A Spectral Convolutional Neural Network Model Based on Adaptive Fick’s Law for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral image classification stands as a pivotal task within the field of remote sensing,yet achieving highprecision classification remains a significant challenge.In response to this challenge,a Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA-SCNN)is proposed.The Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA)constitutes a novel metaheuristic algorithm introduced herein,encompassing three new strategies:Adaptive weight factor,Gaussian mutation,and probability update policy.With adaptive weight factor,the algorithmcan adjust theweights according to the change in the number of iterations to improve the performance of the algorithm.Gaussianmutation helps the algorithm avoid falling into local optimal solutions and improves the searchability of the algorithm.The probability update strategy helps to improve the exploitability and adaptability of the algorithm.Within the AFLA-SCNN model,AFLA is employed to optimize two hyperparameters in the SCNN model,namely,“numEpochs”and“miniBatchSize”,to attain their optimal values.AFLA’s performance is initially validated across 28 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2013 and 29 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2017.Experimental results indicate AFLA’s marked performance superiority over nine other prominent optimization algorithms.Subsequently,the AFLA-SCNN model was compared with the Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Fick’s Law Algorithm(FLA-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Harris Hawks Optimization(HHO-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based onDifferential Evolution(DE-SCNN),SpectralConvolutionalNeuralNetwork(SCNN)model,and SupportVector Machines(SVM)model using the Indian Pines dataset and PaviaUniversity dataset.The experimental results show that the AFLA-SCNN model outperforms other models in terms of Accuracy,Precision,Recall,and F1-score on Indian Pines and Pavia University.Among them,the Accuracy of the AFLA-SCNN model on Indian Pines reached 99.875%,and the Accuracy on PaviaUniversity reached 98.022%.In conclusion,our proposed AFLA-SCNN model is deemed to significantly enhance the precision of hyperspectral image classification.

赫林定律（Hering’s law）对单眼重度先天性上睑下垂患儿矫正术后家属满意度的影响

目的观察赫林定律(Hering’slaw)对单眼重度先天性上睑下垂患儿矫正术后家属满意度的影响。方法选取我院单眼重度先天性上睑下垂患儿60例(2016年1月~2019年1月),入院顺序不同分组。参照组(30例)单纯实施矫正术,试验组(30例)在实施矫正术的同时应用Hering’s law。对比2组治疗效果、家属满意度。结果试验组总有效率86.67%与参照组76.67%对比无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组良好率60.00%高于参照组(30.00%,P<0.05);试验组术后3个月家属满意度93.33%高于参照组(73.33%,P<0.05)。结论Hering’s law应用于单眼重度先天性上睑下垂患儿矫正术,能明显提高治疗良好率,提升家属满意度。

结合Cannikin’s Law的离线数据增广方法研究

数据增广是提升深度学习模型性能的有效方法之一。针对多类别目标检测任务中检测性能不平衡问题,提出一种针对“短板类别”(检测性能远低于模型平均检测性能的类别)的离线数据增广方法。受Cannikin’s Law的启发,采用基于复制粘贴(copy-paste)机制的场景多样性增广方法。随机采集训练集中“短板类别”实例区域,通过相似性度量机制选取训练集中增广目标样本进行随机粘贴。为了降低随机粘贴导致的遮挡问题,采用基于自遮挡(cut-replace)机制的增广方法提升模型遮挡表达能力。通过截取样本自身区域,对特征表达最显著区域进行遮挡。实验表明,FCOS目标检测框架在PASCAL VOC数据上的平均检测精度(mean average precision,mAP)从79.10%提升到83.90%,其中短板类别更为显著,提升了20.8个百分点。在MS-COCO数据上平均检测精度提升了0.9个百分点。

Noether's theorem for non-conservative Hamilton system based on El-Nabulsi dynamical model extended by periodic laws

This paper focuses on the Noether symmetries and the conserved quantities for both holonomic and nonholonomic systems based on a new non-conservative dynamical model introduced by E1-Nabulsi. First, the E1-Nabulsi dynamical model which is based on a fractional integral extended by periodic laws is introduced, and E1-Nabulsi-Hamilton＇s canoni- cal equations for non-conservative Hamilton system with holonomic or nonholonomic constraints are established. Second, the definitions and criteria of E1-Nabulsi-Noether symmetrical transformations and quasi-symmetrical transformations are presented in terms of the invariance of E1-Nabulsi-Hamilton action under the infinitesimal transformations of the group. Fi- nally, Noether＇s theorems for the non-conservative Hamilton system under the E1-Nabulsi dynamical system are established, which reveal the relationship between the Noether symmetry and the conserved quantity of the system.

Broader applicability of the metacoupling framework than Tobler’s first law of geography for global sustainability:A systematic review

Complex sustainability issues in the Anthropocene,with rapid globalization and global environmental changes,are increasingly interlinked between not only nearby systems but also distant systems.Tobler’s first law of geog-raphy(TFL)states“near things are more related than distant things”.Evidence suggests that TFL is not infallible for sustainability issues.Recently,the integrated framework of metacoupling(MCF;human-nature interactions within as well as between adjacent and distant systems)has been applied to analyze the interactions between nearby and distant coupled human and natural systems simultaneously.However,previous work has been scat-tered and fragmented.It is crucial to understand the extent to which TFL and MCF apply across pressing issues in sustainability.Therefore,we reviewed and synthesized sustainability literature that used TFL and MCF across seven major topics:land change,species migration,tourism,trade,agricultural development,conservation,and governance.Results indicate MCF had a much broader applicability than TFL for these topics.The literature using MCF generally did not or likely did not obey TFL,especially in trade,governance,and agricultural de-velopment.In the TFL literature,most topics obeyed TFL,except for species migration and trade.The findings suggest the need to rethink and further test TFL’s relevance to sustainability issues,and highlight the potential of MCF to address complex interactions between both adjacent and distant systems across the world for global sustainability.

A Darcy-Law Based Model for Heat and Moisture Transfer in a Hill Cave

A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.

Determination of the Henry’s Law Constant of Hexane in High-Viscosity Polymer Systems

The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.

NOETHER’S CONSERVATION LAWS OF HOLONOMIC NONCONSERVATIVE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS IN GENERALIZED MECHANICS

In the present paper, three kinds of forms for Noether’s conservation laws of hol-onomic nonconservative dynamical systems in generalized mechanics are given.

Zipf’s Law, Benford’s Law, and Pareto Rule

From a basic probabilistic argumentation, the Zipfian distribution and Benford’s law are derived. It is argued that Zipf’s law fits to calculate the rank probabilities of identical indistinguishable objects and that Benford’s distribution fits to calculate the rank probabilities of distinguishable objects. i.e. in the distribution of words in long texts all the words in a given rank are identical, therefore, the rank distribution is Zipfian. In logarithmic tables, the objects with identical 1st digits are distinguishable as there are many different digits in the 2nd, 3rd… places, etc., and therefore the distribution is according to Benford’s law. Pareto 20 - 80 rule is shown to be an outcome of Benford’s distribution as when the number of ranks is about 10 the probability of 20% of the high probability ranks is equal to the probability of the rest of 80% low probability ranks. It is argued that all these distributions, including the central limit theorem, are outcomes of Planck’s law and are the result of the quantization of energy. This argumentation may be considered a physical origin of probability.

New Planck’s Law

In quantum mechanics, there are two very famous formulas. One is the energy formula of the bose particle, called Planck’s law. The other is the wavelength formula, which is called the de Broy wavelength. According to Einstein’s mass-energy equation, we have studied Planck’s law and De Bloy’s wavelength, and generalized it to the De Bloy’s wavelength formula from low speed to light speed. Then, on this basis, the smallest particle is defined as mass quantum. The new wavelength formula is obtained from the mass quantum and converted into the frequency formula. The generalized Planck’s law is obtained.

Not Athenian or a Stranger:The Veiled Critique of Aristotle in Plato’s Laws

Plato’s last dialogue,the Laws,occupies an anomalous position within his larger body of work.An individual identified as the“Athenian stranger”replaces Socrates and reverses key Socratic teachings,most notably by endorsing tyranny.Scholars conclude that Plato abandoned his earlier political recommendations in favor of a more pragmatic vision.In that case,the Laws should be treated as Plato’s definitive work,the ultimate statement of his thought,when in fact,much more attention is paid to earlier dialogues,particularly the Republic.The problem is resolved and the true significance of the Laws revealed when the text is read as Plato’s ironic critique of his brilliant-but-rebellious student,Aristotle.Reasoning from Aristotelian premises,the Athenian stranger arrives at conclusions that Platonists and Aristotelians alike would find unpalatable or absurd.The alleged rupture between Plato’s earlier and later work disappears.The esoteric writings that are thought to have been the product of Aristotle’s later career are shown to have emerged from ideas that Plato himself was familiar with and rejected.

Motion State Modification of Coulomb’s Law and Dynamic Gravitation

As we know, Coulomb’s law describes the interaction between static charges. In this paper, the modified formula of Coulomb’s law in the state of charge motion is given. Based on this formula, Ampere’s law and Lorentz’s law of force are derived by pure mathematics. According to the similarity between the formula of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law, the correction of the formula of universal gravitation under the state of motion is assumed boldly, and some inferences are made on the motion law of celestial bodies.

EFFECTS OF POISSON’S RATIO ON SCALING LAW IN HERTZIAN FRACTURE

In this paper the Auerbach＇s scaling law of Hertzian fracture induced by a spherical indenter pressing on a brittle solid is studied. In the analysis, the singular integral equation method is used to analyze the fracture behavior of the Hertzian contact problem. The results show that the Auerbach＇s constant sensitively depends on the Poisson＇s ratio, and the effective Auerbach＇s domain is also determined for a given value of the Poisson＇s ratio.

Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H0. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.

Entropy Analysis of Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System by Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics

By means of the Second Law of Thermodynamics,thispaper gives out the entropy analysis method for vapor-comperession refrigeration system.The thermal irrevers-ibility of the system charged with R12 and its hopeful al-ternative refrlgerant R134a have been studied respective-ly.On the basis of all the research results of this paper,the measure used to save energy for vapor-compressionrefrigeration system has been put out.

Non-Darcy Flow in Molding Sands

Darcy’s law is widely used to describe the flow in porous media in which there is a linear relationship between fluid velocity and pressure gradient. However, it has been found that for high numbers of Reynolds this law ceases to be valid. In this work, the Ergun equation is employed to consider the non-linearity of air velocity with the pressure gradient in casting sands. The contribution of non-linearity to the total flow in terms of a variable defined as a non-Darcy flow fraction is numerically quantified. In addition, the influence of the shape factor of the sand grains on the non-linear flow fraction is analyzed. It is found that for values of the Reynolds number less or equal than 1, the contribution of non-linearity for spherical particles is around 1.15%.

Derivation of a Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation That Predicts Combustion Oscillations

Our study identifies a subtle deviation from Newton’s third law in the derivation of the ideal rocket equation, also known as the Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (TRE). TRE can be derived using a 1D elastic collision model of the momentum exchange between the differential propellant mass element (dm) and the rocket final mass (m1), in which dm initially travels forward to collide with m1 and rebounds to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a velocity that is known as the effective exhaust velocity ve. We observe that such a model does not explain how dm was able to acquire its initial forward velocity without the support of a reactive mass traveling in the opposite direction. We show instead that the initial kinetic energy of dm is generated from dm itself by a process of self-combustion and expansion. In our ideal rocket with a single particle dm confined inside a hollow tube with one closed end, we show that the process of self-combustion and expansion of dm will result in a pair of differential particles each with a mass dm/2, and each traveling away from one another along the tube axis, from the center of combustion. These two identical particles represent the active and reactive sub-components of dm, co-generated in compliance with Newton’s third law of equal action and reaction. Building on this model, we derive a linear momentum ODE of the system, the solution of which yields what we call the Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (RTRE). We show that RTRE has a mathematical form that is similar to TRE, with the exception of the effective exhaust velocity (ve) term. The ve term in TRE is replaced in RTRE by the average of two distinct exhaust velocities that we refer to as fast-jet, vx1, and slow-jet, vx2. These two velocities correspond, respectively, to the velocities of the detonation pressure wave that is vectored directly towards the exhaust nozzle, and the retonation wave that is initially vectored in the direction of rocket propagation, but subsequently becomes reflected from the thrust surface of the combustion chamber to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a time lag behind the detonation wave. The detonation-retonation phenomenon is supported by experimental evidence in the published literature. Finally, we use a convolution model to simulate the composite exhaust pressure wave, highlighting the frequency spectrum of the pressure perturbations that are generated by the mutual interference between the fast-jet and slow-jet components. Our analysis offers insights into the origin of combustion oscillations in rocket engines, with possible extensions beyond rocket engineering into other fields of combustion engineering.

The Lynx and Hare Data of 200 Years as the Nonlinear Conserving Interaction Based on Noether’s Conservation Laws and Stability

We applied n-variable conserving nonlinear differential equations (n-CNDEs) to the population data of the 10-year cycles of Canadian lynx (1821-2016) and the snowshoe hare (1845-1921). Modeling external effects as perturbations to population dynamics, recovering and restorations from disintegrations (or extinctions), stability and survival strategies are discussed in terms of the conservation law inherent to dynamical interactions among species. The 2-variable conserving nonlinear interaction (2CNIs) is extended to 3, 4, ... n-variable conserving nonlinear interactions (n-CNIs) of species by adjusting minimum unknown parameters. The population cycle of species is a manifestation of conservation laws existing in complicated ecosystems, which is suggested from the CNDE analysis as a standard rhythm of interactions. The ecosystem is a consequence of the long history of nonlinear interactions and evolutions among life-beings and the natural environment, and the population dynamics of an ecosystem are observed as approximate CNIs. Physical analyses of the conserving quantity in nonlinear interactions would help us understand why and how they have developed. The standard rhythm found in nonlinear interactions should be considered as a manifestation of the survival strategy and the survival of the fittest to the balance of biological systems. The CNDEs and nonlinear differential equations with time-dependent coefficients would help find useful physical information on the survival of the fittest and symbiosis in an ecosystem.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

The Magnetic Longitudinal (P-) Wave’s Propagation and Energy Models Underlying the Mechanisms of Its Capacity to Absorb Free Energy

The longitudinal wave term within Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law) underwent recovery to ensure its suitability for theoretical derivation of the equation governing longitudinal electromagnetic (LEM) waves. The revised Maxwell’s equations include the crucial parameters being the attenuation time constants of magnetic vortex potential and electric vortex potential generated by external electromagnetic field within the propagation medium. Specific expressions for them are obtained through theoretical analysis. Subsequently, a model for propagating magnetic P-wave generated by the superposition of a left-handed photo and a right-handed photon in a vacuum is formulated based on reevaluated total current law and revised Faraday’s law, covering wave equations, energy equation, as well as propagation mode involving mutual induction and conversion between scalar magnetic field and vortex electric field. Furthermore, through theoretical derivations centered around magnetic P-wave, evidence was presented regarding its ability to absorb huge free energy through the entangled interaction between zero-point vacuum energy field and the torsion field produced by the vortex electric field.