木槿（HibiscussyriacusL．）耐盐变异体的选择

木槿愈伤组织耐盐细胞系是在含ＮａＣｌ的培养基上通过屡代选择产生的。在无盐培养基中进行几代继代培养后的愈伤组织，由其分化的芽以及脱分比增殖的愈伤组织均表现了耐盐性。木槿耐盐细胞由于对ＮａＣｌ的反应比未经选择的细胞积累了更多的Ｎａ￣＋、Ｋ￣＋，而且细胞体积较小。

Optimization of Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharide from Hibiscus syriacus L.

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus L. at 180 W low power was optimized by the single factor tests and orthogonal test. Extraction temperature,ultrasonic treatment time,extraction times,and material-to-liquid ratio were considered as independent variables. The results suggested that the best extraction condition were determined as the extraction temperature at 80 ℃,the ultrasonic treatment time of 40 min,the material-to-liquid ratio at1∶ 20（ g/ml）,and the extraction times of 3. Under the optimal conditions,the extraction rate of polysaccharides from Hibiscus syriacus was 3. 114%.

Results of a Complex Estimation of Varieties of <i>Hibiscus syriacus</i>L. in the Conditions of Tashkent

The article presents the results of variety studies on the decorative and economic-biological characteristics of Hibiscus syriacus L. in the conditions of Tashkent. It is established that the soil and climatic conditions of Tashkent are quite favorable for the cultivation of Syrian hibiscus. As a result of a comprehensive assessment, the most promising, promising and fewer promising varieties were identified. It is noted that the most promising—both forms and the Speciosus variety are characterized by better adaptability. Promising varieties—Luce, Red Heart, Russian Violet in a short time were able to adapt to new conditions, and were able to maintain their decorative and biological qualities. Pink Flirt, Rubis and Totus Albus are among the less promising varieties. These varieties were introduced to Uzbekistan in recent years and have not yet been able to fully adapt. The Aphrodite variety, which is part of the group of less promising varieties, has not been able to sufficiently show decorative and economic and biological qualities for a long time.

Study on Quality Standard of Hibiscus trionum L.

[Objectives]To establish the quality standard for Hibiscus trionum L.[Methods]The moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract of H.trionum L.were determined by the method of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition.The medicinal materials were qualitatively identified by microscopic identification and TLC,and the content of quercetin was determined by HPLC.[Results]The moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract contents of the 12 batches of samples were 7.69%-12.94%,10.44%-14.62%,1.89%-3.64%,16.56%-21.81%,microscopic characteristic was obvious,and a method for TLC and content determination of H.trionum L.was established.[Conclusions]A perfect quality standard was established,which can be used for the quality control of H.trionum L.

Comparative Effect of Adding Synthetic Citric Acid to Natural Lemon Juice (Citrus aurantiifolia) on the Stability of Hibiscus Drinks Stored at 4°C and 37°C

The general objective of the work is to compare the effect of the addition of synthetic citric acid compared to the addition of natural fruit juice of Citrus aurantiifolia on the conservation of drink based on red chalice H. sabdariffa. The tests were carried out over a period of 5 weeks at 4°C and 37°C with seven batches of beverage samples prepared at the rate of a calyx/water ratio of 1/40 (kg·kg-1) and added respectively citric acid at 1, 2 and 4 g·L-1 and lemon juice at 10, 20 and 40 mL·L-1. The characterization of the different batches of beverages was carried out from day one. A follow-up of the residual anthocyanin content and the intensity of the red coloring were carried out over five weeks. The anthocyanin concentration was determined by the pH-differential method. The red color degradation index is determined based on the CIELAB color system (L*, a*, b* and L*). R and Minitab 18 software was used for data processing. The results of the monitoring of the parameters showed that the concentration of 1 g AC L-1 retains 2.7 mg more of the anthocyanins than adding 10 mL JC L-1 and longer maintains red color when stored at 4°C and 37°C/5 weeks. The 2 g AC L-1 and 4 g AC L-1 ratios have the same effects as the addition of 20 and 40 mL of lemon juice, all accelerating the degradation of anthocyanins and the red color. After 5 weeks of storage at 37°C, the effect of the temperature combined with the increase in the acidity of the samples (2 to 4 g AC L-1 and 20 to 40 ml JC L-1), have accelerated the total disappearance of the red color on all samples.

Production of Cashew Apple Wine Enriched with Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts

This study focuses on enhancing the value of agricultural products by developing a process to produce wine from cashew apples enriched with extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa. The formulation consisted of a blend of cashew apple juice and Hibiscus calyxes in a ratio of 90:10 (w/w). The Hibiscus calyxes were added at three different stages: before, during, and after fermentation. The physico-chemical analysis of the resulting wines revealed a pH range of 3.073 ± 0.005 to 3.583 ± 0.015 and acidity levels ranging from 4.018 ± 0.028 to 5.628 ± 0.059 g/L. The alcoholic strength ranged from 13.54% ± 0.036% to 13.86% ± 0.04%, with a soluble dry extract of 7.2 ± 0.25 to 8.1 ± 0.28 °B. Regardless of the stage of Hibiscus calyx addition, the fermentation kinetics and physico-chemical parameters met the standards set for wines.

木槿新品种‘玉盘龙珠’的选育

玉盘龙珠’是从传统栽培品种‘白花重瓣木槿’芽变选育的新品种。落叶大灌木,株型直立;花单生于叶腋间或枝端,花白色重瓣,无雌雄蕊,花台阁型,呈现“花中有花”,上位花未开放时,成小球状花蕾;花期6—10月。适应性强,适宜于园林绿化观赏,花朵可食用。

Genetic Diversity Analysis of 44 Shares of Hibiscus cannabinus L. Germplasm Resources Using ISSR Molecular Marker

[Objective] This study was to reveal the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of the kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) resources from different origins, thus providing basis for genetic improvement and molecular marker-assisted breeding of kenaf. [Method] Ninety one ISSR molecular markers were used for amplification on 44 shares of kenaf germplasm resources, of which 21 showing good diversity and clear bands were chosen for PCR amplification. Based on amplification results, the genetic similarity coefficients among kenaf germplasm resources were calculated by using analytic software NTSYSpc-2.10e, and phylogenetic tree was then established via UPGMA. [Result] Totally 169 bands were amplified using the 21 screened primers, averagely 8.05 bands were amplified from each primer. Of them, 141 bands were polymorphic, accounting for 83.4%. When genetic similarity coefficient 0.887 was used as criterion L1, these 44 shares of kenaf germplasm could be classified to be 32 shares of cultivars and 12 shares of wild type or half-wild type varieties. When genetic similarity coefficient 0.897 was used as criterion L2, these 32 shares of cultivars could be further grouped into four sub-clusters. The genetic diversities between cultivars and wild type or half-wild type varieties were between 0.46-0.91, showing huge hereditary difference; while that among 32 cultivars were between 0.85-0.97, suggesting that genetic relationships among cultivars are relatively close and their genetic similarities are rather narrow. [Conclusion] ISSR could well determine the genetic similarities among kenaf germplasm resources and provide valuable molecular information for selecting parents of hybrid cross, which can lay a good foundation for DNA mapping of kenaf germplasm resources.

黄槿在临高县博厚镇祥龙村北边红树林湿地生态修复应用

文章旨在探讨黄槿在临高县博厚镇祥龙村北边红树林湿地生态修复应用。通过阐述该次生态修复的背景与意义,分析黄槿在临高县博厚镇祥龙村北边滩涂的修复的生态特性,结合试验材料、方法和经验,介绍了黄槿经过海水驯化、实施土壤盐度管理、基于自然方法的湿地生态修复,实现了湿地生态修复中的具体应用方式、效果。最后,提出了黄槿在土壤呈现盐碱化生态修复工作的总结和建议,以期为类似的红树林湿地生态环境保护和可持续发展提供科学参考。

Isolation of the mucilages from Hibiscus rosasinensis linn.and Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus linn.) and studies of the binding effects of the mucilages

Objective:To isolate and evaluate comparatively the binding efficacy of the mucilages obtained from the plants of Hibiscus rosasinensis and Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus).Methods:Extraction of mucilages from the leaves of Hibiscus and pods of Okra(Ladies finger) was carried out by a cold maceration process.The extracted mucilages were subjected to various physicochemical properties for its suitability as an excipient in the formulation of tablet dosage form.Different concentrations(10,8,5,2 and 1%w/v) of binder solutions of Hibiscus and Okra were used for the formulation of tablets and the formulated tablets were evaluated by studying the standard parameters like diameter,thickness,weight variation,hardness,friability,disintegration and in vitro dissolution.Stability studies of the formulated tablets were conducted for four weeks. Results:The formulated tablets prepared using the mucilages of both Hibiscus and Okra had good appearance.The in vitro drug release profile of the tablets prepared using Okra mucilage had an optimum of 90%at a mucilage concentration of 1%w/v concentration mucilage itself within 4 h.Conclusions:According to the observations,the lower concentration levels of Okra can be used as an alternative binder to starch.The higher concentration levels of Okra mucilage show a slow and sustained release,and can be considered as an alternative natural excipient in the modified drug delivery systems.At the same time,the above natural excipient of Hibiscus mucilage could be used as a platform for prolonged release if its binder concentrations are increased.

A survey on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Alcea rosea L.and Malva neglecta Wallr as antibacterial agents

Objective:To guide for selection of plants with antibacterial activity for further phytochemical works on the isolation and identification of the active compounds.Methods:Ethanolic extracts of 3 species from Malvaceae family were evaluated by agar disc diffusion method for antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Listeria monocytogenes,Staphylococcus epidermidis.Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.Salmonella typhi,Bacillus cereus.Bacillus anthracis,Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes).The extracts were obtained from aerial parts of Hibiscus rosa(H. rosa)-sinensis(leaf and flower),Alcea rosea(A.rosea) L.(leaf and flower) and Malva neglecta(M. neglecta) Wallr(flower).Results:These extracts had inhibitory effects at different concentrations (0.05,0.10,0.20 and 0.40 g/mL) against above mentioned bacteria.Escherichia coli was the most resistant strain.The highest inhibitory zone was showed by ethanolic extract of M.neglecta against Staphylococcus epidermidis(22 mm) and followed by ethanolic extract from flower of H.rosa against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus(20 mm).The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration(MBC) values against Staphylococcus epidermidis were equal(M1C=MBC=5 mg/mL for M.neglecta extract and for H. rosa extract MIC=MBC=20 mg/mL).Conclusions:These findings suggest that these native plants have good antibacterial properties that can be used for infection control and treatment and could also be as new source for antibiotics discovery and infection treatment.

In vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower extract against human pathogens

Objective:To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens.Methods:Antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc and agar diffusion methods.The protein was run through poly acrylmide gel electrophoresis to view their protein profile.Results:The results showed that the cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus suhtillis(B.suhtillis),Escherichia coli(E.coli) viz.,(17.00±2.91),(14.50±1.71)mm.followed by hot extraction against.E.coli.Salmonella sp.as(11.66 ±3.14),(10.60±3.09)mm.In methanol extraction showed a highest zone of inhibition recorded against B.suhtillis,E.coli as(18.86±0.18),(18.00±1.63) mm pursued by ethanol extraction shower) utmost zone of inhibition recorded against Salmonella sp.at(20.40±1.54) mm.The crude protein from flower showed a maximum inhibitory zone observed against Salmonella sp.,E.coli viz.,(16.55±1.16),(14.30±2.86)mm.The flower material can be taken as an alternative source of antibacterial agent against the human pathogens.Conclusions:The extracts of the H.rosasinensis art;proved to have potential antibacterial activity,further studies arc highly need for the drug development.

Hibiscus sabdariffa extractivities on cadmium-mediated alterations of human U937 cell viability and activation

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the anthocyanin-rich extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdariffa) calyx on the viability of cadmium-treated U937 cells and cadmium-mediated activation of U937-derived macrophages.MethodsThe macrophage cell line U937 was treated with cadmium (0.1 μ mol/L) and later incubated with the anthocyanin-rich extract and cell viability was assessed via trypan blue staining. In the other experiment, the U937 cells were transformed to the macrophage form by treatment with phorbol 12, myristate 13, and acetate and incubated with cadmium (10 μ mol/L). The anthocyanin-rich extract was added to the cells later and subsequently, the supernatant of each cell culture was analysed for the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), nitric oxide, and catalase activity as indices for the activation of macrophages.ResultsIt revealed that the anthocynanin-rich extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased the viability of the cells which was suppressed by cadmium when compared to quercetin dihydrate. The extract also reduced the cadmium-mediated production of the markers of macrophage-activation when compared to quercetin dihydrate. In both experiments, the activity of the extract was concentration-dependent (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe findings show that H. sabdariffa possesses significant immunoprotective effect. These corroborate the immense reported antioxidant and medicinal potential of the calyces of the plant which could be exploited for pharmacological and neutraceutical advantages.

Effects of extracts from Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba mixture on testosterone production in vitro in adult rat testes slices

Aim： To find an in vitro system for the measurement of the androgenic effects of different extracts of Hibiscus macranthus （Malvaceae） and Basella alba （Basellaceae）. Methods： The production of testosterone from testes slices incubated in two media, either Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 0.5% Bovine serum albumin （BSA） or Dubecco＇s Modified Eagle＇s medium-F12 Ham nutrient mixture （DME/Ham F12）, under a mixture of 5% CO2 in 95% air was determined either in the presence or absence of cofactors and Hibiscus macranthus plus Basella alba （HMBA） extracts. Results： The testosterone production was increased in testes slices incubated in DME/Ham F12 medium in response to the cofactors （49%） and aqueous extracts （34%-60% according to dilutions）. Under the same atmospheric conditions, there was no positive response of the testes slices to either cofactor or HMBA extract stimulation in Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 0.5% BSA, In further investigations related to the effect of HMBA, the DME/ Ham F12 medium was used. The results obtained from the in vitro test showed that the activity was present mainly in methylene chloride and methanol, since these extracts induced an increase in testosterone production by testes slices. Conclusion： The testes slice system is suitable to be used for further in vitro investigations of the isolation of androgenic bioactive components of plants. （Asian J Androl 2006 Jan; 8： 111-114）

Genetic diversity and population structure of Hibiscus aridicola, an endangered ornamental species in dry-hot valleys of Jinsha River

Hibiscus aridicola is an endangered ornamental shrub of the family Malvaceae that is endemic to the dryhot valleys of Jinsha River in southwestern China.This species is a typical plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP).To support and monitor future conservation,develop management measures,and genotype this species,we performed extensive field studies together with genetic analyses.Specifically,we screened eleven microsatellite loci of 69 individuals of H.aridicola from four accessions.The population genetics analyses indicated that H.aridicola possesses high genetic diversity at both the population(0.6962-0.7293)and species level(0.7837)compared to other endemic/endangered species in China.The low differentiation of populations(Fst=0.0971)and the high gene flow between populations of H.aridicola(Nm=2.3236)could be due to its distribution along rivers in the hot-valleys of the Jinsha River and the wind-mediated dispersal of its seeds.Furthermore,the genetic diversity of H.aridicola is slightly positively correlated with geographic distance.Two populations are undergoing a genetic bottleneck,and require more specific attention from conservationists.Additionally,our analyses of the population genetics of H.aridicola demonstrate that the declines in populations are not the result of the internal genetics of these populations but due to external human activities over the past decades.

Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)seed on high-fat diet Sprague dawley rats

Objective:To determine? the anlihypercholesterolemic effects of kenaf seed samples and compare with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug on serum lipids profiles and malondialdehyde(MDA) level in the rat.Methods:Kenaf seed oil(KSO),microencapsulated kenaf seed oil(MKSO),kenaf seed extract(KSE) and defatted kenaf seed meal(DKSM) were prepared and phytocHemicals screening on these samples were done prior in viro study.Phenolic compounds in KSF.were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography.There were 40(divided in eight diet groups of 5) male Sprague dawley rats adapted lo normal standard diet or hypercholesterolemic diet(HD) with or without the treatment of these kenaf samples for 32 days.Results:All the kenaf samples exhibited to contain most of the major phytocliemicals.KSE possessed gallic acid,tannic acid,catechin.benzaldehyde.benzoic acid,syringic acid,sinapic acid,ferulic acid,naringin acid,and protocatechuic acid.The significant higher(P<0.05) serum total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein cholesterol and MDA levels in HD group without treatment than the normal control group suggested the hypercholesterolemia was induced by the Incorporation of cholesterol into diet.KSE exhibited higher cholesterol-lowering properties due to the significant lower(P<0.05)in serum triglycerides,total cholesterol and MDA levels.KSF showed the highest efficiency of cholesterol-lowering activity,followed by KSO.MKSO and DKSM.Conclusions:DKSM.MKSO.KSO and KSE appeared lo have comparable anti-hypercholesterolemic effect with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug.Hence,kenaf seed could be used as an alternative natural source lo replace the synthetic hypocholosterolemic drugs.

Genetic Variation among various populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Pelobates syriacus</i>, Boettger, 1869) at breeding sites in northern Israel

A genetic study was carried out on spadefoot toads (Pelobates syriacus) from habitats of various locations and altitudes in northern Israel. Cytochrome b and 12S were amplified by PCR for the analysis of genetic variation based on five DNA polymorphisms and for RAPD PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA fragments were determined from a 460 bp clone of cytochrome b and a 380 bp clone of 12S (GenBank accession numbers, FJ595199-FJ59-5203). No genetic variation was found among the populations with regard to 12S. According to the analysis of five sequences using Arlequin software, there was a high gene identity among the populations (98.7%-99.6%). Both populations, Elrom Pond breeding site, at the highest altitude and Fara Pond, at the lowest, had the lowest identities as compared to other populations. The DNA variation among P. syri-acus populations from various breeding sites, according to band sharing (BS), when using the OP-4 primer, was 0.92-1.00. Similarity was low between the population of Elrom Pond and the populations of Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond (0.92 BS), as well as between the population of Fara Pond at the lowest altitude, and the populations of Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond (0.92 BS). Similar results were obtained when comparing the results obtained using primer OPA-3. The lowest similarity was found between populations of the highest altitude (Elrom Pond) and lowest altitude (Fara Pond), relative to the other ponds (Kash Pond, Raihania Pond and Sasa Pond) with a BS of 0.93.

Free radical scavenging activity of three different flowers-Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Quisqualis indica and Senna surattensis

Objective:To evaluate three flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(H.rosa-sinensis),Quisqualis indica(Q.indica) and Senna surattensis(S.surattensis) for their antioxidant activity by different methods in addition to total phenolic,flavonoid and pigment contents.Methods:Antioxidant activity of water,ethanol and absolute ethanol extracts of three flowers; H.rosa-sinensis,Q.indica and S.surattensis was evaluated.The antioxidant activity was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity,ferrous chelating activity,reducing power,nitric oxide scavenging activity,hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as well as total antioxidant capacity.Total flavonoids,total phenols and total pigments including chlorophylls and carotenoids were measured for the three flowers.Results:The results showed that the highest total antioxidant capacity at concentration of 500 mg/L was found in S.surattensis as 0.479 ± 0.001.Scavenging activity of H.rosasinensis,Q.indica and S.surattensis flower extracts against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical showed the highest activity of(90.20 ± 0.29)% with 500 mg/L.Phytochemical screening of the three flowers extracts were carried out for alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,tannins,steroids,glycosides,terpenoids,amino acid and mucilages.H.rosa-sinensis showed the total phenolic in water extract of(235.77 ± 14.31) mg/100 g,the other two flowers Q.indica and S.surattensis had the total phenolic in ethanol extracts of(937.70 ± 25.06) and(850.30 ± 13.81) mg/100 g,respectively.On the other hand total flavonoids were identified in absolute ethanol extracts in the three flowers[(32.83 ± 1.34),(49.24 ± 4.87) and(2.79 ± 0.23) mg/100 g,respectively].Conclusions:The extracts in the constituents of the three flowers could be used as additives as supplement fractions in foods.

Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit extracts on α-glucosidase enzyme,glucose diffusion and wound healing activities

Objective:To provide in vitro evidence for antidiabetic activity through potential inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme,glucose diffusion and enhancement in the wound healing using methanolic extract and fractions from Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.fruit.Methods:The inhibitory action of methanolic extract and fractions of such fruit on aglucosidase enzyme and glucose movement through in vitro assay assessment was reported.Their activities on wound healing were tested using the scratch assay.Results:Ethyl acetate fraction at 50 mg/m L concentration exhibited significant aglucosidase inhibition(95.79 mg/m L) with P < 0.05.At the same concentration,the methanolic extract as well as other fractions revealed lower α-glucosidase inhibition and higher glucose diffusion retardation across the dialysis tube than the control.Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions displayed notably higher glucose diffusion inhibitory activity of 5.21 mmol/L and 5.2 mmol/L,respectively as compared to methanolic extract and n-hexane fraction of 6.58 mmol/L and 6.49 mmol/L,respectively.Conversely,compared to other fractions the methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction manifested proliferative effect at the incubation time of 6 h during the wound healing study.Conclusions:It is established that methanolic extract and fractions from H.sabdariffa Linn.fruit can inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme and glucose movement as well as influence the wound healing activity positively.

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn.leaves in experimental colitis in rats

Objective:To elucidate the ameliorative effect of liydrualcuholic extract of leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis(HRS) in acetic acid induced experimental colitis in male wistar rats.Methods: The animals were administered with 2 mL acetic acid(4%) via intra rectal.The animals were divided into various treatment groups(n=6).Prednisolone was used as standard drug and HRS was administered at a dose of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.The control group of animals received 1 mL of vehicle(distilled water).Ulcer area,ulcer index,spleen weight,colon weight to length ratio, macroscopic score,haemalological parameters,colonic superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH),myeloperoxidase(MPO),malondialdchyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNK- α), nitric oxide(NO) and histological changes were recorded after the treatment regimen of 11 days. Results:Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused enhanced ulcer area,ulcer index,spleen weight,colon weight to length ratio,colonic MPO,MDA,NO and TNF-α It caused significant decreased level of SOD and GSH.Pretreatment with HRS for 7 days exhibited significant effect in lowering of oxidative stress,colonic NO,TNF- α and elevation of SOD and GSH at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg in acetic acid induced colilis.Conclusions:The present investigation demonstrates HRS is of potent therapeutic value in the amelioration of expcrimenlal colilis in laboralory animals by inhibiting the proinflammatory mediator like NO and TNK-α.