Numerical Simulation of High Temperature Air Combustion Flames Properties

High temperature air combustion (HTAC) is an attractive technology of saving energy and controlling environment. The mathematical models of turbulent jet flame under the highly preheated air combustion condition are conducted in the paper. The mixture fraction/probability density function model is employed. The results show that the maximum flame temperature is decreased, the temperature in the HTAC furnace is more uniform than that in the conventional furnace, and the NO x emission is low. The numerical results are partially validated by some experimental measurements.

Numerical simulation of high temperature air combustion in aluminum hydroxide gas suspension calcinations

The high temperature air combustion(HiTAC) process in gas suspension calcinations(GSC) was studied by using a CFD software FLUENT that can simulate the three-dimensional physical model of GSC with the k-epsilon turbulent viscous model, PDF non-premixed combustion species model, P1 radiation model, thermal and prompt NO pollution model. The simulation vividly describes the distributions of the temperature, velocity and consistency fields. Finally, the optimal operation conditions and igniter configuration of particular fuel combustion are obtained by analyzing and comparing the simulation results. And the emission quantity of NOx, CO and CO2 deduced from computation can play a role as reference. These optimal and estimated values are beneficial to practical operation.

The Experimental Study on Regenerative Heat Transfer in High Temperature Air Combustion

For the purpose of decomposing the processing gases CF4 from semiconductor manufacturers, ceramic honeycomb regenerative burner system is suggested by using the principle of HTAC. A simulated high temperature air combustion furnace has been used to determine the features of HTAC flames and the results of the decomposition of CF4. The preheat air temperature of it is above 900℃. The exhaust gas released into the atmosphere is lower than 150℃. Moreover, the efficiency of recovery of waste heat is higher than 80%, the NOx level in exhaust gas is less than 198 mg/m3 and the distribution of temperature in the furnace is nearly uniform. The factors influencing on heat transfer, temperature profile in chamber and NOX emission were discussed. Also some CF4 can be decomposed in this system.

Numerical Simulation of Combustion Characteristics in High Temperature Air Combustion Furnace

The influences of air preheating temperature, oxygen concentration, and fuel inlet temperature on flame properties, and NOx formation and emission in the furnace were studied with numerical simulation. The turbulence behavior was modeled using the standard k-ε model with wall function, and radiation was handled using discrete ordinate radiation model. The PDF （probability density function） /mixture fraction combustion model was used to simulate the propane combustion. Additionally, computations of NOx formation rates and NOx concentration were carried out using a post-processor on the basis of previously calculated velocities, turbulence, temperature, and chemical composition fields. The results showed that high temperature air combustion （HiTAC） is spread over a much larger volume than traditional combustion, flame volume increases with a reduction of oxygen concentration, and this trend is clearer if oxygen concentration in the preheated air is below 10%. The temperature profile becomes more uniform when oxygen concentration in preheated air decreases, especially at low oxygen levels. Increase in fuel inlet tempera- ture lessens the mixing of the fuel and air in primary combustion zone, creates more uniform distribution of reactants inside the flame, decreases the maximum temperature in furnace, and reduces NOx emission greatly.

Numerical Simulation on Pulverized Coal Combustion and NO_x Emissions in High Temperature Air from Circulating Fluidized Bed

High temperature air combustion is a prospecting technology in energy saving and pollutants reduction. Numerical simulation on pulverized coal combustion and NOx emissions in high temperature air from circulating fluidized bed was presented. The down-fired combustor, taken as the calculation domain, has the diameter of 220 mm and the height of 3000 mm. 2 cases with air staging combustion are simulated. Compared the simulation results with experimental data, there is a good agreement. It is found that the combustion model and NOx formation model are applicable to simulate the pulverized coal combustion and NOx emissions in high temperature air from circulating fluidized bed. The results show that there is a uniform temperature profile along the axis of the down-fired combustor. The NOx emissions are lower than those of ordinary pulverized coal combustion, and the NOx emissions are 390 mg/m3 and 352 mg/m3 in Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. At the range of 300-600 mm below the nozzle, the NO concentration decreases, mainly resulting from some homogeneous reactions and heterogeneous reaction. NO concentration has a little increase at the position of 800 mm below the nozzle as the tertiary air supplied to the combustor at the position of 600 mm below the nozzle.

Investigation on Combustion Characteristics and NO Formation of Methane with Swirling and Non-Swirling High Temperature Air

Combustion characteristics of methane jet flames in an industrial burner working in high temperature combustion regime were investigated experimentally and numerically to clarify the effects of swirling high temperature air on combustion.Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski(SSG) Reynolds stress model,Eddy-Dissipation Model(EDM),Discrete Ordinates Method(DTM) combined with Weighted-Sum-of-Grey Gases Model(WSGG) were employed for the numerical simulation.Both Thermal-NO and Prompt-NO mechanism were considered to evaluate the NO formation.Temperature distribution,NO emissions by experiment and computation in swirling and non-swirling patterns show combustion characteristics of methane jet flames are totally different.Non-swirling high temperature air made high NO formation while significant NO prohibition were achieved by swirling high temperature air.Furthermore,velocity fields,dimensionless major species mole fraction distributions and Thermal-NO molar reaction rate profiles by computation interpret an inner exhaust gas recirculation formed in the combustion zone in swirling case.

An Experimental Study on High Temperature and Low Oxygen Air Combustion

High temperature preheated and diluted air combustion has been confirmed as the technology, mainly applied to industrial furnaces and kilns, to realize higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate fundamental aspects of the above-mentioned combustion experimentally and to compare with those in ordinary hydrocarbon combustion with room temperature air. The test items were exhaust gas components of CO, NOx, flame shape and radical components of CH, OH and C2,which were measured with gas analyser, camera and ICCD(Intensified Charged - Coupled Device) camera. Many Phenomena as results appeared in combustion with the oxidizer, low oxygen concentration and extremely high temperature air, such as expansion of the flammable limits, increased flame propagation speed, it looked so strange as compared with those in existing combustion technology. We confirmed that such extraordinary phenomena were believable through the hot-test experiment.

航空煤油HiTAC燃烧特性的数值分析

采用合理的气-雾两相流流动、混合、燃烧、传热和NOx生成数学模型,对模型燃烧室内航空煤油的高温空气燃烧(HiTAC)特性进行了CFD数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明:通过合理组织燃烧,能使航空煤油实现HiTAC燃烧特性。燃烧室内温度梯度明显降低;燃烧温度场趋于均匀;有效降低污染物NOx的排放。计算结果与相同条件下的重油HiTAC燃烧试验结果有相同规律。

深井酸性浸水煤层风干氧化自然发火特性分析

为探究深井酸性浸水煤层风干氧化自然发火的特性,选取陕西省某矿煤样,利用氧化模拟试验系统,对预氧化及浸水风干煤样和原煤样进行程序升温试验,对比分析了两者的耗氧量以及CO、CO 2、CH 4的产生量,进而分析这几种不同情况下煤样的氧化自燃特性。结果表明,酸性条件下浸水风干的煤样耗氧量最小,说明该煤样在氧浓度低时容易发生氧化自燃;酸性条件下浸水风干的煤样CO、CO 2、CH 4的产生量最大,说明该煤样发生氧化自燃的危险性越大。总之,当煤体处于高地温、弱酸性浸水风干条件下发生煤体氧化自燃的危险性最大,研究结论可为矿井高产高效和安全生产提供一定的指导。

水冷壁贴壁气氛测试与防止高温腐蚀对策研究

针对燃用高硫煤的机组低氮燃烧方式下锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀问题,调研了采用旋流燃烧器的锅炉水冷壁发生高温腐蚀的区域,选取W火焰燃烧、对冲燃烧锅炉进行水冷壁贴壁气氛测试,分析了运行氧量、燃烧器配风方式等对水冷壁贴壁气氛及高温腐蚀的影响。结果表明:燃用高硫煤的锅炉水冷壁贴壁处CO体积分数大多高于10000μL/L,O_(2)含量均小于1%,水冷壁贴壁处为较强的还原性气氛,水冷壁面临高温腐蚀风险。将燃烧优化调整和贴壁风改造相结合,可降低水冷壁贴壁处CO的浓度,抑制高温腐蚀。

燃尽风率与贴壁风率对350 MW四角切圆锅炉高温腐蚀的影响

针对某电厂350 MW低氮锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀问题,进行调整配风与增加贴壁风的模拟研究。分别模拟燃尽风率38%、33%、27%时炉膛内还原性气体CO、H_(2)S与NO_(x)浓度的变化关系,并模拟增加贴壁风对水冷壁附近还原性气体浓度的影响。结果表明,燃尽风率由38%降至33%,可在NO_(x)生成量无明显增加的前提下使炉膛内还原性气体CO与H_(2)S浓度降低20%,减缓水冷壁的高温腐蚀;将燃尽风率由38%降至27%,虽可增加主燃区氧气浓度,降低CO与H_(2)S生成量,减缓水冷壁高温腐蚀,但会造成NO_(x)浓度大幅增加。炉膛内高温腐蚀区域主要位于紧凑燃尽风UAP喷口与中位燃尽风SOFA3喷口之间,可在紧凑燃尽风UAP喷口两侧增加贴壁风。模拟结果显示增加与主气流旋向相同的贴壁风可降低水冷壁附近CO、H_(2)S浓度且对流场影响较小。由于水冷壁附近CO浓度较高,双侧贴壁风流量更大,对降低水冷壁附近CO效果更好,双侧贴壁风对高温腐蚀区域覆盖面积更大。而水冷壁附近H_(2)S浓度较低,单侧贴壁风与双侧贴壁风对于降低水冷壁H_(2)S并无明显区别,但双侧贴壁风会扰乱流场分布,不利于煤粉燃烧。

对冲燃烧锅炉水冷壁气膜保护技术

国内燃煤机组锅炉完成超低排放改造后,锅炉水冷壁普遍出现不同程度的高温腐蚀,对冲燃烧锅炉尤为严重,严重威胁锅炉的安全稳定运行。为从根本上解决水冷壁高温腐蚀问题,提出一种防治对冲燃烧锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀的气膜保护技术,运用数值模拟对锅炉运行时水冷壁附近区域的烟气成分进行模拟计算,以烟气中O_(2)、CO和H_(2) S组分的体积分数为主要研究对象,优化气膜保护喷口的位置、层数、垂直倾角和风量配比,并对比现场研究结果。数值模拟和现场试验结果均表明,应用气膜保护技术后,锅炉热效率和SCR脱硝反应器入口NO_(x)体积分数变化较小,锅炉运行参数均正常,未对锅炉的正常运行产生不利影响。应用气膜保护技术后,水冷壁附近平均O_(2)体积分数可达5.0%以上,较应用前提高5倍以上,平均H_(2) S体积分数较应用前降低85%以上,可控制在100μL/L以下,水冷壁附近区域的还原性气氛消除,腐蚀性气体体积分数显著降低,水冷壁高温腐蚀得到根本治理,锅炉运行安全性显著提高。水冷壁气膜保护技术对同类型机组锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀的防治具有良好的示范作用。

低热值煤气高温空气燃烧数值模拟

采用k -ε湍流双方程模型、PDF燃烧模型以及离散坐标辐射传热模型 ,对低热值煤气高温空气燃烧过程进行了计算机辅助模拟试验 ,比较了不同预热温度和不同过量空气系数对低热值煤气燃烧过程的影响 。

预热温度影响甲烷高温空气燃烧特性的数值分析

为了深入认识近年发展起来的一种新型燃烧技术－高温空气燃烧的机理和超低氮氧化物排放特性，本文将扩散燃烧模型、热力ＮＯ生成模拟与完全湍流Ｎ－Ｓ方程相结合，数值研究了甲烷高温燃烧的火焰特性、空气预热温度对燃烧特性和ＮＯ排放浓度的影响规律。研究结果与实验数据符合良好，为在我国发展这项技术提供了依据。

高温空气燃烧NO_x排放特性的试验研究

通过两种结构烧嘴的热态燃烧试验对比,研究了烧嘴结构、燃气射流速度、过量空气系数对高温空气燃烧过程氮氧化物排放的影响特性。研究结果认为:在燃气喷口两侧布置两个矩形空气喷口的烧嘴,氮氧化物排放量低于圆形空气喷口烧嘴;随着燃气射流速度的提高,高温空气燃烧过程排放的氮氧化物逐渐减少。与普通燃烧过程不同的是,随着过量空气系数的提高,在一定范围内高温空气燃烧的氮氧化物排放量不断增加。分析认为,高温空气燃烧氮氧化物排放量与火焰体积、炉内氧气与燃气混合过程以及燃气射流和空气射流对炉内烟气的卷吸量有关。

低NO_x高温空气燃烧技术

低NOx高温空气燃烧技术将传统的低NOx 燃烧技术与高温蓄热式燃烧系统有机地结合起来 ,具有热效率高、炉内温度分布均匀、NOx 排放量低等特点。本文介绍了高温空气燃烧技术 ,重点分析了高温空气燃烧技术中的低NOx排放的原理 。

注空气开采过程中稠油结焦量影响因素

通过建立油藏高温、高压反应模拟实验装置,物理模拟了稠油注空气开采过程中焦炭的生成过程,研究了反应气氛、温度、压力以及空气通风强度对稠油生焦量的影响。研究表明:在空气气氛下,原油低温氧化显著促进了焦炭生成,5 MPa反应压力下,每克稠油最高焦炭生成量为0.375g,是氮气气氛下最高生焦量的2.5倍,焦炭初始生成温度受低温氧化影响比氮气条件降低了近200℃。随压力升高,加剧的低温氧化反应提高了焦炭生成量,但是5 MPa后压力影响不再显著。随空气通风强度增加,生焦量并非持续增加,而是在33.4 N·m3/(m2·h)附近存在极值。进一步对比分析了焦炭的高温氧化消耗与原油组分蒸馏失重对焦炭生成量的影响。其结果表明,焦炭氧化是空气气氛下温度自225℃升高至300℃过程中焦炭净生成量减少的主要原因。在氮气气氛下,随温度升高至450℃,加剧的原油热解缩聚反应增加了生焦量,但温度进一步升高引起焦炭自身热解失重,生焦量降低。另外,实验还发现,当温度超过200℃时,反应管内油砂中心温度超过外壁面加热控制温度。分析表明,超温现象由原油组分的低温氧化和部分活性较强的焦炭高温氧化引起,因此该稠油存在油层自燃点火的应用潜力。

U型蓄热式辐射管表面温度分布数值模拟研究

以一支燃烧能力为 5 8kW的蓄热式辐射管为对象 ,利用商业CFD软件CFX4 3对蓄热式辐射管表面温度分布进行数值模拟 ,并进行试验验证 ,重点分析了辐射管沿长度方向温度分布的规律及其影响因素。结果表明 ,高速煤气射流产生的湍动燃烧动力 ,能搅拌炉膛、消除炉内的温差 ,有利于提高烟气的加热能力 ,改善其加热性能。但煤气喷射速度不能无限制增大 ,对于该类型的蓄热式辐射管燃烧器 ,煤气喷射速度可限制在 80m/s～ 1 1 0m/s。

高温空气发生器热态实验研究

介绍了高温空气发生器热态实验研究的实验方法和仪器，进行了高温空气发生器热态实验研究，实验结果表明：高温空气发生器的基本性能满足系统设计要求，并获得了大量的实验数据；根据实验数据分析了空气预热温度、排烟温度、炉温、切换时间之间的变化关系，研究了空气预热温度、切换时间对烟气中NOx排放的影响，并且获得了高温空气发生器重要的性能参数，为深入研究生物质高温空气气化系统作好了充分的准备。

高温空气燃烧新型锅炉及特性分析

介绍了采用高温空气燃烧技术的新型锅炉 ,其关键部件包括蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体、实现分级燃烧和炉内烟气再循环的燃烧器及四通高频切换阀。详述了其工作原理及过程 ,探讨了开发该锅炉的基本思路 ,对其基本特性进行了分析 。