、出菇晚,产量且生物学效率较低。

猴头菌产酚类物质液态培养条件优化及对乳酸菌生长的影响

目的:用猴头菌纯菌株进行液态菌丝培养,优化培养基以提高猴头菌丝体酚类提取物的含量,分析猴头菌丝体酚类提取物的组成,并研究猴头菌丝体酚类提取物对乳酸菌的影响。方法:采用正交试验设计,研究对液态菌丝中总酚含量的影响,并用HPD-826大孔吸附树脂对其进行纯化,再以液质联用(High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS)检测分析其组成。最后,将纯化物添加到乳酸菌培养基中,检测其对乳酸菌活菌数与产酸能力的影响。结果:在碳源马铃薯14%、氮源蛋白胨2%、无机盐MgSO40.3%时,猴头菌丝体总酚含量达到0.783 mg/g;从猴头菌丝体酚类提取物中鉴定出16个单体酚,占比88.27%,主要单体酚为没食子酸-O-葡萄糖苷、对香豆酸-O-没食子酰葡萄糖苷、阿魏酸、儿茶素苄硫醚、没食子酸和咖啡酸。在干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacilluscasei)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、肠膜串珠菌(Streptococcus intestinalis)的MRS培养基中加入猴头菌丝体酚类提取溶液,可以使3种乳酸菌活菌数均增加。结论:猴头菌丝体酚类提取物对乳酸菌的生长具有促生作用,为功能食品提供了新资源原料。

猴头菇温室反季节栽培试验

为应对猴头菇传统栽培受限于季节、导致产量受限及市场供应短缺的挑战,设计并构建了一套用于猴头菇的温室栽培系统,该系统集成高效换气、智能增温、精确加湿及人工补光四大核心功能模块。通过此系统,成功开展了猴头菇的反季节栽培试验,旨在打破自然季节限制,实现猴头菇的全年稳定生产与供应。内容详尽阐述了该温室系统的结构设计、工作原理及其在反季节栽培实践中的具体应用策略。在模拟猴头菇应季生长环境的反季节条件下,系统评估了猴头菇的生长环境条件、产品品质特性及最终产量,结果显示,所设计的温室系统能准确模拟猴头菇自然生长所需的生态条件,确保其在非自然生长季节内仍可生长。最终收获的猴头菇产品综合合格率高达95.5%,充分验证了反季节栽培技术的科学性与可行性。

猴头菇多糖功能活性及新产品开发的研究进展

猴头菇多糖(Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide,HEP)是一种集多种作用于一身的功能性多糖,具有养胃、抗氧化、抗衰老、提高免疫力、抗肿瘤与降血糖血脂等生理功能,应用前景广泛。现阶段对猴头菇多糖的结构、提取工艺、生物活性方面的研究较为全面,充分利用其功能活性,对研究开发新产品尤为重要。该文综述猴头菇多糖的提取方法和不同提取方法之间的区别、功能活性及新产品开发,以期为猴头菇多糖的进一步深入研究和开发利用提供理论参考。

葛根素-猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维复合微胶囊的制备及理化性质的研究

目的:旨在制备葛根素-猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维复合微胶囊,通过提高其包埋率、抗氧化特性和生物可及性,进而促进葛根素相关产品的研发。方法:采用2.0%卡拉胶、3.0%海藻酸钠、0.5 g猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维、10.0 mg葛根素、5.0%的CaCl2溶液制得葛根素微胶囊(以不添加不溶性膳食纤维作为对照组),计算其包埋率、抗氧化特性、模拟体内消化释放率、生物可及性,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)观察其微观结构。结果:猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维能够作为葛根素微胶囊的壁材,且包埋率均高于75.8%,最高可达94.66%,葛根素的承载量由空白组的0.60%增加到添加膳食纤维最高可达1.37%;消化前后DPPH、ABTS+两种自由基的清除能力显著低于未添加猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维的葛根素微胶囊(P<0.05),能够达到延缓抗氧化特性的作用;模拟体内消化的研究发现猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维包埋的葛根素(最低为9.46%)相对于游离的葛根素(17.46%)在胃中能够缓慢的释放,在进入肠道后迅速释放出来并大量溶于模拟肠道液中,使得葛根素肠道中的释放率从游离的22.93%增加到添加不溶性膳食纤维的最高可达92.59%,实现肠道的精准释放,显著提高了葛根素的生物可及性,是游离葛根素的2.9~3.9倍;SEM、FT-IR、XRD从微观层面证实超声辅助提取法所得猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维作为葛根素微胶囊的壁材,能够改善对照组微胶囊将葛根素裸露的缺点,使得微胶囊质地更紧密,也证实猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维的包埋使得葛根素的结晶度降低或消失以及葛根素的特征衍射峰发生偏移或减弱,达到良好的包埋效果。结论:添加猴头菇不溶性膳食纤维能够提高葛根素的溶出速率,延缓葛根素抗氧化的时长,实现其在肠道中的定点释放,提高葛根素的生物可及性和生物利用率,可以作为葛根素微胶囊的壁材。

猴头菇多糖对CNP大鼠模型炎性因子及免疫球蛋白的影响

探究猴头菇多糖对慢性非细菌性前列腺炎(Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis, CNP)大鼠模型炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ)、免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG)及特异性酶(ACP、PAP)的影响,为猴头菇多糖在治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎中的应用提供参考。SPF级SD大鼠70只,采用注射角叉菜胶的方法建立大鼠非细菌性前列腺炎模型,在造模成功后,随机分成空白组、模型组、前列泰组和猴头菇多糖低、中、高剂量组,给药42 d观察各组大鼠炎性因子、免疫球蛋白和总酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、前列腺特异性酸性磷酸酶(PAP)的改变。结束给药后,前列泰组及猴头菇多糖低、中、高剂量组肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)水平与模型组相比显著降低(P<0.01);前列泰组和猴头菇多糖中、高剂量组免疫球蛋白G(IgG)水平与模型组相比显著降低(P<0.01);前列泰组和猴头菇多糖高剂量组总酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、前列腺特异性酸性磷酸酶(PAP)水平显著降低(P<0.01)。慢性非细菌性前列腺炎发病机制与炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ)的水平升高、血清中免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG)表达和特异性酶(ACP、PAP)的活性有关,猴头菇多糖以降低炎性因子含量、控制免疫球蛋白的表达和抑制特异性酶的活性来发挥治疗作用。

富含蛋白质浓稠猴头菌乳的流变学及体外消化分析

为给吞咽困难人群设计一种易于吞咽的高蛋白质食物,本研究以猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus,HE)为原料,添加大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)或乳清蛋白(whey protein,WP)使得蛋白质含量达到总质量的10%以上,并分别添加3?种增稠剂(黄原胶(xanthan gums,XG)、κ-卡拉胶(kappa carrageenan,KC)或羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxymethylcellulose,CMC))制备出易于吞咽的猴头菌乳,并测定富含蛋白质浓稠猴头菌乳的流动性、黏弹性及体外消化情况。结果表明,所有样品均表现出弱凝胶行为;通过稳态实验测得样品高抗变形性(高G*值)和良好弹性(低tanδ值)依次为:HE-SPI-CMC>HE-SPI-XG>HE-WP-XG>HE-WP-KC,G*值越高越利于吞咽困难和老年人食用;在模拟体外消化过程中,样品黏度(η)值和稠度系数(K)值依次为:HE-WP-KC>HEWP-XG>HE-SPI-XG;可溶性蛋白含量依次为:HE-WP-CMC>HE-WP-KC>HE-SPI-KC;在消化完成后游离氨基酸的含量依次为:HE-WP-CMC>HE-WP-KC>HE-SPI-KC>HE-WP-XG。因此,HE-WP-KC组合更适合老年人食用。这项研究解释了蛋白质-增稠剂相互作用和食物基质如何决定样品的流变学和消化特性,可为吞咽困难人群的饮食需求提供一定的理论支持。

猴头菇多糖的理化性质及其神经保护活性

在明确猴头菇多糖的理化特性的基础上,探讨其神经保护作用机制。以猴头菇子实体为原料,水提醇沉制备猴头菇粗多糖,DEAE-52纤维素层析柱和Sephacry1 S-300 HR色谱柱进行分离纯化,获得猴头菇精多糖组份(HEP),SEM、FT-IR分析多糖的形貌及结构特性,PMP柱前衍生法明确其单糖组分。自由基清除活性实验分析HEP的抗氧化活性,构建H2O2胁迫诱导的PC12细胞损伤模型,探索HEP的神经保护活性及其作用机制。结果显示:HEP精多糖得率为1.07%,分离获得三个多糖片段,颗粒状态不均,主要由甘露糖、木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸和岩藻糖组成,FT-IR明确HEP异头碳为β构型。通过HEP对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子清除活性测定发现其对三种自由基都表现出清除活性,IC50值分别为1.61、2.23和2.89 mg/mL。此外,HEP对H2O2胁迫损伤的PC12细胞具有保护作用,其作用机理涉及细胞内源性抗氧化酶活性重塑和降低Caspases-3的活性。HEP具有抗氧化活性,对氧化损伤引发的细胞凋亡有保护作用,可能成为治疗或预防神经退行性疾病的一种新策略。