Visual representation and characterization of three-dimensional hydrofracturing cracks within heterogeneous rock through 3D printing and transparent models

The heterogeneity of unconventional reservoir rock tremendously affects its hydrofracturing behavior. A visual representation and accurate characterization of the three-dimensional （3D） growth and distribution of hydrofracturing cracks within heterogeneous rocks is of particular use to the design and implementation of hydrofracturing stimulation of unconventional reservoirs. However, because of the difficulties involved in visually representing and quantitatively characterizing a 3D hydrofracturing crack-network, this issue remains a challenge. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for physically visualizing and quantitatively characterizing the 3D hydrofracturing crack-network distributed through a heterogeneous structure based on a natural glutenite sample. This method incorporates X-ray microfocus computed tomography （μCT）, 3D printing models and hydrofracturing triaxial tests to represent visually the heterogeneous structure, and the 3D crack growth and distribution within a transparent rock model during hydrofracturing. The coupled effects of material heterogeneity and confining geostress on the 3D crack initiation and propagation were analyzed. The results indicate that the breakdown pressure of a heterogeneous rock model is significantly affected by material heterogeneity and confining geostress. The measured breakdown pressures of heterogeneous models are apparently different from those predicted by traditional theories. This study helps to elucidate the quantitative visualization and characterization of the mechanism and influencing factors that determine the hydrofracturing crack initiation and propagation in heterogeneous reservoir rocks.

Impact of drivers'attributes on children injury severities in traffic crashes

Every year,a substantial number of children sustain injuries and fatalities in motor vehicle crashes in Wyoming.Understanding the factors contributing to child injury is crucial for the development of appropriate mitigation measures that aid in alleviating the severity of such injuries.In this study,a hierarchical Bayesian binary logit regression model was developed to investigate the factors that contribute to children’s injuries resulting from crashes while accounting for possible intra-class correlation effects(those of unobserved factors common to children involved in the same crash).A strong correlation among crashes justified the use of the hierarchical Bayesian logit model.As per the modeling results,the children’s ages,safety restraint types,vehicle types,drivers’ages,alcohol/drug involvement,drivers’seat belt use habits,drivers’actions,manners of collision and environmental conditions contributed to child injury risk.The child’s age was found to be inversely related to the risk of injury.Similarly,among safety restraint types,rear-facing car seats and forward-facing car seats were found to reduce injury likelihoods in crashes.When it comes to the drivers’characteristics,the probability of incurring injuries among the child population increased in the presence of young,unbuckled and impaired drivers.Furthermore,improper driving actions,such as running off the road,raised the risk of incurring injuries to children.The findings of this study may be beneficial to authorities regarding developing and implementing road safety programs aimed at ameliorating child injury concerns.

PM_(2.5)concentration declining saves health expenditure in China

Air pollution has been a severe issue in China.Exposure to PM_(2.5)has adverse health effects and causes economic losses.This study investigated the economic impact of exposure to PM_(2.5)pollution using monthly city-level data covering 88.3 million urban employees in 2016 and 2017.This study mainly focused on three expenditure indicators to measure the economic impact considering lower respiratory infections(LRIs),coronary heart disease(CHD),and stroke.The results show that a 10μg/m3 increase in PM_(2.5)would cause total monthly expenses of LRIs,CHD,and stroke to increase by 0.226%,0.237%,and 0.374%,respectively.We also found that LRI,CHD,and stroke hospital admissions increased significantly by 10%,8.42%,and 5.64%,respectively.Furthermore,the total hospital stays of LRIs,CHDs,and strokes increased by 2.49%,2.51%,and 1.64%,respectively.Our findings also suggest heterogeneous impacts of PM2s exposures by sex and across regions,but no statistical evidence shows significant differences between the older and younger adult subgroups.Our results provide several policy implications for reducing unequal public health expenditures in overpolutedcountries.

Ferroelectric-to-relaxor transition and ultrahigh electrostrictive effect in Sm^(3+)-doped Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-PbTiO_(3)ferroelectrics ceramics

Rare-earth Sm^(3+)-doped Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-0.25PbTiO_(3)(PMN-0.25PT)ferroelectric ceramics with doping amounts between 0%-3%were developed via a conventional solid-state method.The doping effect of Sm^(3+)ions on the PMN-0.25PT matrix was systematically investigated on the basis of the phase structure,temperature-dependent dielectric,ferroelectric,and electrotechnical properties.Due to the disruption of long-range ferroelectric order,the addition of Sm^(3+)ions effectively lowers the Tm(temperature corresponding to maximum permittivity)of the samples,leading to enhanced relaxor ferroelectric(RFE)characteristic and superior electric field-induced strain(electrostrain)properties at room temperature.Intriguingly,a considerable large-signal equivalent piezoelectric coefficient d∗_(33)of 2376 pm/V and a very small hysteresis were attained in the PMN-0.25PT component doped with 2.5 mol.%Sm^(3+).The findings of piezoelectric force microscopy indicate that the addition of Sm^(3+)increases the local structural heterogeneity of the PMN-0.25PT matrix and that the enhanced electromechanical performance is due to the dynamic behavior of polar nanoregions.Importantly,strong temperature-dependent electrostrain and electrostrictive coefficient Q33 are observed in the critical region around Tm in all Sm^(3+)-modified PMN-0.25PT ceramic samples studied.This work elucidates the phase transition behavior of Sm^(3+)-doped PMN-0.25PT and reveals a critical region where electrostrictive properties can be greatly improved due to a strong temperature-dependent characteristic.

Personalised medicine with multiple treatments: a PhD thesis abstract

When there is substantial heterogeneity of treatment effectiveness for comparative treatmentselection, it is crucial to identify individualised treatment rules for patients who have heterogeneous responses to treatment. Existing approaches include directly modelling clinical outcomeby defining the optimal treatment rule according to the interactions between treatment andcovariates and outcome weighted approach that uses clinical outcome as weights to maximise atarget function whose value directly reflects correct treatment assignment. All existing articles ofestimating individualised treatment rules are all assuming just two treatment assignments. Herewe propose an outcome weighted learning approach that uses a vector hinge loss to extend estimating individualised treatment rules in multi-category treatments case. The consistency of theresulting estimator is shown. We also demonstrate the performance of our approach in simulationstudies and a real data analysis.