Effects of dietary Hermetia illucens meal inclusion on cecal microbiota and small intestinal mucin dynamics and infiltration with immune cells of weaned piglets

Background: The constant interaction between diet and intestinal barrier has a crucial role in determining gut health in pigs. Hermetia illucens(HI) meal(that represents a promising, alternative feed ingredient for production animals) has recently been demonstrated to influence colonic microbiota, bacterial metabolite profile and mucosal immune status of pigs, but no data about modulation of gut mucin dynamics are currently available. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary HI meal inclusion on the small intestinal mucin composition of piglets, as well as providing insights into the cecal microbiota and the mucosal infiltration with immune cells.Results: A total of 48 weaned piglets were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments(control diet [C] and 5% or10% HI meal inclusion [HI5 and HI10], with 4 replicate boxes/treatment and 4 animals/box) and slaughtered after61 days of trial(3 animals/box, 12 piglets/diet). The cecal microbiota assessment by 16 S r RNA amplicon based sequencing showed higher beta diversity in the piglets fed the HI-based diets than the C(P < 0.001). Furthermore,the HI-fed animals showed increased abundance of Blautia, Chlamydia, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, Prevotella,Roseburia, unclassified members of Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus and Staphylococcus when compared to the C group(FDR < 0.05). The gut of the piglets fed the HI-based diets showed greater neutral mucin percentage than the C(P < 0.05), with the intestinal neutral mucins of the HI-fed animals being also higher than the sialomucins and the sulfomucins found in the gut of the C group(P < 0.05). Furthermore, the piglets fed the HI-based diets displayed lower histological scores in the jejunum than the other gut segments(ileum [HI5] or ileum and duodenum [HI10], P < 0.05).Conclusions: Dietary HI meal utilization positively influenced the cecal microbiota and the small intestinal mucin dynamics of the piglets in terms of selection of potentially beneficial bacteria and preservation of mature mucin secretory architecture, without determining the development of gut inflammation. These findings further confirm the suitability of including insect meal in swine diets.

Dietary inclusion of a partially defatted black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Background:Recent investigations highlighted that Hermetia illucens(BSF)larva meal can be a valuable alternative protein source for aquafeed production.In this study,in substitution of fishmeal,we used increasing inclusion levels of a partially defatted BSF larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)and we evaluated the related implications in terms of growth performance,physical characteristics,proximate and fatty acid(FA)compositions of the fillets,gut and liver histology,and diet digestibility.In a 131-day trial,576 fish(100.1±9.29 g)were randomly allotted to 24 tanks(24 fish/tank,4 replicates/treatment).Six experimental diets were produced to have partial replacement of fishmeal(0,10%,20%,30%,40%and 50%)by increasing levels of BSF meal(0%[BSF0],3%[BSF3],6%[BSF6],9%[BSF9],12%[BSF12]and 15%[BSF15]on as fed basis,respectively).Results:No differences were observed among the treatments for all the considered growth performance parameters.The viscero and hepato-somatic indexes showed significant differences among the treatments,with the highest values observed in the BSF15 group.No differences were recorded in terms of fillet’s physical characteristics,dry matter(DM),crude protein(CP)and ether extract(EE)contents.Total saturated and monounsaturated FA increased,while polyunsaturated FA(particularly n-3 FA)decreased while increasing the HI meal inclusion in the diet.Histopathology of liver and gut was not affected,whereas,in posterior gut,villi were higher in BSF6 and BSF9 compared to BSF3 fish.The apparent digestibility of DM,CP,EE and gross energy did not vary among the treatments.Conclusions:These results suggest that a partially defatted BSF meal could be included up to 15%in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout with no adverse effects on growth performance,fillet’s physical characteristics,gut and liver health,and diet digestibility.On the contrary,the fillet FA composition worsened while increasing the level of BSF meal in the diet.

Effect of replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat on performance,digestibility,cecal microbiome,liver transcriptome and liver and plasma lipidomes of broilers

Background In contrast to protein-rich insect meal,the feed potential of insect fat is generally less explored and knowledge about the suitability of insect fat as a fat source specifically in broiler diets is still limited.In view of this,the present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the effect of partial(50%) and complete replacement of soybean oil with insect fat from Hermetia illucens(HI) larvae in broiler diets on performance,fat digestibility,cecal microbiome,liver transcriptome and liver and plasma lipidomes.Thus,100 male,1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to three groups and fed three different diets with either 0(group HI-0,n cens(HI) larvae fat for 35 d.= 30),2.5%(group HI-2.5,n %(HI-5.0,n = 35) or 5.0= 35) Hermetia illuResults Body weight gain,final body weight,feed intake,and feed:gain ratio during the whole period and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient for ether extract were not different between groups.Cecal microbial diversity did not differ between groups and taxonomic analysis revealed differences in the abundance of only four low-abundance bacterial taxa among groups;the abundances of phylum Actinobacteriota,class Coriobacteriia,order Coriobacteriales and family Eggerthellaceae were lower in group HI-5.0 compared to group HI-2.5(P < 0.05).Concentrations of total and individual short-chain fatty acids in the cecal digesta were not different between the three groups.Liver transcriptomics revealed a total of 55 and 25 transcripts to be differentially expressed between groups HI-5.0 vs.HI-0 and groups HI-2.5 vs.HI-0,respectively(P < 0.05).The concentrations of most lipid classes,with the exception of phosphatidylethanolamine,phosphatidylglycerol and lysophosphatidylcholine in the liver and cholesterylester and ceramide in plasma(P < 0.05),and of the sum of all lipid classes were not different between groups.Conclusions Partial and complete replacement of soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets had no effect on growth performance and only modest,but no adverse effects on the cecal microbiome and the metabolic health of broilers.This suggests that HI larvae fat can be used as an alternative fat source in broiler diets,thereby,making broiler production more sustainable.

Suitability of Hermetia illucens larvae meal and fat in broiler diets:effects on animal performance,apparent ileal digestibility,gut histology,and microbial metabolites

Background:The possibility of partially replacing soybean meal(SBM)with Hermetia illucens(HI)defatted larvae meal in broiler nutrition has frequently been suggested.For sustainability reasons,however,the larvae fat produced during defatting should also be used and could be particularly beneficial regarding gut health due to its fatty acid composition.To evaluate the suitability of HI larvae as protein and fat source,a 2×3 factorial arrangement with two types of protein,i.e.SBM(S)or SBM and 15%of its crude protein replaced by HI larvae meal(L),and three levels of fat sources,namely 0(0 L),50%(50 L)or 100%HI larvae fat(100 L)at the expense of soybean oil was applied.Results:In the starter phase,an interaction showed higher body weight(BW),average daily gain(ADG)and improved feed conversion ratio(FCR)if 50%or 100%HI larvae fat was fed with HI larvae meal.Moreover,BW,ADG and FCR improved when feeding HI larvae meal as protein source.Additionally,we observed an increased average daily feed intake in the grower,finisher,and overall phase in the L groups and an improved FCR in 0 L compared to 50 L groups during the overall period.Regarding apparent ileal digestibility,HI larvae meal feeding increased dry matter,organic matter,and fat digestibility.Feeding HI larvae meal as protein source decreased the concentrations of agmatine,spermidine,spermine and ammonia in the caecal digesta,whereas fat source affected agmatine with higher concentrations in 50 L compared to 0 L in the colonic digesta.In contrast,caecal ethanolamine concentrations increased in HI larvae meal groups compared to SBM.Caecal butyric acid concentrations decreased with HI larvae meal feeding.An interaction was found for the jejunal villus area,being higher in L+100 L compared to S+100 L.Furthermore,L groups had greater villus width.Conclusions:A partial replacement of SBM with HI larvae meal and soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or gut health seems possible.Feeding HI larvae meal affected broiler performance positively in the starter phase and improved apparent ileal digestibility.

Isoenergetic-practical and semi-purified diets for protein requirement determination in Hermetia illucens larvae:consequences on life history traits

Background:Black soldier fly(BSF)is one of the most promising species for the intensive breeding of insects given its adaptability and its efficiency in the conversion of waste.To maximize the production and use waste as substrates,it is essential to determine the larvae nutritional requirements.The study aims to evaluate the effects of5 practical,semi-purified and isoenergetic diets(PSPID)with increasing protein levels(10%,CP10;14%,CP14;16%,CP16;19%,CP19)on BSF life history traits.A total of 2000 six-day-old larvae were weighed and divided into groups of 100(4 replicates/treatment[PSPID and Gainesville diet(GA)used as environmental control]).In larva-prepupa stage,sampling was carried out on 30 individuals/replicate,while in prepupa-adult stage on 35.Results:In the whole larval stage,the CP16 treatment performed better when compared to the other groups.At18 days old,the CP14 treatment showed a higher weight than the CP19(P<0.01),while the CP10 and CP16weights were intermediate.On the contrary,the CP10 prepupae weight was higher than the CP19(P<0.01).The CP10 and CP14 pupae performed better in terms of weight when compared to the others(P<0.01).The dietary treatments did not affect the adult parameters.The sex significantly influenced both the exuvia weight,which was the greatest in females(P<0.001),and the fly lifespan,longest in males(P<0.05).Fly lifespan was also influenced by the interaction between treatment and sex,with the CP19 females showing a longer life than the others(P<0.05).Conclusions:In conclusion,the optimal protein level considering the whole larval stage is 16%on dry matter(DM).At 18 days old,looking at the size intended for the meal production,it can be considered 14%on DM.The result obtained on adult emergence in PSPID may not be attributable to the protein content.Further researches on macronutrients requirements determination have to be conducted to evaluate the substrates composition effects on BSF life history traits.

黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)幼虫脂肪抑制猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的体外增殖

旨在研究黑水虻(black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens L.)幼虫脂肪对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染的体外抑制作用,初步探讨其产生抑制作用的机制。试验采用水解黑水虻幼虫脂肪乳化液(BSFLh)处理在Marc-145细胞上增殖的PRRSV,以乳化剂为阴性对照,月桂酸单甘油酯(GML)为成分对照,采用荧光定量PCR法测定PRRSV N基因RNA表达水平。试验结果显示,培养基中含BSFLh 250μg/mL,可以显著抑制PRRSV在Marc-145细胞上的增殖(P≤0.001);在PRRSV侵入Marc-145细胞前添加BSFLh,可以显著抑制PRRSV增殖(感染后6 h,P≤0.000 1),而在侵入后添加BSFLh对PRRSV增殖抑制不显著(感染后6 h,P>0.05);乳化剂对照组抑制效果显著低于BSFLh组(P≤0.01);培养基中含月桂酸单甘油酯无法抑制PRRSV在Marc-145细胞上的增殖。研究表明,BSFLh可以抑制PRRSV在Marc-145细胞上的增殖,其抑制活性来自于水解黑水虻幼虫脂肪和乳化剂,抑制作用主要发生在病毒侵入细胞前。

Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs

Background: Insects, such as Hermetia illucens larvae, are rich in chitin and proteins, and represent a suitable feed ingredient replacement for animals. However, little is known about the effect of administering H. illucens larvae on intestinal microbiota, bacterial metabolite profiles, and mucosal immune status in animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of administering H. illucens larvae on colonic microbiota and bacterial metabolites production in finishing pigs. Seventy-two crossbred(Duroc × Landrace × Large White) female pigs(initial body weight, 76.0 ± 0.52 kg) were randomly allocated to three different dietary treatments: a control diet(Control group) and two diets corresponding to 4%(H1 group) and 8%(H2 group) H. illucens larvae inclusion levels, respectively. Each treatment consisted of eight pens(replicates), with three pigs per pen. After 46 days of feeding, eight pigs per treatment(n =8) were slaughtered, and the colonic digesta and mucosa were collected for microbial composition and microbial fermentation products, and genes expression analyses.Results: The results showed that the H1 diet significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus,Pseudobutyrivibrio, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium compared with those in the control group(P < 0.05), with a decrease in the abundance of Streptococcus. The numbers of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Clostridium cluster XIVa were significantly greater in the H1 group than in the control group(P < 0.05). Meanwhile, H2 diet increased the number of Clostridium cluster XIVa compared with the control group(P < 0.05). For colonic metabolites, total short chain fatty acids, butyrate, and isobutyrate concentrations were significantly higher in the H1 group than those in the control group(P < 0.05);the H1 treatment caused a striking decrease in protein fermentation compared with the control group, as the concentrations of total amines, cadaverine, tryptamine, phenol, p-cresol, and skatole were significantly lower(P < 0.05). Additionally, H2 diet also increased butyrate concentration compared with control group(P < 0.05), while decreased the concentrations of phenol, p-cresol, and skatole(P < 0.05). Pigs in the H1 group down-regulated the expression of TLR-4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines(IFN-γ) compared with pigs in the control group(P < 0.05), and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokine(IL-10) and intestinal barrier genes(ZO-1, occludin, and mucin-1). H2 diet up-regulated the expression of ZO-1 compared with control group(P < 0.05). Furthermore, the changes in the colonic mucosal gene expression were associated with changes in the bacterial composition and their metabolites.Conclusions: Collectively, dietary inclusion of Hermetia illucens larvae may enhance mucosal immune homeostasis of pigs via altering bacterial composition and their metabolites. These findings provide a new perspective on insect meal as a sustainable protein source rich in nutrient ingredients for swine.

Effects of 50 Percent Substitution of Soybean Meal by Alternative Proteins from <i>Hermetia illucens</i>or Spirulina platensis in Meat-Type Chicken Diets with Graded Amino Acid Supply

Alternative protein sources, such as insects or algae meals are in special focus of animal nutrition in order to replace soybean meal (SBM). As part of the multidisciplinary project “sustainability transitions” this study evaluated effects of replacing SBM by partly defatted larvae meal from the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens or meal from the micro algae Spirulina platensis in broiler diets. The aim of the current study was to investigate the chickens’ growth performance and the intestinal morphology as well as the health status. 288 one-day-old male growing chickens (Ross 308) from a commercial hatchery were randomly allotted to 48 pens (6 birds per pen) for the growth study with five diets and feed supply on free choice level. The control diet was based on wheat, corn and SBM. The experimental diets replaced 50% of SBM by the alternative proteins under study, both on a basic level of amino acid (AA) supplementation (Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) (diet HM and SM) and an extended level of AA fortification (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Val added) (diet HM+ and SM+). Response of chickens was evaluated by zoo-technical parameters, which were under weekly control (e.g. growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality). After finishing the growth study birds from control and the experimental diets at the basic level of AA supplementation were slaughtered after 12 hour fastening and utilized for gut morphometric analysis and histological evaluation of the health status. Diets at a basic level of AA fortification led to significant depression of growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein conversion ratio, respectively. In addition, the acceptance of the Spirulina diet was lower (p ≤ 0.001) as compared to the Hermetia based diet. However, the extended level of AA supplementation improved all parameters significantly. Diets without extended AA supply altered some morphological parameters of the intestinal wall, but the nutritional significance of this observation needs to be verified in AA balanced diets. The health state of chicken was not impaired by the diets under study.

Improving the Dietary Protein Quality by Amino Acid Fortification with a High Inclusion Level of Micro Algae (<i>Spirulina platensis</i>) or Insect Meal (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) in Meat Type Chicken Diets

The objective of this study was to measure protein quality parameters (PPV, NPU and NPUstd) of chicken diets with complete substitution of soybean meal (SBM) by Spirulina meal (SM) or partly defatted Hermetia meal (HM). N balance experiments were based on the quantitative excreta collection method, divided into starter period (10 - 20 d) and grower period (25 - 35 d). The study utilized 70 all male meat type chicken (Ross 308). Data assessment applied the exponential N utilization model of the “Goettingen approach”. The control diet was based on wheat, corn and SBM. In four experimental diets SBM was completely substituted by SM or HM, but fortified with feed amino acids (AA) both on a basic level of supplementation (Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) and on an extended level (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Val, Ile, His added). At a basic level of AA supplementation, complete replacement of SBM by SM or HM in chicken diets depressed dietary protein quality significantly (p 0.05). However, the extended level of AA supplementation improved protein quality parameters of the diets with both of the alternative proteins significantly (p < 0.05), but still generally not on par with the control diet. The observed responses were accentuated when the well-known effect of N intake on protein utilization was eliminated through the standardization of N intake by application of the “Goettingen approach”.

Evaluation of growth performance,feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility of red hybrid tilapia fed dietary inclusion of black soldier fly larvae(Hermetia illucens)

Insects,particularly black soldier fly larvae(BSFM),Hermetia illucens,have been regarded as promising protein and lipid sources in animal feed,including fish.Digestibility is the key factor that affects nutrient utilization,feeding physiology and efficiency.In the present work,the effect of BSFM on the digestibility of red hybrid tilapia(RHT)compared to fish meal(FM)was ultimately unveiled.A 56-day growth trial was performed with 60 RHT(~30 g)randomly distributed into six tanks and fed two experimental diets containing FM as a reference diet and BSFM as a test diet.In addition,faeces were collected to determine their chromium concentration and proximate composition.The apparent digestibility coefficient(ADC)of dry matter,crude protein and energy in the BSFM diet were observed to be significantly higher than those in the FM diet.Besides,the growth performance of fish fed with the BSFM diet exhibited significantly higher(P<0.05)weight gain,specific growth rate,protein efficiency ratio and lower feed conversion ratio than those in the FM group.This study shows that the BSFM feed was well digested by tilapia and improved its growth performance.

Fatty acids derived from oviposition systems guide female black soldier flies(Hermetia illucens)toward egg deposition sites

The black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,comes with big promises for industrial purposes since its larvae feed polyphagously on a broad spectrum of organic substrates.However,research focusing on adult flies is scarce,which is inconsistent with their reproductive relevance within the rearing cycle.In particular,directed oviposition is a challenge in artificial systems.Currently,decomposing organic matter is commonly used as oviposition substrate,which has extensive potential for improvement in view of the lack of standardization and the risk of microbial contamination.Here,we identified three fatty acids and one fatty acid methyl ester derived from the surface of old oviposition sites and targeted to elucidate their effect on preference behavior and oviposition site selection using Y-olfactometry and prepared oviposition sites,respectively.Exposure to tetradecanoic acid attracted gravid females and stimulated oviposition most strongly,while decanoic acid demonstrated a repulsive effect.Females kept in mixed-sex populations were attracted by tetradecanoic acid,resulting in a higher egg mass found in the compound box(3.0–11.4 fold),a≥2.3 fold reduction of nonspecifically deposited eggs,and the highest total egg mass.Conversely,decanoic and dodecanoic acid caused females to lay a greater proportion of eggs nonspecifically outside both boxes.Our data suggest that fatty acids,especially tetradecanoic acid,are important cues for oviposition site selection in black soldier flies.In order to achieve a directed oviposition behavior,the role of further short-and long-chain fatty acids as attractants should be examined.

Intersex is required for female sexual development in Hermetia illucens

Sex-determination pathways are extremely diverse.Understanding the mechanism of sex determination in insects is important for genetic manipulation of the pest population and for breeding of economically valuable insects.Although sex determi-nation has been well characterized in the model species Drosophila melanogaster,little is known about this pathway in Stratiomyidae.In the present study,we first identified the Drosophila intersex(ix)homolog in Hermetia illucens,also known as the black soldier fly,which belongs to the Stratiomyidae family and which is an important insect for the con-version of various organic wastes.Phylogenetic analyses and multiple sequence alignment revealed that Hix is conserved compared with Drosophila.We showed that Hix is highly expressed in internal genitalia.Disruption of the Hix gene using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in female-specific defects in external genitalia and abnormal and undersized ovaries.Taken together,our study furthers our understanding of sex determination in insects and could facilitatebreedingof H.illucens.

不同比例麸皮和豆腐渣混合饲料对黑水虻幼虫生长特性的影响

随机选取4日龄黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)幼虫1 500头,均匀分为5个处理,分别为G1组(100%麸皮)、G2组(75%麸皮+25%豆腐渣)、G3组(50%麸皮+50%豆腐渣)、G4组(25%麸皮+75%豆腐渣)、G5组(100%豆腐渣),每天测定体重、体长和投影面积。结果表明,G2组黑水虻幼虫体重最高,且与其他组差异显著(P<0.05);G1组、G2组黑水虻幼虫体长较长,且体长明显大于其他组;G3组黑水虻幼虫投影面积最大,其次为G2组、G1组;G2组、G3组饲料利用率最高。由生长曲线可知,各组黑水虻幼虫大多经历缓慢生长、快速生长和平缓生长3个时期;从体重、体长及投影面积3项指标看,G2组具有延滞期短、快速增长期长的特点,收获时整体表现较好,而G5组整体表现较差。综上,使用75%麸皮+25%豆腐渣作为饲料有利于黑水虻幼虫的生长发育,且该组饲料转化率最高。

Does the provision of live black soldier fly and yellow mealworm larvae improve Muscovy duck welfare?

Background The provision of environmental enrichments to Muscovy ducks could reduce the expression of the aggressive behaviors.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of black soldier fly(BSF)and yellow mealworm(YM)live larva provision on Muscovy duck performance,excreta corticosterone metabolites(ECM),behavior,and blood parameters.Methods A total of 1263-day-old female Muscovy ducklings were allotted to 18 pens(6 replicates/treatment,7 birds/pen)and assigned to 3 experimental treatments:a control group fed commercial feed,and two experimental treatments fed commercial feed plus the 5%(based on the expected daily feed intake,as fed basis)of BSF and YM live larvae(BSF and YM groups,respectively).A two-phase feeding program was applied:starter(from 3 to 31 days of age)and grower-finisher(from 32 to 55 days of age).The live weight,average daily gain,average daily feed intake,and feed conversion ratio were calculated.Larva consumption times were collected,and video recordings were performed during 3 periods(P)each day:the hour before(P1),during(P2),and after(P3)the larva administration.ECM were evaluated at 3,31,and 55-day-old.Finally,the total red and white blood cell counts,serum proteins,lipids,and liver and renal function serum enzymes were evaluated on 12 birds/treatment.Results The experimental treatment did not affect the growth performance of the birds(P>0.05).Larva consumption times were always similar between the two insect species,except at 14–18 days of age,were BSF larvae were consumed faster than YM larvae(P<0.001).The birds showed less walking activity during P2,and preening behavior increased in YM birds during P3.The C birds increased the attack behavior over the weeks(P<0.05).During weeks 1–3 the YM group reduced the attack frequency(P1>P3;P<0.05).Finally,the provision of live BSF and YM larvae significantly reduced the ECM at 55 days of age and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio(P<0.05).Conclusions Live BSF and YM larva supplementation in Muscovy duck improves duck welfare,without impairing birds'growth performance.

我国黑水虻研究现状与展望——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

文章检索中文文献和国内机构中黑水虻的相关文献,运用CiteSpace可视化分析软件对2000—2023年已发表的黑水虻相关中、英文文献共670篇进行可视化分析。根据对文献的发文量、发表时间、作者、研究机构、关键词的分析,结果显示:黑水虻相关文献发文时间集中在2016—2022年期间;国内的机构合作的群体较多,基本集中在西北地区;黑水虻的关键词分析主要集中在抗菌肽、资源化利用、血清生化指标、黑水虻幼虫、亮斑扁角水虻、幼虫、波长、产业化养殖这8个方面。综合以上分析结果,未来黑水虻的研究方向集中在黑水虻抗菌肽的推广应用、黑水虻资源产业化的运用、黑水虻养殖技术的升级应用、黑水虻幼虫饲料的开发应用这三个方面。

A Review on Characteristics, Extraction Methods and Applications of Renewable Insect Protein

Due to the expected rise in the world population,an increase in the requirements for quality and safety of food and feed is expected,which leads to the growing demand for new sources of sustainable and renewable protein.Insect protein is gaining importance as a renewable material for several reasons,reflecting its potential contribu-tions to sustainability,resource efficiency,and environmental conservation.Some insect species are known to be able to efficiently convert organic waste into high-value products such as protein,requiring less land and water compared to traditional livestock.In addition,insect farming produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions,contri-buting to mitigating climate change.Insects are considered as a major potential alternative to animal or plant protein due to their many nutritional benefits,including high protein,mineral,and vitamin contents.On average,the protein content of insects ranges between 35%and 60%dry weight,which exceeds plant protein sources,such as cereal,soybeans,and lentils.As the acceptance of insect protein grows and technologies advance,the food and feed industries continue to explore and expand their applications,offering consumers diverse and sustainable pro-tein choices.In this review,we discuss the recentfindings relating to insect protein focusing on its characteristics,extraction methods,applications,and opportunities along with some trade-offs and uncertainties.

黑水虻幼虫作为饲料原料在生猪养殖中的应用研究进展

随着生猪养殖规模的不断扩大,肉类产品的持续增长推动了动物饲料原料需求,特别是蛋白质类饲料原料的需求不断攀升。传统蛋白质类饲料包括豆粕和鱼粉的生产需耗费大量资源。黑水虻幼虫是一种营养丰富的资源型昆虫,富含蛋白质、脂肪、钙等,且氨基酸组成均衡(谷氨酸、赖氨酸和缬氨酸等多种氨基酸),可以代替豆粕、鱼粉等蛋白质类饲料应用于猪饲粮中。黑水虻幼虫作为饲料原料在生猪养殖中展现出巨大的应用潜力,能够提高猪生产性能、降低饲料成本,同时具备环境友好的特点。作者综述了黑水虻幼虫的营养特性及其作为饲料原料对猪生产性能及健康水平的影响等,以期为未来黑水虻作为饲料原料在生猪养殖中的应用提供参考,为推动生猪养殖业的可持续发展提供新的思路。

黑水虻幼虫的营养特性及其在水产饲料中的应用进展

黑水虻为一种腐食性昆虫,其幼虫具有食性广、繁殖力强以及营养物质丰富且均衡等特点,被认为是极具潜力的新型饲料蛋白质源,在水产动物生产中具有广阔的应用前景。本文概述了黑水虻幼虫的主要营养成分和生物活性成分,及其在草食性、杂食性、肉食性、甲壳动物和两栖爬行动物等不同水产养殖品种饲料中的应用研究进展,总结了不同水产动物饲料中黑水虻幼虫的最适用量,探讨了黑水虻幼虫作为水产饲料中可持续蛋白源的可行性及在实际应用过程中存在的问题及挑战,以期为黑水虻的开发利用及其在水产动物中的机制性研究提供依据和参考。

日粮添加黑水虻和螺旋藻对幼猫免疫功能的影响

为探究日粮中添加黑水虻和螺旋藻对幼猫生长发育和免疫功能的影响,将体重相近、健康的18只45~60日龄断奶田园幼猫随机等分为对照组(饲喂某进口品牌幼猫粮)、试验组(饲喂基于空白对照组配方,额外添加黑水虻和螺旋藻的猫粮)和空白对照组(饲喂基础配方猫粮),试验时长24 d。结果表明:与其他两组相比较,试验组的幼猫体重增重效果和粪便成型更好;猫杯状病毒(FCV)、猫细小病毒(FPV)和猫疱疹病毒(FHV)的抗体水平更高;幼猫抗氧化能力和免疫功能更强,其中免疫球蛋白水平、白细胞介素-2等免疫力指标显著升高;此外,血清中代谢物茶皂醇A和熊果酸含量的差异也进一步反映了试验组幼猫的免疫力和抗氧化能力得到了提升。综上所述,日粮中添加黑水虻和螺旋藻能促进幼猫生长发育,提高幼猫的免疫功能。

黑水虻成虫的触角感器超微结构及其对气味物质的嗅觉反应

【目的】明确黑水虻Hermetia illucens成虫触角感器的超微结构,探究其雌雄成虫对气味物质的嗅觉反应。【方法】利用透射电子显微镜观察黑水虻成虫触角感器的超微结构,再分别采用触角电位测量系统和Y型嗅觉仪测试雌雄成虫对异戊酸、乳酸、乙酸乙酯和壬醛4种气味物质的触角电位(electroantennogram, EAG)反应和行为响应。【结果】黑水虻成虫触角上的毛形感器表皮壁厚,壁上无孔,内部感器淋巴液中有神经树突;腔锥形感器腔内有多分支的锥形突起,锥形突起的表皮壁薄,壁上有微孔,内部感器淋巴液中有神经树突。EAG测试结果表明,所测试的4种气味物质在各浓度下都能引起雌雄黑水虻成虫明显的EAG反应,不同气味物质引起的反应随浓度变化呈现不同趋势。其中,雌雄成虫对异戊酸的EAG反应均最大,二者的EAG反应相对值均随浓度升高而升高;雌成虫对乳酸的EAG反应随浓度升高先升高后降低,雄成虫对乳酸的EAG反应趋势则相反;对于乙酸乙酯和壬醛两种气味物质的EAG反应,随着测试浓度的升高,黑水虻雌成虫的EAG反应呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,而雄成虫的EAG反应则各不相同且无规律。行为选择测试结果表明,0.001-0.1μg/μL乳酸对黑水虻雌成虫有显著的吸引作用,0.1μg/μL异戊酸对雄成虫有显著的吸引作用。【结论】黑水虻成虫触角鞭节上的毛形感器可能为温湿度感器,腔锥形感器可能为嗅觉感器。黑水虻雌雄成虫的触角均对高浓度的异戊酸比较敏感;低浓度的乳酸、异戊酸对黑水虻成虫具有一定的引诱作用,有作为引诱剂成分的潜力。