A survey on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Alcea rosea L.and Malva neglecta Wallr as antibacterial agents

Objective:To guide for selection of plants with antibacterial activity for further phytochemical works on the isolation and identification of the active compounds.Methods:Ethanolic extracts of 3 species from Malvaceae family were evaluated by agar disc diffusion method for antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Listeria monocytogenes,Staphylococcus epidermidis.Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.Salmonella typhi,Bacillus cereus.Bacillus anthracis,Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes).The extracts were obtained from aerial parts of Hibiscus rosa(H. rosa)-sinensis(leaf and flower),Alcea rosea(A.rosea) L.(leaf and flower) and Malva neglecta(M. neglecta) Wallr(flower).Results:These extracts had inhibitory effects at different concentrations (0.05,0.10,0.20 and 0.40 g/mL) against above mentioned bacteria.Escherichia coli was the most resistant strain.The highest inhibitory zone was showed by ethanolic extract of M.neglecta against Staphylococcus epidermidis(22 mm) and followed by ethanolic extract from flower of H.rosa against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus(20 mm).The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration(MBC) values against Staphylococcus epidermidis were equal(M1C=MBC=5 mg/mL for M.neglecta extract and for H. rosa extract MIC=MBC=20 mg/mL).Conclusions:These findings suggest that these native plants have good antibacterial properties that can be used for infection control and treatment and could also be as new source for antibiotics discovery and infection treatment.

In vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower extract against human pathogens

Objective:To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens.Methods:Antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc and agar diffusion methods.The protein was run through poly acrylmide gel electrophoresis to view their protein profile.Results:The results showed that the cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus suhtillis(B.suhtillis),Escherichia coli(E.coli) viz.,(17.00±2.91),(14.50±1.71)mm.followed by hot extraction against.E.coli.Salmonella sp.as(11.66 ±3.14),(10.60±3.09)mm.In methanol extraction showed a highest zone of inhibition recorded against B.suhtillis,E.coli as(18.86±0.18),(18.00±1.63) mm pursued by ethanol extraction shower) utmost zone of inhibition recorded against Salmonella sp.at(20.40±1.54) mm.The crude protein from flower showed a maximum inhibitory zone observed against Salmonella sp.,E.coli viz.,(16.55±1.16),(14.30±2.86)mm.The flower material can be taken as an alternative source of antibacterial agent against the human pathogens.Conclusions:The extracts of the H.rosasinensis art;proved to have potential antibacterial activity,further studies arc highly need for the drug development.

Free radical scavenging activity of three different flowers-Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Quisqualis indica and Senna surattensis

Objective:To evaluate three flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis),Quisqualis indica(Q.indica) and Senna surattensis(S.surattensis) for their antioxidant activity by different methods in addition to total phenolic,flavonoid and pigment contents.Methods:Antioxidant activity of water,ethanol and absolute ethanol extracts of three flowers; H.rosa-sinensis,Q.indica and S.surattensis was evaluated.The antioxidant activity was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity,ferrous chelating activity,reducing power,nitric oxide scavenging activity,hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as well as total antioxidant capacity.Total flavonoids,total phenols and total pigments including chlorophylls and carotenoids were measured for the three flowers.Results:The results showed that the highest total antioxidant capacity at concentration of 500 mg/L was found in S.surattensis as 0.479 ± 0.001.Scavenging activity of H.rosasinensis,Q.indica and S.surattensis flower extracts against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical showed the highest activity of(90.20 ± 0.29)% with 500 mg/L.Phytochemical screening of the three flowers extracts were carried out for alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,tannins,steroids,glycosides,terpenoids,amino acid and mucilages.H.rosa-sinensis showed the total phenolic in water extract of(235.77 ± 14.31) mg/100 g,the other two flowers Q.indica and S.surattensis had the total phenolic in ethanol extracts of(937.70 ± 25.06) and(850.30 ± 13.81) mg/100 g,respectively.On the other hand total flavonoids were identified in absolute ethanol extracts in the three flowers[(32.83 ± 1.34),(49.24 ± 4.87) and(2.79 ± 0.23) mg/100 g,respectively].Conclusions:The extracts in the constituents of the three flowers could be used as additives as supplement fractions in foods.

Sterilization of <i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i>L. Vegetative Explants Sourced from Plants Grown in Open Environment and Influences of Organic Ingredients on <i>In Vitro</i>Direct Regeneration

This paper reports on the effects of organic ingredients in facilitating direct shoot regeneration from nodal explants of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. This paper also compares the sterilization conditions for 3 types of explants (node, internode, and shoot tip) harvested from an open field. The optimized sterilization conditions for the explants were 40% Clorox- 20 min exposure, 10% Clorox-15 min exposure, and 5% Clorox-40 min exposure for the node, internode and shoot tip, respectively. In the direct shoot regeneration using the nodal explants, we found MS medium containing 40 g/L sucrose, 0.3% (w/v) activated charcoal, and supplementations with myo-inositol, thiamine and nicotinic acid were suitable. The in vitro shoot survival rate was 30% with a mean leaf numbers of 2.68 produced, and a mean leaf length of 1.71 cm achieved after 5 weeks of culture on the modified medium.

Evaluation of Propagation of Chinese Hibiscus (<i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i>) through Stenting Method in Response to Different IBA Concentrations and Rootstocks

Stenting is a vegetative propagation method, based on cutting and grafting in one action. The question addressed in this study is whether indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration is able to impress success of Chinese hibiscus propagation when grafted onto two kinds of rootstocks. The used IBA concentrations include: 0, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm and two cultivars of Hibiscus syriacus (“Blue Stain” and “Jeanne d’Arc”), which have been used as rootstock. Results indicated that, all the cultivars were superior for most of the measured parameters when IBA treatments were used compared to control plants except for average of the longest root size. The highest healing percentage resulted in stentlings (plant which has been propagated by stenting method) with 5000 ppm of IBA treatment. All IBA treatments significantly increased rooting percentage compared with the control plants. Stentlings that were treated with 3000 and 5000 ppm of IBA, produced the greatest leave number. In Chinese hibiscus/“Jeanne d’Arc” combination, higher root number and dry weight of roots were observed. Interactions of kinds of rootstock and IBA concentration showed that the highest healing percentage was obtained in “Blue Stain” in concentration of 5000 ppm and the highest root number were seen in stentlings with “Jeanne d’Arc” in 3000 ppm and “Jeanne d’Arc” in 5000 ppm.

Study on Quality Standard of Hibiscus trionum L.

[Objectives]To establish the quality standard for Hibiscus trionum L.[Methods]The moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract of H.trionum L.were determined by the method of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition.The medicinal materials were qualitatively identified by microscopic identification and TLC,and the content of quercetin was determined by HPLC.[Results]The moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract contents of the 12 batches of samples were 7.69%-12.94%,10.44%-14.62%,1.89%-3.64%,16.56%-21.81%,microscopic characteristic was obvious,and a method for TLC and content determination of H.trionum L.was established.[Conclusions]A perfect quality standard was established,which can be used for the quality control of H.trionum L.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of 44 Shares of Hibiscus cannabinus L. Germplasm Resources Using ISSR Molecular Marker

[Objective] This study was to reveal the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of the kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) resources from different origins, thus providing basis for genetic improvement and molecular marker-assisted breeding of kenaf. [Method] Ninety one ISSR molecular markers were used for amplification on 44 shares of kenaf germplasm resources, of which 21 showing good diversity and clear bands were chosen for PCR amplification. Based on amplification results, the genetic similarity coefficients among kenaf germplasm resources were calculated by using analytic software NTSYSpc-2.10e, and phylogenetic tree was then established via UPGMA. [Result] Totally 169 bands were amplified using the 21 screened primers, averagely 8.05 bands were amplified from each primer. Of them, 141 bands were polymorphic, accounting for 83.4%. When genetic similarity coefficient 0.887 was used as criterion L1, these 44 shares of kenaf germplasm could be classified to be 32 shares of cultivars and 12 shares of wild type or half-wild type varieties. When genetic similarity coefficient 0.897 was used as criterion L2, these 32 shares of cultivars could be further grouped into four sub-clusters. The genetic diversities between cultivars and wild type or half-wild type varieties were between 0.46-0.91, showing huge hereditary difference; while that among 32 cultivars were between 0.85-0.97, suggesting that genetic relationships among cultivars are relatively close and their genetic similarities are rather narrow. [Conclusion] ISSR could well determine the genetic similarities among kenaf germplasm resources and provide valuable molecular information for selecting parents of hybrid cross, which can lay a good foundation for DNA mapping of kenaf germplasm resources.

Insecticidal Active of Hibiscus trionum L against Wolfberry Aphis

[Objective] The contact toxicity of the extracts from Hibiscus trionum L with different solvents against wolfberry aphis was studied.[Method] The drop method was used for the determination of the insecticidal activities.[Result] 95% ethanol extract displayed the higher contact toxicity on wolfberry aphis and the corrected mortality rate of wolfberry aphids increased with the increasing of the concentration and the prolongation of treating time.The corrected mortality rate in 48 h reached 97.04% under the concentration of 50.00 g/L.The regression equation of virulence was y=1.791 0x＋3.750 2 and LC50 =4.986 7 g/L.The insecticidal activities of five extracts against wolfberry aphids were as follows：chloroformpetroleum etherethyl acetaten-butanol water.The corrected mortality rate of chloroform extract in 48 h was 97.04%.[Conclusion] The study provided a certain reference for further research and its development of H.trionum and its development of new types of botanical pesticide.

Effect of Different Sowing Dates on Disease Initiation and Development of Roselle (<i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i>L.) Leaf Spot Disease Caused by <i>Coniella musaiensis</i>Var. <i>hibisci</i>in Makurdi, Central Nigeria

The experiment was conducted mainly to investigate the effect of change in sowing dates on disease severity of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) leaf spot caused by Coniella musaiensis Var hibisci, plant height, number of branches, number of fruits and calyx yield of Roselle (H. sabdariffa L). Five dates were selected with an interval of fourteen days (14) between the dates for two years (2003 and 2004) to determine the most appropriate time to sow the crop using two Roselle accessions;green (Acc1) and red (Acc3).The first date was determined by the establishment of the rains in the season. It was observed that change in sowing dates had significant (p = 0.05) effect on disease severity but not on plant height, number of branches, number of fruits and calyx yield. Plants sown on July 18/27 had lowest disease indices;and are thus the best and therefore recommended for cropping of Roselle.

Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation System of Roselle(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a tissue culture and rapid propagation system of roselle(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)[Methods]A tissue culture and rapid propagation experiment was carried out with roselle plants as materials to study the suitable explants,the best disinfection method,the best growth medium,the best rooting medium and the transplanting and domestication method of roselle.[Results]The lateral buds of roselle were the best explants.Sterilizing with 0.1%mercuric chloride for 7 min showed a contamination rate of 5%and achieved a survival rate of 90%.With MS as the basic medium,adding 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L IBA could obtain the best effect of bud induction.The medium with the highest proliferation rate was MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+BA 0.1 mg/L.On the basis of 1/2MS,adding 0.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L IBA could make adventitious buds root fastest and most,and greatly improve the propagation coefficient.And 1∶1 perlite rock:peat soil was the best transplanting substrate,with which the transplanting survival rate reached 95%.[Conclusions]This study provides technical reference for rapid cultivation and large-scale planting of roselle.

An Efficient in Vitro Plant Regeneration System from Cotyledon of Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)

[Objective]This study aims to develop an efficient regeneration system for kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.),which is expected to lay a basis for breeding via genetic modification and improving the fibre yield.[Method]The influence of kenaf variety,hormone for callus induction,and explant type on the regeneration was examined.[Result]The optimal variety and explant for the regeneration were K89 and cotyledon,respectively.The 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA)was suitable for callus induction and the optimum concentration was 2 mg/L.In addition,with this cytokinin,1.7~4.0 adventitious buds were produced,and 27.7%~38.3% of the adventitious buds could grow to plants.Adventitious roots can be induced with 0.2 mg/L naphthylacetic acid(NAA)and 0.1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid(IAA).[Conclusion]Cotyledon of K89 had huge potential for the regeneration of kenaf.

Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Roselle Plants Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

This study was carried out during the growing season 2012-2013 at the fields of Agricultural Research Services in Sulaymaniyah Govemorate, to study the effect of chicken manure, sheep manure and chemical fertilizer NPK on growth, sepals, seeds yield and some chemical constituents of Roselle plants grown under Sulaymaniyah conditions. The experiment included several treatments as follows： sheep manure, 75% sheep ＋ 25% chicken, 50% sheep ＋ 50% chicken, 25% sheep ＋ 75% chicken, entire chicken manure, chemical fertilizer NPK and unfertilized control. The obtained results showed that all treatments of organic fertilization and NPK were significantly enhanced the vegetative growth parameters, sepals and concentration of anthocyanin of Roselle plants sepals. The treatment of （25% sheep ＋ 75% chicken） gave the best results： plant height （205.33 cm）, stem diameter （33.45 ram）, number of branches/plant （22.33）, total leaf area （3.29 m2）, root dry weight （56.81 g）, number of fruits/plant （110）, fresh weight of fruits （818.44 g） and dry weight of sepals （52.65 g）. But the highest concentration of anthocyanin was in the treatment of （75% sheep ＋ 25% chicken） （260.33 mg/100 g） and the lowest concentration of oxalic acid was found in the treatment of （50% sheep ＋ 50% chicken） （4.69 mg/100 g）. The results of this study showed that the use of （25% sheep ＋ 75% chicken） could enhance the vegetative growth and produce maximum yield of RoseUe calyx.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharide from Hibiscus syriacus L.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus L. at 180 W low power was optimized by the single factor tests and orthogonal test. Extraction temperature,ultrasonic treatment time,extraction times,and material-to-liquid ratio were considered as independent variables. The results suggested that the best extraction condition were determined as the extraction temperature at 80 ℃,the ultrasonic treatment time of 40 min,the material-to-liquid ratio at1∶ 20（ g/ml）,and the extraction times of 3. Under the optimal conditions,the extraction rate of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus was 3. 114%.

Comparative Effect of Foliar Application of Cow Dung, Wood Ash and Benlate on the Disease Initiation and Development of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Coniella musaiensis Var. Hibisci. in Makurdi, Central Nigeria

A study on the comparative effect of cow dung, wood ash and benlate for the control of leaf spot disease of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) was carried out following the preparation and foliar application of the materials on selected Roselle plants of the green and red accessions (Acc1 & Acc3) in the field. The cow dung was fermented for 14 days while sour milk was added to wood ash, dissolved and all filtered and labeled. The spraying commenced soon after the plants were thinned to one and was done weekly until after 50% of the plants had flowered. Results showed significant (p = 0.05) difference between benlate, the synthetic fungicide and the bio-fertilizers (cow dung and wood ash) for the two years of the study. Disease severity was significantly lower in the benlate than in the bio-fertilizers. There was no significant difference in yield between the treatments although higher yield was recorded in benlate. Though the bio-fertilizers could not suppress infection, they aided the growth of the plants by boosting luxuriant growth. The result showed that these bio-fertilizers cannot be used as substitute to the synthetic fungicide for the control of this leaf spot disease caused by Coniella musaiensis var. hibisci. However, since they give equally good yield the bio-fertilizers can still be used to minimize the reliance upon use of chemical fungicides.

Phytochemical analysis and anticancer capacity of Shemamruthaa,a herbal formulation against DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma in rats

Objective:To investigate the bioactive-constituents of Shemamruthaa(SM),a herbal combination and its therapeutic effects on the mitochondrial functions with reference to lipid peroxidation(LPO),antioxidant status,citric acid cycle enzymes and electron transport chain enzymes in mammary tissues of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene(DMBA)induced mammary carcinoma in rat model.Methods:Adult Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study and were divided into four groups.CroupⅠserved as control and CroupⅡrats were induced mammary carcinoma by administration of DMBA(25 mg/kg b.w.)orally.The normal and cancer-induced rats(GroupⅢ)were treated with SM(400 mg/kg b.w./day)orally by gastric incubation for 14days.CroupⅣrats served as SM-treated control animals.Results:Cancer-induced rats showed a considerably increased level of LPO with concomitant decreased levels of antioxidants,citric acid cycle enzymes,electron transport chain enzymes and cytochrome contents in the mammary tissue.Treatment with SM brought back the aforementioned biochemical parameters to near normal.Conclusions:From the results,it can be inferred that Shemamruthaa possesses significant anticancer effect through its role in attenuation of LPO,prevention of membrane damage and restoring membrane integrity.

Impacts of different drying strategies on drying characteristics,the retention of bio-active ingredient and colour changes of dried Roselle

The drying kinetics of Roselle （Hibiscus sabdariffa L） of variety Terengganu （UMKL-1） and the quality attribution of Roselle were studied. The experiments were conducted using four different drying methods, including solar greenhouse drying （SD）, solar greenhouse with intermittent heat pump drying （SIHP）, hot air drying （HA） and heat pump drying （HP）. Among the four drying methods, HP achieved the highest drying rate at a range from 0.054 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain-1 to 0.212 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain 1 while SD had the lowest drying rate, measured at 0.042 g H2O. （g DM） 1.min- 1. The analysis on colour kinetics revealed that there is no significant colour loss （p 〉 0.05） observed from HP＇s dried Roselle. Greater amount of flavonoid compounds i.e. protocatechuic acid was found in SD and SIHP dried finished product whereas HP＇s dried Roselle contains higher percentage of catechin as compared to other drying methods.

Effect of Roselle calyces extract on the chemical and sensory properties of functional cupcakes

Roselle calyces(RC)are a major crop for export and used to make a common drink in Egypt.Dried RC are commercially available and appreciated to obtain concentrated extracts which might be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries for color and heath benefits.The objective of this research was to determine the chemical and the sensory properties of cupcakes formulated with Roselle calyces extract(RCE).Proximate analysis,anthocyanins,ascorbic acid,titrable acidity,%retaining of anthocyanins,color and sensory evaluations were done.RC cupcakes had high sensory scores(P<0.05)compared to control cupcakes.The parameter a*was significantly red in the RC cupcakes compared to control cupcakes along with 77%retaining of anthocyanins.The consumption of 100 g of the RC cupcakes would provide 465 mg/100 g dry matter anthocyanin that is more than 2 folds of the minimum average of the daily intake of anthocyanins for Americans,along∼1/3 of the daily dietary fiber intake to achieve fiber adequacy according to the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition.RC cupcake can be a functional food and would have a“clean”label with cost effective advantage.

实生苗嫁接对红麻细胞质雄性不育系与保持系的生长发育及越冬抗寒性的影响

为使红麻细胞质雄性不育系和保持系在华南地区安全越冬,实现多年生栽培,将不育系的繁殖固定于较低的回交世代,以抗寒性较强的红麻野生种H040、P3A×H040杂交种为砧木,P3A、P3B的实生苗为接穗,并以本砧嫁接为对照,探讨嫁接对红麻雄性不育系和保持系的生长发育及越冬抗寒性的效应。聚类和隶属函数分析结果显示:抗寒性强弱可划分为5类,红麻野生种H040和杂交组合P3A×H040抗寒性最强,为1级;P3A/P3A×H040和P3A/H040抗寒性较强,2级;P3A CK和P3A/P3B CK抗寒性中等,3级;P3B/P3A×H040和P3B/H040抗寒性较弱,4级;P3B/P3A和P3B CK抗寒性最弱,5级。以抗寒性较强的实生苗为砧木嫁接可提高红麻接穗的抗寒性。

不同浓度Cd、Pb对红麻抗逆生理特性的影响

以红麻(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)细胞质雄性不育系P3A、恢复系992及杂交种F1为材料,采用桶栽试验研究不同浓度镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)胁迫下红麻生理生化特性的变化。结果表明,在Cd、Pb胁迫下3个红麻材料的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量与Cd、Pb处理浓度呈正相关,即随Cd、Pb处理浓度的升高而升高,处理最高浓度时MDA、Pro含量达到最大;过氧化物酶(POD)活性与对照相比总体呈下降趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在Cd、Pb处理下先上升后下降。所有生理指标变化趋势中以P3A变化最明显;F1变化最不明显,表现出明显的杂种优势。

红麻下胚轴原生质体的分离与培养

采用暗培养3日龄的红麻无菌苗下胚轴,在0.45mol.L-1甘露醇的渗透压条件下,以5.0mg.L-1纤维素酶(CelluloseR-10)和5.0mg.L-1果胶酶(Pectinase)酶解12h,原生质体的产率最高,活力较强。以5.0×104个.mL-1的密度,在改良的KM8P培养基中,附加0.5mg.L-12,4-D和0.5mg.L-16-BA,用微滴法培养,对原生质体的分裂和愈伤组织的形成极为有利。