Study on the Effects of Land Surface Heterogeneities in Temperature and Moisture on Annual Scale Regional Climate Simulation

The ＂combined approach＂, which is suitable to represent subgrid land surface heterogeneity in both interpatch and intra-patch variabilities, is employed in the BiOsphere/Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS） as a land surface component of the regional climate model RegCM3 to consider the heterogeneities in temperature and moisture at the land surface, and then annual-scale simulations for 5 years （1988-1992） were conducted. Results showed that on the annual scale, the model＇s response to the heterogeneities is quite sensitive, and that the effect of the temperature heterogeneity （TH） is more pronounced than the moisture heterogeneity （MH）. On the intraannual scale, TH may lead to more （less） precipitation in warm （cold） seasons, and hence lead to larger intraannual variability in precipitation; the major MH effects may be lagged by about 1 month during the warm, rainy seasons, inducing -6% more precipitation for some sub-regions. Additionally, the modeled climate for the northern sub-regions shows larger sensitivities to the land surface heterogeneities than those for the southern sub-regions. Since state-of-art land surface models seldom account for surface intra-patch variabilities, this study emphasizes the importance of including this kind of variability in the land surface models.

3D geo-cellular static virtual outcrop model and its implications for reservoir petro-physical characteristics and heterogeneities

Geostatistical data plays a vibrant role for surface-based reservoir modeling through outcrop analogues,which is used to understand three-dimensional(3D)variability of petrophysical properties.The main purpose of this study is to improvise the surface-based 3D geo-modeling to demonstrate petrophysical characteristics and heterogeneities of Sandakan reservoirs,NW Borneo.We used point cloud data from Light Detection and Ranging(Li DAR)to build high-resolution virtual outcrop modeling(VOM)onto which we mapped 6 different lithofacies.Porosity and permeability of core plugs were measured to determine the average variance of petrophysical properties for each lithofacies.By utilizing the integration of VOMs analogues and petrophysical properties in Petrel^(TM),we demonstrated the distribution and associations of all lithofacies in pseudo wells that have inherent thin beds heterogeneities in 3D geocellular model.The results concluded that the heterogeneity of thin beds in lithofacies is dependent on porosity and permeability with input dataset.According to the final model,cross-bedding sandstone(CBS),hummocky cross-stratified sandstone(HCSS)and trough cross-bedding sandstone(TCBS)show good reservoir quality due to high porosity ranging from:25.6%to 20.4%and,19.3%-14.5%,and permeability ranging from:74.03 mD to 66.84 mD and,64.86 mD to 21.01 mD.In contrast,massive to weak laminae sandstone(MWLS)and bioturbated sandstone(BS)show fair to poor reservoir quality,caused baffling of surrounding mud sediments in the reservoir lithofacies.Results also revealed that Li DAR based VOM with petrophysical properties can significantly reduce the risk and minimize the cost of reservoir modeling in petroleum industry.

Dosimetric Evaluation of Heterogeneities in Small Circular Fields of 6 MV Photon Beams with EBT2 and EDR2 Films: Comparison with Monte Carlo Calculation

The influence of dose variation due to heterogeneities in narrow photon beams used in stereotactic radiosurgery has been investigated. Since the lateral electronic disequilibrium and existence of steep dose gradients in small fields and the presence of heterogeneities can intensify these problems, in this study the effects of heterogeneities on 6 MV small photon beams produced by circular cone collimators with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mm diameters are investigated. The heterogeneities include 3 cm Cork with density of 0.2 g/cm3 instead of lung and 3 cm Polytetrafluoroethylene (P.T.F.E) with density of 2.2 g/cm3 as bone. The measurements were carried out with EBT2 gafchromic and EDR2 radiographic films. Simulation was done by MCNP Monte Carlo Code (MCNP5). The depth dose curves in heterogeneous phantom were compared with homogeneous phantom. A good agreement was obtained within film and Monte Carlo calculations in presence of low density heterogeneity and also in the presence of high density heterogeneity. Monte Carlo results showed good agreement after stopping power correction.

Scale lengths of heterogeneities under Tibet

Important information about small-scale heterogeneities is hardly accessible by the traditional deterministic seismic tomography. Fluctuations of the phase and the logarithmic amplitude of direct teleseismic plane P waves can be used to characterize small-scale heterogeneities. Seismic data recorded by the Hi-CLIMB array are used to analyze the average power spectrum of the small-scale velocity heterogeneities under Tibet. Coherence functions of the logarithmic amplitude and the phase fluctuations due to different earthquakes from different back azimuths show consistent characteristics, indicating that fluctuations are due to heterogeneities under the stations. Assuming that the heterogeneities are statistically stationary and distributed within a layer, we invert for the average heterogeneity spectrum by fitting both the logarithmic amplitude and the phase coherence data. Multiscale nature of the heterogeneity is evident. The inverted power spectrum is ＂red＂ at the large-scale end, meaning that the power spectrum decreases as the length scale decreases. Such a decreasing trend stops at smaller scales -20-50 km and 10 km. This may indicate that mantle convection is not effective in destroying smaller heterogeneities.

A Mesoscale Analysis of Heavy Rain Caused by Frontal and Topographical Heterogeneities on Taiwan Island

The prevailing mesoscale model MM5 (V3) is used to simulate a heavy rain case caused by interac- tion between a move-in front and topographical heterogeneities on Taiwan Island. It is found that both thermodynamic and dynamic ?elds along the front are heterogeneous in time and space. The heterogene- ity becomes more signi?cant as the e?ect of topography is added on. The heterogeneous distribution of physical variables along the front is the main reason for the heterogeneous frontal rain band; the optimum cooperation of the low level and upper level jet is another reason for the development of the rain band. Topography can strengthen the rainfall and causes extremely heavy rain cells. Updraft induced by topog- raphy extends to a rather low level, while the uplifted air by frontal circulation can reach to higher levels. The quasi-steady topographic circulation overlaps the frontal circulation when the front moves over Taiwan Island; the advantageous cooperation of various mesoscale conditions causes the large upward velocity on the windward side of the island.

Evolution and Simulation of Spatial-temporal Heterogeneities in Ecological Background Quality of Changsha City

By GIS and ENVI,TM/ETM remote sensing images of five districts(Yuelu District,Furong District,Yuhua District,Tianxin District and Kaifu District) in Changsha City center in 2005,2010 and 2015 were interpreted.Moreover,distribution chart for ecological background factors in 2020 was simulated by using CA-Markov module in IDRISI.Using principal component analysis,evaluation model for ecological background quality of the city was established.Via circle analysi s,GS+semi variance function analysis,hot spot area analysis and grey correlation analysis,integrated analysis and evaluation on spatial heterogeneity evolution of ecological background quality in research region were conducted.Results showed that firstly Changsha overall has formed ecological pattern of landscape island city,but ecological background started to show the evolution trend of high heterogeneity and fragmentation under the construction land expansion,and ecological background quality of the city declined from 0.300,6 to 0.257,1 during 2005-2020.Secondly,ecological background quality of Changsha City had typical circle and axial gradient structure,and "eco tone" had the most violent evolution.Thirdly,spatial structure of ecological background quality had region,time and direction heterogeneities,and spatial heterogeneity of region was the most important.Fourthly,hot spot area distribution of ecological background quality evolution showed the "frog jump" trend of gathering in marginal zone and diffusing to peripheral zone.Fifthly,in driving factors of ecological background quality,industrialization rate had the highest grey correlation degree(0.842,1),and grey absolute correlation degree between ecological background quality in Yuelu District and industrialization rate was the highest(0.603,1).

EVIDENCE OF ISOTOPIC SYSTEMATICS FROM CRUST AND MANTLE FOR CHEMICAL HETEROGENEITIES OF TERRANES

The extensive tracing of Nd, Sr and Pb isotopes has revealed that there exist high-degree heterogeneities in suboceanic mantle and mantle anomalies of the Southern Hemisphere on a large scale (DUPAL, high 87Sr/86Sr, and HIMU, high μ value, i. e. 238 U/204pb). Recently, the isotopic tracing of the Cenozoic Volcanics from the continent of China has confirmed that there exists a general tendency that the subcontinental mantle of eastern China was en-

Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration for optical interconnection

The performance of optical interconnection has improved dramatically in recent years.Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration is the key enabler to achieve high performance optical interconnection,which not only provides the optical gain which is absent from native Si substrates and enables complete photonic functionalities on chip,but also improves the system performance through advanced heterogeneous integrated packaging.This paper reviews recent progress of silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration in high performance optical interconnection.The research status,development trend and application of ultra-low loss optical waveguides,high-speed detectors,high-speed modulators,lasers and 2D,2.5D,3D and monolithic integration are focused on.

Pumping-induced Well Hydraulics and Groundwater Budget in a Leaky Aquifer System with Vertical Heterogeneity in Aquitard Hydraulic Properties

In groundwater hydrology,aquitard heterogeneity is often less considered compared to aquifers,despite its significant impact on groundwater hydraulics and groundwater resources evaluation.A semi-analytical solution is derived for pumping-induced well hydraulics and groundwater budget with consideration of vertical heterogeneity in aquitard hydraulic conductivity(K)and specific storage(S_(s)).The proposed new solution is innovative in its partitioning of the aquitard into multiple homogeneous sub-layers to enable consideration of various forms of vertically heterogeneous K or S_(s).Two scenarios of analytical investigations are explored:one is the presence of aquitard interlayers with distinct K or S_(s) values,a common field-scale occurrence;another is an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard S_(s),a regional-scale phenomenon supported by statistical analysis.Analytical investigations reveal that a low-K interlayer can significantly increase aquifer drawdown and enhance aquifer/aquitard depletion;a high-S_(s) interlayer can noticeably reduce aquifer drawdown and increase aquitard depletion.Locations of low-K or high-S_(s) interlayers also significantly impact well hydraulics and groundwater budget.In the context of an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard S_(s),a larger decay exponent can enhance aquifer drawdown.When using current models with a vertically homogeneous aquitard,half the sum of the geometric and harmonic means of exponentially depth-decaying aquitard S_(s) should be used to calculate aquitard depletion and unconfined aquifer leakage.

Efficient hydrogenolysis of fructose to 1,2-propanediol over bifunctional Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalysts under mild reaction conditions via enhancing the chemoselective cleavage of C-C bonds

Selective conversion of fructose to 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO)is considered as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to petroleum-based processes,however,this approach still faces challenges associated with low efficiency and harsh reaction conditions.Here,we have successfully synthesized a novel bifunctional Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst through a facile'one-pot'solvothermal method.Remarkably,this catalyst exhibits exceptional catalytic performances in the conversion of fructose to 1,2-PDO under mild reaction conditions.The yield of 1,2-PDO is up to 56.2%at 140°C for 4 h under an ultra-low hydrogen pressure of only 0.2 MPa,surpassing the reported results in recent literature(below 51%).Comprehensive characterizations and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Ru-WO_(x)-MgO_(y) catalyst,serving as active acidic sites,facilitates the chemoselective cleavage of C-C bonds in fructose,which leads to the generation of active intermediates and ultimately resulted in the high yield of 1,2-PDO.

A geochemical perspective on the genesis of Cenozoic basic volcanism in northeastern Turkey:an overview of metasomatism and heterogeneity of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle in a post-collisional setting

The post-collisional Cenozoic basic volcanic rocks in NE Turkey show temporal variations in whole-rock lithophile element and highly siderophile element(HSE)systematics that are mainly associated with the nature of sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)sources and parental melt generation.So far,the traditional whole-rock lithophile geochemical data of these basic volcanic rocks have provided important constraints on the nature of SCLM sources.Integrated lithophile element and HSE geochemical data of these basic volcanic rocks also reveal the heterogeneity of the SCLM source,which is principally related to variable metasomatism resulting from previous subduction(s)and post-collisional mantle-crust interactions in an extensional setting.Lithophile element geochemical features suggest that the parental magmas have derived from metasomatized spinel-to garnet-bearing SCLM sources for Eocene and Miocene basic volcanic rocks with subduction signatures whereas originated from spinel-to garnet-bearing SCLM sources for Mio-Pliocene and Plio-Quaternary basaltic volcanic rocks without the subduction signature.Lithophile element and HSE geo-chemistry also reveal that Eocene and Miocene basic vol-canic rocks were affected by more pronounced crustal contamination than the basaltic volcanic rocks of Mio-Pliocene and Quaternary.Furthermore,the integrated lithophile element and HSE compositions of these basic volcanic rocks,together with the regional asymmetric lithospheric delamination model,reveal that the compositional variation(especially due to metasomatism)was significant temporally in the heterogeneity of the SCLM sources from which parental magmas formed during the Cenozoic era.

Insight into the spoilage heterogeneity of meat-borne bacteria isolates with high-producing collagenase

Chilled chicken is inevitably contaminated by microorganisms during slaughtering and processing,resulting in spoilage.Cutting parts of chilled chicken,especially wings,feet,and other skin-on products,are abundant in collagen,which may be the primary target for degradation by spoilage microorganisms.In this work,a total of 17 isolates of spoilage bacteria that could secrete both collagenase and lipase were determined by raw-chicken juice agar(RJA)method,and the results showed that 7 strains of Serratia,Aeromonas,and Pseudomonas could significantly decompose the collagen ingredients.The gelatin zymography showed that Serratia liquefaciens(F5)and(G7)had apparent degradation bands around 50 kDa,and Aeromonas veronii(G8)and Aeromonas salmonicida(H8)had a band around.65 and 95 kDa,respectively.The lipase and collagenase activities were detected isolate-by-isolate,with F5 showing the highest collagenase activity.For spoilage ability on meat in situ,F5 performed strongest in spoilage ability,indicated by the total viable counts,total volatile basic nitrogen content,sensory scores,lipase,and collagenase activity.This study provides a theoretical basis for spoilage heterogeneity of strains with high-producing collagenase in meat.

Neurophysiological, histological, and behavioral characterization of animal models of distraction spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Distraction spinal cord injury is caused by some degree of distraction or longitudinal tension on the spinal cord and commonly occurs in patients who undergo corrective operation for severe spinal deformity.With the increased degree and duration of distraction,spinal cord injuries become more serious in terms of their neurophysiology,histology,and behavior.Very few studies have been published on the specific characteristics of distraction spinal cord injury.In this study,we systematically review 22 related studies involving animal models of distraction spinal cord injury,focusing particularly on the neurophysiological,histological,and behavioral characteristics of this disease.In addition,we summarize the mechanisms underlying primary and secondary injuries caused by distraction spinal cord injury and clarify the effects of different degrees and durations of distraction on the primary injuries associated with spinal cord injury.We provide new concepts for the establishment of a model of distraction spinal cord injury and related basic research,and provide reference guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Dynamics and synchronization in a memristor-coupled discrete heterogeneous neuron network considering noise

Research on discrete memristor-based neural networks has received much attention.However,current research mainly focuses on memristor–based discrete homogeneous neuron networks,while memristor-coupled discrete heterogeneous neuron networks are rarely reported.In this study,a new four-stable discrete locally active memristor is proposed and its nonvolatile and locally active properties are verified by its power-off plot and DC V–I diagram.Based on two-dimensional(2D)discrete Izhikevich neuron and 2D discrete Chialvo neuron,a heterogeneous discrete neuron network is constructed by using the proposed discrete memristor as a coupling synapse connecting the two heterogeneous neurons.Considering the coupling strength as the control parameter,chaotic firing,periodic firing,and hyperchaotic firing patterns are revealed.In particular,multiple coexisting firing patterns are observed,which are induced by different initial values of the memristor.Phase synchronization between the two heterogeneous neurons is discussed and it is found that they can achieve perfect synchronous at large coupling strength.Furthermore,the effect of Gaussian white noise on synchronization behaviors is also explored.We demonstrate that the presence of noise not only leads to the transition of firing patterns,but also achieves the phase synchronization between two heterogeneous neurons under low coupling strength.

Blockchain-Enabled Cybersecurity Provision for Scalable Heterogeneous Network:A Comprehensive Survey

Blockchain-enabled cybersecurity system to ensure and strengthen decentralized digital transaction is gradually gaining popularity in the digital era for various areas like finance,transportation,healthcare,education,and supply chain management.Blockchain interactions in the heterogeneous network have fascinated more attention due to the authentication of their digital application exchanges.However,the exponential development of storage space capabilities across the blockchain-based heterogeneous network has become an important issue in preventing blockchain distribution and the extension of blockchain nodes.There is the biggest challenge of data integrity and scalability,including significant computing complexity and inapplicable latency on regional network diversity,operating system diversity,bandwidth diversity,node diversity,etc.,for decision-making of data transactions across blockchain-based heterogeneous networks.Data security and privacy have also become the main concerns across the heterogeneous network to build smart IoT ecosystems.To address these issues,today’s researchers have explored the potential solutions of the capability of heterogeneous network devices to perform data transactions where the system stimulates their integration reliably and securely with blockchain.The key goal of this paper is to conduct a state-of-the-art and comprehensive survey on cybersecurity enhancement using blockchain in the heterogeneous network.This paper proposes a full-fledged taxonomy to identify the main obstacles,research gaps,future research directions,effective solutions,andmost relevant blockchain-enabled cybersecurity systems.In addition,Blockchain based heterogeneous network framework with cybersecurity is proposed in this paper tomeet the goal of maintaining optimal performance data transactions among organizations.Overall,this paper provides an in-depth description based on the critical analysis to overcome the existing work gaps for future research where it presents a potential cybersecurity design with key requirements of blockchain across a heterogeneous network.

Synergy of heterogeneous Co/Ni dual atoms enabling selective C-O bond scission of lignin coupling with in-situ N-functionalization

Selective cleavage of Csp^(2)-OCH_(3)bond in lignin without breaking other types of C-O bonds followed by N-functionalization is fascinating for on-purpose valorization of biomass.Here,a Co/Ni-based dual-atom catalyst CoNiDA@NC prepared by in-situ evaporation and acid-etching of metal species from tailor-made metal–organic frameworks was efficient for reductive upgrading of various lignin-derived phenols to cyclohexanols(88.5%–99.9%yields),which had ca.4 times higher reaction rate than the single-atom catalyst and was superior to state-of-the-art heterogeneous catalysts.The synergistic catalysis of Co/Ni dual atoms facilitated both hydrogen dissociation and hydrogenolysis steps,and could optimize adsorption configuration of lignin-derived methoxylated phenols to further favor the Csp^(2)-OCH_(3)cleavage,as elaborated by theoretical calculations.Notably,the CoNi_(DA)@NC catalyst was highly recyclable,and exhibited excellent demethoxylation performance(77.1%yield)in real lignin monomer mixtures.Via in-situ cascade conversion processes assisted by dual-atom catalysis,various high-value N-containing chemicals,including caprolactams and cyclohexylamines,could be produced from lignin.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND BIFURCATION ANALYSIS FOR A BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE

Drug resistance is one of the most intractable issues in targeted therapy for cancer diseases.It has also been demonstrated to be related to cancer heterogeneity,which promotes the emergence of treatment-refractory cancer cell populations.Focusing on how cancer cells develop resistance during the encounter with targeted drugs and the immune system,we propose a mathematical model for studying the dynamics of drug resistance in a conjoint heterogeneous tumor-immune setting.We analyze the local geometric properties of the equilibria of the model.Numerical simulations show that the selectively targeted removal of sensitive cancer cells may cause the initially heterogeneous population to become a more resistant population.Moreover,the decline of immune recruitment is a stronger determinant of cancer escape from immune surveillance or targeted therapy than the decay in immune predation strength.Sensitivity analysis of model parameters provides insight into the roles of the immune system combined with targeted therapy in determining treatment outcomes.

Effects of individual heterogeneity on social contagions

Despite having significant effects on social contagions,individual heterogeneity has frequently been overlooked in earlier studies.To better understand the complexity of social contagions,a non-Markovian model incorporating heterogeneous social influence and adoption thresholds is introduced.For theoretical analysis,a generalized edge-based compartmental theory which considers the heterogeneities of social influence and adoption thresholds is developed.Focusing on the final adoption size,the critical propagation probability,and the phase transition type,social contagions for adoption thresholds that follow normal distributions with various standard deviations,follow various distributions,and correlate with degrees are investigated.When thresholds follow normal distributions,a larger standard deviation results in a larger final adoption size when the information propagation probability is relatively low.However,when the information propagation probability is relatively high,a larger standard deviation results in a smaller final adoption size.When thresholds follow various distributions,crossover phenomena in phase transition are observed when investigating the relationship of the final adoption size versus the average adoption threshold for some threshold distributions.When thresholds are correlated with degrees,similar crossover phenomena occur when investigating the relationship of the final adoption size versus the degree correlation index.Additionally,we find that increasing the heterogeneity of social influence suppresses the effects of adoption threshold heterogeneity on social contagions in three cases.Our theory predictions agree well with the simulation results.

Traffic Flow Prediction with Heterogeneous Spatiotemporal Data Based on a Hybrid Deep Learning Model Using Attention-Mechanism

A significant obstacle in intelligent transportation systems(ITS)is the capacity to predict traffic flow.Recent advancements in deep neural networks have enabled the development of models to represent traffic flow accurately.However,accurately predicting traffic flow at the individual road level is extremely difficult due to the complex interplay of spatial and temporal factors.This paper proposes a technique for predicting short-term traffic flow data using an architecture that utilizes convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory(Conv-BiLSTM)with attention mechanisms.Prior studies neglected to include data pertaining to factors such as holidays,weather conditions,and vehicle types,which are interconnected and significantly impact the accuracy of forecast outcomes.In addition,this research incorporates recurring monthly periodic pattern data that significantly enhances the accuracy of forecast outcomes.The experimental findings demonstrate a performance improvement of 21.68%when incorporating the vehicle type feature.

Effects of connected automated vehicle on stability and energy consumption of heterogeneous traffic flow system

With the development of intelligent and interconnected traffic system,a convergence of traffic stream is anticipated in the foreseeable future,where both connected automated vehicle(CAV)and human driven vehicle(HDV)will coexist.In order to examine the effect of CAV on the overall stability and energy consumption of such a heterogeneous traffic system,we first take into account the interrelated perception of distance and speed by CAV to establish a macroscopic dynamic model through utilizing the full velocity difference(FVD)model.Subsequently,adopting the linear stability theory,we propose the linear stability condition for the model through using the small perturbation method,and the validity of the heterogeneous model is verified by comparing with the FVD model.Through nonlinear theoretical analysis,we further derive the KdV-Burgers equation,which captures the propagation characteristics of traffic density waves.Finally,by numerical simulation experiments through utilizing a macroscopic model of heterogeneous traffic flow,the effect of CAV permeability on the stability of density wave in heterogeneous traffic flow and the energy consumption of the traffic system is investigated.Subsequent analysis reveals emergent traffic phenomena.The experimental findings demonstrate that as CAV permeability increases,the ability to dampen the propagation of fluctuations in heterogeneous traffic flow gradually intensifies when giving system perturbation,leading to enhanced stability of the traffic system.Furthermore,higher initial traffic density renders the traffic system more susceptible to congestion,resulting in local clustering effect and stop-and-go traffic phenomenon.Remarkably,the total energy consumption of the heterogeneous traffic system exhibits a gradual decline with CAV permeability increasing.Further evidence has demonstrated the positive influence of CAV on heterogeneous traffic flow.This research contributes to providing theoretical guidance for future CAV applications,aiming to enhance urban road traffic efficiency and alleviate congestion.