Protection of architectural heritage: attitudes of local residents and visitors in Sirako, Greece

Architectural heritage comprises one o the most important elements of mountain settlements in Greece. It holds high cultural value, represents the tangible continuation of the past and forms the unique character and identity of each mountain region. Yet, controversy regarding funding for its preservation often arises. In this paper, we used two Contingent Valuation surveys to estimate the socia benefit deriving from protecting the traditiona architecture in the mountainous village of Sirako and through it, to examine perceptions and attitudes o local residents and visitors. Research findings revealed a strong social will in favor of the good's protection followed by high percentages of positive willingness to pay(WTP). However, WTP is significantly higher among residents. Cultura heritage value, of the good, appears to prevail, along with the environmental one. However, both residents and visitors pointed out that local heritage, if wellpreserved, will boost tourism development. Residents appeared to better recognize the true level o architectural decay, expressed higher apprehension for its protection and were willing to pay higher amount of money. Tourists, on the other side expressed high satisfaction for their visit, appreciated the beauty and serenity emerging from local built and natural environment and spent several days visiting the surrounding area. The longer they stayed and gotfamiliar with the village, the more willing they were to contribute to local heritage's protection. Percentages reflecting indifference for protecting architecture were extremely low. Yet, they were higher among tourists. Traditional architecture is considered as public good; an opinion resulting in an important percentage of visitors stating that national government should provide the necessary funding. In addition, the architecture appears to hold a high level of topicality. Those descending from Sirako or emotionally connected to it, of both social groups,turned out to be more concerned about the good and with a stronger sense of responsibility for it. Usevalue of the good holds high economic value, as well,while higher percentages of zero WTP appeared among non-users. Research findings revealed social attitudes and perceptions on what constitutes architectural heritage, in its cultural and economic frame. If taken under consideration, they may form useful drivers for local, heritage-based, sustainable development.

Theories and Methods of Landscape Architecture Heritage Protection

This paper firstly made an overview of foreign and domestic theories and methods of landscape architecture heritage protection.It studied the landscape architecture heritage from policies and regulations,investment management,talent cultivation,and popular science education.Then,it discussed problems of landscape architecture heritage protection in China:lack of legislation,weak awareness of heritage resources,overdevelopment of heritage resources,and vacancy in management and monitoring of heritage resources.Finally,it came up with recommendations that competent authorities of Chinese government should attach greater importance to heritage management,talent cultivation,and fund input,integrate with advanced management methods of developed countries,and exploring a landscape architecture heritage protection and management mode suitable for national conditions of China at levels of thought,methods,and technology.

An Overview of Seismic Risk Management for Italian Architectural Heritage

The frequent occurrence of seismic events in Italy poses a strategic problem that involves either the culture of preservation of historical heritage or the civil protection action aimed to reduce the risk to people and goods(buildings,bridges,dams,slopes,etc.).Most of the Italian architectural heritage is vulnerable to earthquakes,identifying the vulnerability as the inherent predisposition of the masonry building to suffer damage and collapse during an earthquake.In fact,the structural concept prevailing in these ancient masonry buildings is aimed at ensuring prevalent resistance to vertical gravity loads.Rarely do these ancient masonry structures offer relevant resistance to actions other than vertical ones and then they are intrinsically vulnerable to stresses induced by the earthquakes.One of the main technical activities carried out by the Civil Protection after an earthquake is to assess the damage in the buildings and to evaluate their own usability.Regarding historical buildings,ad-hoc synthetic forms,drafted in agreement between the Italian Civil Protection Department and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism and based on visual inspection,are adopted by qualified technicians.In this paper,such activities are described and discussed along with the Italian Civil Protection System.However,given the complexity of the main technical activities to be performed after an earthquake there is a need for more accurate methods based on Structural Health Monitoring.

Towards a Methodology for Evaluating Architectural Heritage Preservation Methods

The treatment of historical buildings represents challenges for those who are concerned with conservation. The difficulty lies in how to apply the treatment without destroying the old components and the original design of the building. The treatment processes take place by the classification of the type and the value of the building, then the determination of the deterioration level decides the level of intervention. The aim of the research is to provide a method for assessing the ways of preserving the architectural and urban heritage, which includes all the factors that affect the preservation of the heritage so as to access that it contributes to access to the deficiencies in the ways of preserving the heritage and to build a plan for action to avoid them in the future. The research followed a causal comparative research approach that began with an analytical study to determine the factors affecting preservation and its considerations, by collecting and analyzing the data of the most important international and national charters and recommendations for the preservation. This study defined the preservation works into 4 levels of interventions passed on the intervention objectives, building＇s physical state, causes for the deterioration and maintenance works. By comparing the deterioration level with the intervention level for the conservation procedures, the result indicates the suitability of the work performed. This result could be number between 4 and -4.

GIS island Knowledge： Documenting and Managing Catania＇s Historic Urban Heritage

The present study shows the results of a research aimed at the knowledge of the significant features of Catania＇s urban environment. The complexity of the different features of the city, the several scales of representation, the multi-dimensional objects and the historical, anthropic, formal relations have produced different kinds of information requiring a flexible instrument that is able to transcribe images, charts, texts and symbols in a single model of representation. In the perspective of creating a fundamental cognitive framework, the research team paid attention at drawing up a GIS （Geographic Information System） for documenting and managing historic urban heritage. The idea is to have a structure able to collect data like a logic archival system or an open database, which can immediately be consulted and constantly implemented. Indeed, the aim of this GIS is to organize, manage, query and visualise the peculiar aspects which characterize Catania＇s architectures. Thanks to multi-directional ＂access-windows＂ it is possible to navigate through its contents （texts, drawings, 3D rendering, pictures, historical documents）. The system will also allow the integration of several documents in a common geo-database up to visualise the most meaningful details. Its use could assure suitable proposals of urban transformations and coherent plans in using and/or managing heritage goods for a sustainable city development.

Remaining Architectural Heritage in Kosovo, Their Durability and Sustainability

This paper work aims to response the request for immediate intervention of cultural heritage preservation in Kosovo, with the aim of protection against the harmful consequences of insufficient knowledge leading to a misuse of technology and to ill-considered approaches. The DGT （dwelling-garret type） is an important vernacular study case. The DGT is a historic building of 18th century, located in the core of Lebusha Village, Municipality of Peja, an architectural construction characterized by two concentric volumes at rectangular layout, very dynamic at horizontal composition, obtained by the movement of two differently constructional materials volumes, stone masonry and timber assembly, and covered with roof clay tiles. In view of its esthetic and artistic values, its important role at developing chain of Kosovo＇s rural dwellings typology, and its method of construction, the building should be listed as a monument under state protection. Hence, immediate protection interventions, such as conservation of wooden and stone envelope, improvement of walls and finish works, and drainage infrastructure, are considered as the minimum requirement.

Research on Protection and Utilization of Architectural Cultural Heritage in Canal Towns:A Case Study of Daokou Ancient Town

Architectural heritage is an important part of China’s brilliant national culture.As the carrier of material and spiritual civilization in a specific region and historical period,architectural heritage has witnessed people’s daily life,cultural customs and spiritual civilization activities.Taking Daokou Ancient Town on the riverside of the Grand Canal as an example,this paper analyzes the location,development trend,external traffic,architecture and cultural heritage value of the ancient town,and finds that there are problems such as economic depression,prominent constructive destruction,improper restoration of historical blocks and lack of public space through field investigation and visits.Some protection and utilization strategies and suggestions for stimulating economic development,overall planning,overhauling historical blocks and reshaping public space are put forward,in order to provide reference significance and help for the protection of architectural cultural heritage of Daokou Ancient Town.

Protection and Inheritance of the Architectural Cultural Heritage of the Longevity Pagoda in Jingzhou

With the ongoing advancement of human civilization,China is increasingly prioritizing the preservation and transmission of its architectural heritage.This study examines the historical development of the Longevity Pagoda in Jingzhou,synthesizing its architectural and artistic characteristics as well as its cultural heritage value.In light of contemporary challenges,the paper proposes strategies for the protection and preservation of the Longevity Pagoda.The aim is to ensure that the Longevity Pagoda continues to realize its distinctive historical,cultural,and social significance in the future.

Site Rehabilitation Examples of the City Izmir as the Local Identity Searches

Architectural artefacts form the identity of the cities, especially when these artifacts dated to historical times, it becomes more valuable. The importance of preserving the architectural heritage is more meaningful when the building is preserved with its whole environment, with the other historical buildings around as a site protection. Preservation of historical monuments not only individually but also with their environments help the city regain its identity that it has lost. The Conservation Approach to Cultural Assets in Turkey has reached to its peek starting from 1985＇s through introducing the effects of the recent amendment on cultural heritage law and the impact of the EU integration process. The municipalities started to use this recent amendment on cultural heritage laws as a method of recovering their cities for the local identity searches. This paper will deal with the current challenges for conservation practice in Turkey, through introducing the effects of the recent amendment on cultural heritage law and the impact of the EU integration process, and examine some major promising conservation and renovation, rehabilitation projects continuing in Izmir the third biggest city of Turkey for which local solutions are being devised for problems of global context in the meaning of local identity searches for the city.

＂Art of Construction＂ and ＂Building Science＂： Diachronic and Dialectic-The Case Study of Mary＇s Church of the Immaculate Conception of Montecalvario in Naples-Italy

This paper is divided into two parts： a reflection about the diachronical and dialectical relationship between the ＂Art of Construction＂ and the ＂Building Science＂, in terms of capability to evaluate structural characteristics and conservative conditions of traditional buildings, especially for buildings of historical or artistic value, using a peculiar approach for planning modem construction （Building Science） or the ancient complex of rules and logics to which a specific building monumental pertains （Art of Construction）. The second part reports a case study of application of this second methodology of approach, concerning the St. Mary＇s Church of the Immaculate Conception of Montecalvario in Naples, an important monumental church situated into the historic centre of Naples, built between 1718 and 1726 by one of the greatest Italian architects of the XVIII century, Domenico Antonio Vaccaro. The building, that presents all the structural and lexical peculiarities of Neapolitan Baroque （central plan, altimetric development of concentric volumes, plastic virtuosity of structural and formal apparatuses）, finds in its formal conception and in its stylistic conception part of its structural vulnerabilities. The study examines the understanding of cracks affecting the Church, also in relation to around historic buildings, in order to determine a diagnosis and to understand how this condition of structural vulnerability could be combined with future seismic strain, having high local seismicity and damages suffered during the earthquakes of the last three centuries.

Study on Hankou Digital Building Repair Technology

In this context, traditional building crafts craftsman in artistic conception is under the control, use the appropriate tools or equipment, according to the ages, follow the way from raw material acquisition, manufacture components to install molding, to complete a post-renovation process technology ; endangered intangible cultural heritage in urgent need of rescue and system protection. In this paper, the current status of our architectural heritage protection process, analyzes the signi？ cance of the protection framework and ideas, discuss their research methods to analyze the feasibility of building process aimed at promoting heritage protection process, to resolve the current architectural Heritage Protection the “lost technology” and “craftsman team fault,” the urgent problem for protection policies provide reference formulation. On the building process is about building sophisticated cognitive system theory and principles and methods of generation, including the principle of building technology, building technology system structure, and evolution of construction technology paradigm, Chinese modern architecture and sophisticated analysis of the problem 4 to improve its strategy part of a chain, the development of theory and practice in the field of architecture will have far-reaching significance. There is a neglect of traditional building technology issues in the protection of architectural heritage, traditional construction technology plays an important role in the building heritage protection system. Our architectural heritage protection from the perspective of the role of traditional Chinese architecture technology and explore effective ways to protect and respect their heritage.

Acculturation and translation:Modern architectural heritage of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen from typological perspective

The modern architectural heritage is the core carrier of city’s historical inheritance and vitality.Its value is related to the spatial and temporal evolution of the urban landscape,along with the collective memory of society and transformation in public life.The contradiction between high-speed urban construction and architectural heritage preservation has proliferated,and the problems of loss of heritage culture and fading of relics are very significant,but there is a lack of research on modern architectural heritage.This study analysed indepth the artistic archetypes and evolutionary characteristics of the architecture of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen through field research and historical data collation,adopting the theory method of architectural typology.Afterwards,we analysed the architectural typology of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen and the process of acculturation and translation with foreign cultures,explored the motives of its formation and the cultural meanings of the public space embodied in it.Based on this,we proposed a sustainable development heritage approach for the modern architectural heritage of Zhongshan Park in Xiamen.Our results indicate that modern architectural art has inherited classical Chinese historical and cultural traditions and ideological foundations.Its unique characteristics reflect the spirit of the times and result from the gradual development of Western influence.Moreover,it embodies a strong sense of national identity.These findings enrich the academic research on the cultural interaction between Chinese and Western architecture,offering valuable insights for the conservation and living heritage of modern architectural heritage in other regions.

Research on heritage characteristics based on railway architectural heritage database in Jinzhou section of the Peking-Mukden Railway

This research interprets the background of Jinzhou section of the Peking-Mukden Railway,and puts forward 65 heritages as cases based on the scope definition and investigation.After the data collection,processing,and visualization,the database composed of 9 sub-databases,with B/S architecture mode,is constructed based on SQL server platform.The ArcGIS tool is used to analyze the distribution of the heritages,including spatial distribution characteristics,spatial agglomeration,and spatial equilibrium.“Image and model information database”and“text attribute information database”is used to analyze the architectural ontology features.The conclusions are drawn as follows:1)The integral distribution has the characteristics of“cohesion”,while the 5 medium types of heritages show obvious and different directions.2)The overall pattern of spatial agglomeration is characterized by high cohesion with a single high agglomeration point as the core.The low agglomeration area shows a point-line-point pattern.3)The integral heritages and three main types of buildings differ in distribution,and the equilibrium is low.The architectural ontology analysis shows that the image information can be used as the basis for ontology characteristics analysis,architectural form and style judgment,and architectural functional space analysis.

国际建筑遗产保护研究进展——基于《International Journal of Architectural Heritage》2014—2018年文章的定量分析

为深入了解国际建筑遗产保护研究现状,以该领域唯一一本Web of Science核心数据库收录期刊《International Journal of Architectural Heritage》为研究对象,结合文献计量学方法,针对该刊2014-2018年间刊载的342篇文章的来源地、第一作者所属机构、关键词和文章内容进行统计分析,并从建筑遗产的结构性能、测绘勘察、材料分析等方面,归纳提炼研究主题,与国内研究现状进行横向对比。分析表明,国际建筑遗产科技领域当前研究结构以结构性能为主,以材料表征、测绘勘察、环境科学等为辅的多主题交融互动,研究对象的选择偏倚,研究方法的多元交叉验证倾向等特征,国内研究在定量分析、学科交叉、研究内容深度和广度的拓展方面尚存在发展空间。

Self-adaptability and topological deformation of Ganlan architectural heritage:Conservation and regeneration of Lianghekou Tujia village in Western Hubei,China

The authenticity of architectural heritage is interpreted differently in diverse cultural traditions.Can this inspire the conservation and contemporary regeneration of architectural heritage to adapt to the changing needs of modern life and society,rather than static exhibits in museums?This research focuses on Ganlan(pile-built timber construction)architecture to demonstrate how adaptive conservation and regeneration can keep traditional construction systems living and sustainable.Ganlan,a vernacular architectural archetype in the humid subtropical regions of Asia,has the following common features:free plans with an assembling frame structure,open and interactive envelopes to cope with the hot and damp climate,and stilts to deal with the rugged terrain.This research employed a threefold method of field investigation,topological deformation,and experimental design in examining Lianghekou,a historic Tujia village in Western Hubei,China.The findings reveal that Tujia people build their stilt houses with adaptable features to meet the changing functional requirements and variable topographies.These traditions can be transmitted into the contemporary design,as our experimental design illustrates.The self-adaptability and topological deformation of Ganlan architectural heritage demonstrate a unique perspective of understanding authenticity,and contribute toward innovative application in the conservation and regeneration of vernacular architecture.

Architectural Models and Their Contexts in China’s 20^(th)-Century Architectural Heritage: An Overview

The article explores the morphological evolution of China’s 20^(th)-century architecture chronologically.Chinese Neoclassicism has played a major role in forming the 20^(th)-century heritage buildings surviving today.The phenomenon of Neoclassicism emerged because of the late arrival of China’s modernisation and industrialisation process compared with the West.In turn,in accepting and contesting Western culture,the Chinese elite have con­sciously relied upon architecture as a vehicle to uphold visible symbols of national Chinese identity and traditional Chinese culture.Meanwhile,in the foreign settlements of the treaty ports such as Shanghai,the Western Neoclassical style,along with other imported construction trends,also forms part of China’s 20^(th)-century architectural heritage.Western Neoclassicism’s influence on China’s new architecture became even more evident in the mid-20^(th) century,with the modern architectural heritage in Tiananmen Square as its exemplar.Nevertheless,the impact of Western modernist architecture on China’s architecture was minimal.It was not until the 1980s,as China reopened to the world,that various schools of thought from the post-industrial West flowed into China,which significantly enriched the types and sources of China’s 20^(th)-century architectural heritage.Modern Classicism,late Modernism and Post­modernism all found their way into China’s contemporary architecture.

Recognition of defensive factors in the architectural heritage of Iran’s organic ancient shelters

In ancient Iran, in addition to defensive elements such as castles, fortresses, and fortifications, there were underground cities called dastkand. These cities had a shelter-protection function and provided safe space to protect residents when enemies attacked. In the scope of dastkand architectural studies, form typology, land-use typology, and provision of thermal comfort have been investigated in various studies but there is no study on dastkand defensive architecture, which is the main purpose of the present research. The research method is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). The required data are collected through a survey and then, analyzed using factor analysis in R method. The statistical population includes Iranian architectural heritage specialists and the sample size is estimated to be 165 persons. Sampling adequacy is confirmed based on the results of KMO test. The samples are selected using a non-probability sampling method. The obtained results indicate that ten factors have been effective in the architecture of Iran’s ancient organic shelters. In order from largest to smallest coefficient of variance, the factors include collective defense, multi-layered defense, environmental camouflage, path control, self-sufficiency, secret passage, sustainable architecture, residential values, covert surveillance, and cluster development.

Research frameworks, methodologies, and assessment methods concerning the adaptive reuse of architectural heritage: a review

With the growing trend towards preserving global architectural heritage, the adaptive reuse of built heritagebuildings is becoming increasingly popular;as commentators have noted, this popularity can in part be attributedto the economic, cultural, and social benefits they provide to urban communities. In considering adaptive reuse,urban developers and planners seek to reach an equilibrium in the battle between time and space. Bothacademically and practically, the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings requires compatible, appropriate, andscientific means for assessing built heritage assets;however, currently, research in this area is still relatively meagre.To address this gap, this paper investigates research frameworks, methodologies, and assessment methods thatconcern the adaptive reuse of architectural heritage. In this paper, we examine the current literature on theparadigms for applying mixed methodologies: the multi-criteria decision model (MCDM) and the preferencemeasurement model (PMM). Specifically, in examining the extant literature, we explore the ways in which thesemethods are discussed, compared, and evaluated, and the positive functions of these methods are also highlighted.In addition, this review examines a range of cases to better clarify the research frameworks, methodologies, andassessment methods used in the study of the adaptive reuse of architectural heritage.

The Preservation of 20^(th)-Century Architectural Heritage in China:Evolution and Prospects

This article examines the fundamental meaning of 20^(th)-century architectural heritage by reviewing the formation of the concept by the International Council on Monuments and Sites(ICOMOS).It analyses the current state of conservation and potential threats to China’s built heritage,built environment,and cultural landscapes that are less than 50 years old.The article presents a thorough review of the facilitating process of the regulative infra­structure of Chinese modern architecture conservation.It makes a comparative study of several cities’urban herit­age assessment criteria as well as the first and second inventories of China’s 20^(th)-century architectural heritage.The article argues that conserving China’s 20^(th)-century heritage calls for a theoretical framework,which integrates value assessment and advancing the conservation mechanism for built heritage.In doing so,the transition may be facili­tated from focusing on World Heritage towards heritage of the everyday,which embodies collective memories,and from preserving iconic monuments towards comprehensively conserving the built heritage.

Reflections on Architectural Heritage Conservation in Shanghai

Research on the last 30 years of architectural heritage conservation in Shanghai would highlight the establishment of both a preliminary system for heritage classification and gradation,as well as an authorised heritage institution framework.During the course of this process,different conservation methodologies and models(restorations,additions,relocations,extensions and reconstructions)have been put into practice according to the actual situation of the historic architecture of Shanghai.An overall view shows how architectural heritage conservation in Shanghai has undergone three different phases-initial;experimental;and the deepening conservation phase,on which a fundamental step was given in 2002,when the Shanghai Municipal Government issued the‘Legislation for the Conservation of Historical Areas and Heritage Architecture in Shanghai’,creating a conservation system that is participated by the authorities,academic institutions,design institutions and construction companies.The article also stresses the need to provide for a special system of architectural heritage conservation in Shanghai,acknowledging the specificity of its cultural heritage,administrative system,legislation,codes,building technologies and materials;as well as its particular historical situation.