Genetic Diversity Analysis of 44 Shares of Hibiscus cannabinus L. Germplasm Resources Using ISSR Molecular Marker

[Objective] This study was to reveal the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of the kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) resources from different origins, thus providing basis for genetic improvement and molecular marker-assisted breeding of kenaf. [Method] Ninety one ISSR molecular markers were used for amplification on 44 shares of kenaf germplasm resources, of which 21 showing good diversity and clear bands were chosen for PCR amplification. Based on amplification results, the genetic similarity coefficients among kenaf germplasm resources were calculated by using analytic software NTSYSpc-2.10e, and phylogenetic tree was then established via UPGMA. [Result] Totally 169 bands were amplified using the 21 screened primers, averagely 8.05 bands were amplified from each primer. Of them, 141 bands were polymorphic, accounting for 83.4%. When genetic similarity coefficient 0.887 was used as criterion L1, these 44 shares of kenaf germplasm could be classified to be 32 shares of cultivars and 12 shares of wild type or half-wild type varieties. When genetic similarity coefficient 0.897 was used as criterion L2, these 32 shares of cultivars could be further grouped into four sub-clusters. The genetic diversities between cultivars and wild type or half-wild type varieties were between 0.46-0.91, showing huge hereditary difference; while that among 32 cultivars were between 0.85-0.97, suggesting that genetic relationships among cultivars are relatively close and their genetic similarities are rather narrow. [Conclusion] ISSR could well determine the genetic similarities among kenaf germplasm resources and provide valuable molecular information for selecting parents of hybrid cross, which can lay a good foundation for DNA mapping of kenaf germplasm resources.

Insecticidal Active of Hibiscus trionum L against Wolfberry Aphis

[Objective] The contact toxicity of the extracts from Hibiscus trionum L with different solvents against wolfberry aphis was studied.[Method] The drop method was used for the determination of the insecticidal activities.[Result] 95% ethanol extract displayed the higher contact toxicity on wolfberry aphis and the corrected mortality rate of wolfberry aphids increased with the increasing of the concentration and the prolongation of treating time.The corrected mortality rate in 48 h reached 97.04% under the concentration of 50.00 g/L.The regression equation of virulence was y=1.791 0x＋3.750 2 and LC50 =4.986 7 g/L.The insecticidal activities of five extracts against wolfberry aphids were as follows：chloroformpetroleum etherethyl acetaten-butanol water.The corrected mortality rate of chloroform extract in 48 h was 97.04%.[Conclusion] The study provided a certain reference for further research and its development of H.trionum and its development of new types of botanical pesticide.

Effect of Different Sowing Dates on Disease Initiation and Development of Roselle (<i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i>L.) Leaf Spot Disease Caused by <i>Coniella musaiensis</i>Var. <i>hibisci</i>in Makurdi, Central Nigeria

The experiment was conducted mainly to investigate the effect of change in sowing dates on disease severity of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) leaf spot caused by Coniella musaiensis Var hibisci, plant height, number of branches, number of fruits and calyx yield of Roselle (H. sabdariffa L). Five dates were selected with an interval of fourteen days (14) between the dates for two years (2003 and 2004) to determine the most appropriate time to sow the crop using two Roselle accessions;green (Acc1) and red (Acc3).The first date was determined by the establishment of the rains in the season. It was observed that change in sowing dates had significant (p = 0.05) effect on disease severity but not on plant height, number of branches, number of fruits and calyx yield. Plants sown on July 18/27 had lowest disease indices;and are thus the best and therefore recommended for cropping of Roselle.

Sterilization of <i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i>L. Vegetative Explants Sourced from Plants Grown in Open Environment and Influences of Organic Ingredients on <i>In Vitro</i>Direct Regeneration

This paper reports on the effects of organic ingredients in facilitating direct shoot regeneration from nodal explants of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. This paper also compares the sterilization conditions for 3 types of explants (node, internode, and shoot tip) harvested from an open field. The optimized sterilization conditions for the explants were 40% Clorox- 20 min exposure, 10% Clorox-15 min exposure, and 5% Clorox-40 min exposure for the node, internode and shoot tip, respectively. In the direct shoot regeneration using the nodal explants, we found MS medium containing 40 g/L sucrose, 0.3% (w/v) activated charcoal, and supplementations with myo-inositol, thiamine and nicotinic acid were suitable. The in vitro shoot survival rate was 30% with a mean leaf numbers of 2.68 produced, and a mean leaf length of 1.71 cm achieved after 5 weeks of culture on the modified medium.

Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation System of Roselle(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a tissue culture and rapid propagation system of roselle(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)[Methods]A tissue culture and rapid propagation experiment was carried out with roselle plants as materials to study the suitable explants,the best disinfection method,the best growth medium,the best rooting medium and the transplanting and domestication method of roselle.[Results]The lateral buds of roselle were the best explants.Sterilizing with 0.1%mercuric chloride for 7 min showed a contamination rate of 5%and achieved a survival rate of 90%.With MS as the basic medium,adding 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L IBA could obtain the best effect of bud induction.The medium with the highest proliferation rate was MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+BA 0.1 mg/L.On the basis of 1/2MS,adding 0.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L IBA could make adventitious buds root fastest and most,and greatly improve the propagation coefficient.And 1∶1 perlite rock:peat soil was the best transplanting substrate,with which the transplanting survival rate reached 95%.[Conclusions]This study provides technical reference for rapid cultivation and large-scale planting of roselle.

An Efficient in Vitro Plant Regeneration System from Cotyledon of Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)

[Objective]This study aims to develop an efficient regeneration system for kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.),which is expected to lay a basis for breeding via genetic modification and improving the fibre yield.[Method]The influence of kenaf variety,hormone for callus induction,and explant type on the regeneration was examined.[Result]The optimal variety and explant for the regeneration were K89 and cotyledon,respectively.The 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA)was suitable for callus induction and the optimum concentration was 2 mg/L.In addition,with this cytokinin,1.7~4.0 adventitious buds were produced,and 27.7%~38.3% of the adventitious buds could grow to plants.Adventitious roots can be induced with 0.2 mg/L naphthylacetic acid(NAA)and 0.1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid(IAA).[Conclusion]Cotyledon of K89 had huge potential for the regeneration of kenaf.

Study on Quality Standard of Hibiscus trionum L.

[Objectives]To establish the quality standard for Hibiscus trionum L.[Methods]The moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract of H.trionum L.were determined by the method of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition.The medicinal materials were qualitatively identified by microscopic identification and TLC,and the content of quercetin was determined by HPLC.[Results]The moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract contents of the 12 batches of samples were 7.69%-12.94%,10.44%-14.62%,1.89%-3.64%,16.56%-21.81%,microscopic characteristic was obvious,and a method for TLC and content determination of H.trionum L.was established.[Conclusions]A perfect quality standard was established,which can be used for the quality control of H.trionum L.

Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Roselle Plants Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

This study was carried out during the growing season 2012-2013 at the fields of Agricultural Research Services in Sulaymaniyah Govemorate, to study the effect of chicken manure, sheep manure and chemical fertilizer NPK on growth, sepals, seeds yield and some chemical constituents of Roselle plants grown under Sulaymaniyah conditions. The experiment included several treatments as follows： sheep manure, 75% sheep ＋ 25% chicken, 50% sheep ＋ 50% chicken, 25% sheep ＋ 75% chicken, entire chicken manure, chemical fertilizer NPK and unfertilized control. The obtained results showed that all treatments of organic fertilization and NPK were significantly enhanced the vegetative growth parameters, sepals and concentration of anthocyanin of Roselle plants sepals. The treatment of （25% sheep ＋ 75% chicken） gave the best results： plant height （205.33 cm）, stem diameter （33.45 ram）, number of branches/plant （22.33）, total leaf area （3.29 m2）, root dry weight （56.81 g）, number of fruits/plant （110）, fresh weight of fruits （818.44 g） and dry weight of sepals （52.65 g）. But the highest concentration of anthocyanin was in the treatment of （75% sheep ＋ 25% chicken） （260.33 mg/100 g） and the lowest concentration of oxalic acid was found in the treatment of （50% sheep ＋ 50% chicken） （4.69 mg/100 g）. The results of this study showed that the use of （25% sheep ＋ 75% chicken） could enhance the vegetative growth and produce maximum yield of RoseUe calyx.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharide from Hibiscus syriacus L.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus L. at 180 W low power was optimized by the single factor tests and orthogonal test. Extraction temperature,ultrasonic treatment time,extraction times,and material-to-liquid ratio were considered as independent variables. The results suggested that the best extraction condition were determined as the extraction temperature at 80 ℃,the ultrasonic treatment time of 40 min,the material-to-liquid ratio at1∶ 20（ g/ml）,and the extraction times of 3. Under the optimal conditions,the extraction rate of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus was 3. 114%.

Comparative Effect of Foliar Application of Cow Dung, Wood Ash and Benlate on the Disease Initiation and Development of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Coniella musaiensis Var. Hibisci. in Makurdi, Central Nigeria

A study on the comparative effect of cow dung, wood ash and benlate for the control of leaf spot disease of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) was carried out following the preparation and foliar application of the materials on selected Roselle plants of the green and red accessions (Acc1 & Acc3) in the field. The cow dung was fermented for 14 days while sour milk was added to wood ash, dissolved and all filtered and labeled. The spraying commenced soon after the plants were thinned to one and was done weekly until after 50% of the plants had flowered. Results showed significant (p = 0.05) difference between benlate, the synthetic fungicide and the bio-fertilizers (cow dung and wood ash) for the two years of the study. Disease severity was significantly lower in the benlate than in the bio-fertilizers. There was no significant difference in yield between the treatments although higher yield was recorded in benlate. Though the bio-fertilizers could not suppress infection, they aided the growth of the plants by boosting luxuriant growth. The result showed that these bio-fertilizers cannot be used as substitute to the synthetic fungicide for the control of this leaf spot disease caused by Coniella musaiensis var. hibisci. However, since they give equally good yield the bio-fertilizers can still be used to minimize the reliance upon use of chemical fungicides.

Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis for the Mechanism Underlying White-to-Pink Petal Color Transition in Hibiscus mutabilis Flowers

Cotton rose(Hibiscus mutabilis)is a well-known ornamental plant that produces large flowers of vibrant colors.However,metabolites in H.mutabilis flowers with vibrant color have not been fully understood.By performing a combined analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics data,we here explored mechanisms for the production of primary active compounds in this plant.Multivariate statistics unveiled differences in flavonoid metabolism between white and pink flowers,with pink flowers exhibiting a greater flavonoid abundance.The white-to-pink transition of cotton rose flowers may be attributed to pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside formation.On examining the expression of genes related to the structure of flavonoids,pink flowers were found to have a higher number of upregulated genes than white flowers,which resulted in higher flavonoid accumulation in the pink flowers.These results underscore the potential applications and development value of cotton rose flowers.Our study provides relevant insights into the regulation of key active components and the theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of cotton rose flowers.

HLPC法测定木芙蓉提取物中芦丁含量

目的:建立木芙蓉中芦丁含量的RP-HLPC定量测定方法。方法:以芦丁标准品为对照进行反向高效液相法测定: Ubondpak C18色谱柱,柱温25℃,在370nm波长处紫外检测;流动相:以0．02moL／L．磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(含1％冰醋酸)-甲醇 (体积比为73:27)组成流动相,流速为1．0ml／min;SPD-2ASUV检测器,于波长370nm检测。结果:芦丁与木芙蓉中其他成分基线分离良好,进样量在(0．5-5)μg/20μl范围内,峰面积X与进样浓度Y呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=0．0001X+ 0．1208,相关系数r=99．8％,加样回收率为99．88％,RSD为1．54％(n=5),结论:该方法处理方法简单,准确率高．分离效能高,适合于木芙蓉中芦丁含量的测定。

HPLC法测定芙蓉抗流感胶囊中槲皮素、山奈素、异鼠李素的含量

目的:建立芙蓉抗流感胶囊中槲皮素、山奈素、异鼠李素含量测定方法。方法:采用Waters Xbridge C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以甲醇-0.4%磷酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml·min^(-1);检测波长为360 nm;柱温:25℃。结果:槲皮素、山奈素、异鼠李素的线性范围分别为63.4～634.0μg(r=0.999 9),70.8～708.0μg(r=0.999 8),45.8～458.0μg(r=0.999 8);加样回收率分别为98.45%、98.79%与99.16%。结论:该方法简单、快速、准确,可用于芙蓉抗流感胶囊的质量控制。

Impacts of different drying strategies on drying characteristics,the retention of bio-active ingredient and colour changes of dried Roselle

The drying kinetics of Roselle （Hibiscus sabdariffa L） of variety Terengganu （UMKL-1） and the quality attribution of Roselle were studied. The experiments were conducted using four different drying methods, including solar greenhouse drying （SD）, solar greenhouse with intermittent heat pump drying （SIHP）, hot air drying （HA） and heat pump drying （HP）. Among the four drying methods, HP achieved the highest drying rate at a range from 0.054 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain-1 to 0.212 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain 1 while SD had the lowest drying rate, measured at 0.042 g H2O. （g DM） 1.min- 1. The analysis on colour kinetics revealed that there is no significant colour loss （p 〉 0.05） observed from HP＇s dried Roselle. Greater amount of flavonoid compounds i.e. protocatechuic acid was found in SD and SIHP dried finished product whereas HP＇s dried Roselle contains higher percentage of catechin as compared to other drying methods.

Effect of Roselle calyces extract on the chemical and sensory properties of functional cupcakes

Roselle calyces(RC)are a major crop for export and used to make a common drink in Egypt.Dried RC are commercially available and appreciated to obtain concentrated extracts which might be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries for color and heath benefits.The objective of this research was to determine the chemical and the sensory properties of cupcakes formulated with Roselle calyces extract(RCE).Proximate analysis,anthocyanins,ascorbic acid,titrable acidity,%retaining of anthocyanins,color and sensory evaluations were done.RC cupcakes had high sensory scores(P<0.05)compared to control cupcakes.The parameter a*was significantly red in the RC cupcakes compared to control cupcakes along with 77%retaining of anthocyanins.The consumption of 100 g of the RC cupcakes would provide 465 mg/100 g dry matter anthocyanin that is more than 2 folds of the minimum average of the daily intake of anthocyanins for Americans,along∼1/3 of the daily dietary fiber intake to achieve fiber adequacy according to the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition.RC cupcake can be a functional food and would have a“clean”label with cost effective advantage.

NaCl胁迫下木芙蓉幼苗叶片的抗氧化特性

本研究以木芙蓉(Hibiscus mutabilis L.)品种牡丹粉和醉芙蓉的幼苗为试验材料,通过盆栽控盐的方法,研究Na Cl胁迫对两品种幼苗叶片相对含水量及SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性的影响,分析其耐盐性及生理机制。结果表明:在盐胁迫下,醉芙蓉幼苗叶片保水能力较牡丹粉强,平均抗氧化酶活性高于牡丹粉,为木芙蓉耐盐性鉴定和园林栽培木芙蓉品种的选择提供了可靠的理论基础和依据。

木芙蓉花的化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的:对锦葵科木槿属植物木芙蓉Hibiscus mutabilis L.的花进行化学成分研究。方法:采用硅胶柱色谱、ODS柱色谱、制备型高效液相色谱等多种分离纯化技术对木芙蓉花的90%乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,并根据核磁数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从木芙蓉花中分离纯化得到17个化合物,分别鉴定为:和厚朴酚(1)、厚朴酚(2)、isohemigossylic acid lactone-2-methyl ether(3)、阿魏酸(4)、3-吲哚甲醛(5)、脱落酸(6)、槲皮素(7)、山柰酚(8)、8-(1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone)(9)、环(脯-缬)二肽(10)、benzyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(11)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、rhodionin(13)、槲皮素-3-O-(6″-O-反式-对香豆酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(14)、tiliroside(15)、山柰酚-3-O-(6″-O-顺式-对香豆酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(16)、山柰酚-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(17)。结论:其中,化合物1~3、5、6、9~11、14为首次从木槿属植物中分离得到。

不同木芙蓉品种的镉胁迫响应

为了解不同品种木芙蓉对镉(Cd)胁迫的响应。采用水培试验方法研究了在0,2.5,5,10 mg·L^(-1)Cd浓度下,四个木芙蓉品种的生长、耐性、叶片色素、Cd含量、Cd积累量及富集转运系数。结果表明:随Cd处理浓度增加,木芙蓉生长表现出低促高抑的毒物兴奋效应,生物量、根长和新枝长在低Cd浓度处理下相对CK增加,而在高Cd浓度下降低;Cd处理下,各品种叶片色素相对CK显著降低,‘百日华彩’的叶片色素含量最高;木芙蓉Cd耐性指数为0.76~1.17,‘百日华彩’对Cd的耐性最高为1.00~1.17;木芙蓉根部Cd含量显著高于地上部,分别为205.01~1 089.35 mg·kg^(-1)和27.70~188.92 mg·kg^(-1),在四个品种中,‘百日华彩’根部Cd含量最高,‘彩霞’地上部Cd含量最高;木芙蓉地上部Cd积累量显著高于根部,分别为0.17~1.01 mg·plant^(-1)和0.04~0.32 mg·plant^(-1);木芙蓉对Cd的富集系数为56.83~115.59,转运系数为0.08~0.38,‘百日华彩’的Cd富集能力最强,‘彩霞’的Cd转运系数最大。综上,木芙蓉在Cd污染条件下具有较强的耐性和积累能力,其中‘百日华彩’耐性最好,对Cd的富集能力最强,作为Cd修复观赏植物的潜力最大。

‘单瓣红’木芙蓉开花物候研究

植物的开花物候是有花植物重要的生活史特征,也是传粉生物学所关注的内容之一.以‘单瓣红’木芙蓉为研究对象,通过野外调查与统计分析‘单瓣红’木芙蓉在2020—2021年的开花物候特征,得出结果:(1)‘单瓣红’木芙蓉在晴天时(20℃以上)为开花1 d,在阴雨天气(20℃以下)时,开花持续2 d.晴天的自然结实率显著高于雨天的结实率,因此阴雨天气‘单瓣红’木芙蓉适合度会降低,可能是对传粉者访花频率减少的一种适应.(2)单株和种群开花都集中在10月.单株开花时间持续30~36 d,开花振幅呈现出单峰性.种群开花表现出集中开花的模式.短时间集中开花的展示有利于吸引更多的传粉者,提高繁殖成功率,因此在开花高峰期的结实率显著高于开花早期和晚期.(3)2021年降水量较大的情况下,产花量比2020年减少,所以在2021年的盛花时期的座果率也相对较低.因此‘单瓣红’木芙蓉开花对降温和降水比较敏感,会导致座果率降低而适合度下降.以上研究结果可为阐明‘单瓣红’木芙蓉繁殖机制提供相关科学依据.

木芙蓉叶化学成分研究

目的 研究木芙蓉叶 H ibiscusmutabilis的化学成分。方法 采用硅胶柱、C1 8反相柱、聚酰胺柱色谱分离纯化 ,通过理化常数测定和光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果 从木芙蓉叶中分离得到 10个化合物。根据波谱分析和理化数据 ,鉴定出其中 9个化合物分别为 :二十四烷酸 ( tetracosanoic acid, )、β-谷甾醇 ( β- sitosterol, )、胡萝卜苷 ( daucosterol, )、水杨酸 ( salicylic acid, )、大黄素 ( em odin, )、芸香苷 ( rutin, )、山奈酚 - 3- O-β-芸香糖苷 ( kaem pferol- 3- O- β- rutinoside, )、山奈酚 - 3- O- β-刺槐双糖苷 ( kaem pferol- 3- O- β- robinobinoside, )及山奈酚 -3- O-β- D- ( 6 - E-对羟基桂皮酰基 ) -葡萄糖苷〔kaem pferol- 3- O-β- D- ( 6 - E- p- hydroxycinnamoyl) - glucopyranoside, 〕。结论 除 和 外 ,其他化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。