Breeding of National Authorized New Wheat Variety Shannong 116 and Supporting Cultivation Technical Measures for High Yield, High Quality and High Efficiency

Shannong 116 is a strong gluten,high yield and multi-resistance wheat variety bred by Shandong Agricultural University,which was approved by the State in 2021 and by Shandong Province in 2022.Shannong 116 combines the excellent characteristics of the female parent(strong gluten,disease resistance and early maturity)and the male parent(high yield,water saving and lodging resistance),with a plant height of 76.9 cm,compact plant type,orderly spike layer and good maturity performance,which is suitable for large-scale promotion and market order planting in Huanghuai wheat area.In this paper,the characteristics of Shannong 116 are analyzed,and cultivation technical measures for high yield,high quality and high efficiency are put forward,in order to provide a technical support for the popularization and application of the variety.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of a Super High Yield Cultivar of Winter Wheat During Late Growth Period

The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide physiological reference for breeding. Weimai 8 （W8）, a super high yield cultivar, and Lumai 14 （L14）, a control cultivar were object. The photosynthetic rate （Pn）, parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were measured. The Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ΦPSⅡ）, efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers （Fv＇/Fm＇）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） were higher in Weimai 8 compared to that in Lumai 14, a commercial high yield cultivar. Furthermore, Weirnai 8 showed a lower non- photochemical quenching coefficient and a lower de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments than of Lumai 14 at late growth period. At mature stage, chlorophyll content of different leaves decreased both in Weimai 8 and Lumai 14. Chlorophyll content in flag, second and third leaf from the top of plant decreased more in Lumai 14 than in Weimai 8. These results suggested that Weimai 8 had more antenna pigments to absorb light energy, and had higher photosynthetic capability and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ. The yield of Weimai 8 was also higher than that of Lumai 14.

Inheritance and Availability of High Grain Number Per Spike in Two Wheat Germplasm Lines

Grain number per spike （GNPS） is a major factor in wheat yield breeding. The development of high GNPS germplasm is widely emphasized in wheat-yield breeding. This paper reported two high GNPS wheat germplasm lines, Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504, which had a stable and wide adaptability to different ecological regions. By exploring a nested cross design with reciprocals using Pubing 3228 or Pubing 3504 as a common parent and investigating the GNPS phenotypes of F1 hybrids in 2007-2008 and F2 populations in 2008-2009 of different cross combinations, the narrow-sense GNPS heritability was up to 49.58 and 52.23%, respectively. Genetic model analysis predictions suggested that GNPS in Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 was mainly controlled by additive genetic effects. Correlation analysis results between GNPS and 1 000- kernel weight （TKW） of F2 populations showed that TKW was not influenced with the increase of GNPS. The good coordination among three yield components of spike number per plant （SNPP）, GNPS, and TKW in the F2 segregating population implied that selection of good candidate individuals in breeding programs would be relatively straightforward. Overall, our results indicated that Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 are two potential germplasm lines for yield improvement of GNPS in pedigree selection of wheat breeding.

Effects of High Temperature on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Flag Leaves of Wheat During Grain Filling Period

On the basis of the phytotron, the effects of high temperature （daily average temperature 25, 30, 35 and 40℃, respectively） on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in flag leaves of wheat at 50% relative air moisture during grain fastest filling stage [19-21 days after anthesis （DAA）] were studied. The wheat cultivars tested were Yangmai 9 with weak-gluten and Yangmai 12 with medium-gluten. Compared with 25℃, the higher the temperature was, the higher was the MDA content in flag leaves, while lower were the SOD, POD, and CAT activities. SOD and CAT activities in Yangmai 12 appeared to be more sensitive to high temperature than that in Yangmai 9. But POD activity in Yangmai 12 was less sensitive to high temperature. MDA content in Yangmai 12 was higher than that in Yangmai 9. The 1000-grain weight declined with increase in temperature.

Novel and favorable genomic regions for spike related traits in a wheat germplasm Pubing 3504 with high grain number per spike under varying environments

Grain number per spike （GNPS） is a major factor in wheat yield breeding. A new wheat germplasm Pubing 3504 shows superior features in spike traits. To elucidate the genetic basis of spike and yield related traits in Pubing 3504, 282 F2：3 families were generated from the cross Pubing 3504xJing 4839, and seven spike and yield related traits, including GNPS, spike length （SL）, kernel number per spikelet （KPS）, spikelet number per spike （SNS）, thousand-grain weight （TGW）, spike number per plant （SNP）, and plant height （HT） were investigated. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations between GNPS and spike-related traits, including KPS, SNS, and SL, especially KPS. A genetic map was constructed using 190 polymorphic simple sequence repeat （SSR）, expressed sequence tag （EST）-SSR, and sequence- tagged-site （STS） markers. For the seven traits measured, a total of 37 quantitative trait loci （QTLs） in a single-environment analysis and 25 QTLs in a joint-environment analysis were detected. Additive effects of 70.3% （in a single environment） and 57.6% （in a joint environment） of the QTLs were positively contributed by Pubing 3504 alleles. Five important genomic regions on chromosomes 1A, 4A, 4B, 2D, and 4D could be stably detected in different environments. Among these regions, the marker interval Xmag834-Xbarc83 on the short arm of chromosome 1A was a novel important genomic region that included QTLs controlling GNPS, KPS, SNS, TGW, and SNP with stable environmental repeatability. This genomic region can improve the spike trait and may play a key role in improving wheat yield in the future. We deduced that this genomic region was vital to the high GNPS of Pubing 3504.

Establishment of a Highly Efficient Regeneration System for the Mature Embryo Culture of Wheat

Establishment of a highly efficient regeneration system for the mature embryo of wheat will provide a convenient tool for wheat tissue culture and transformation, thereby facilitating the transformation of foreign genes into wheat. By using the mature embryos derived from 20 different wheat lines including Shi 4185, Yumai 66, Lunxuan 987, CB037, Yangmai 6, Xinchun 9, Bobwhite, Han 6172, Zheng 9023, Jimai 20, Ningchun 4, and Jing 411, the effects of some factors including inoculation methods, initiating culture media, organic additives, antioxidants, and auxins on the regeneration from the explants were evaluated. The results indicated that the scraping embryo culture was better than the whole embryo culture, the Aa medium was better than the SD2 medium and dicamba was better than 2,4-D in increasing the regeneration frequency. An Adi medium was established in this study by adding silver nitrate, cysteine, ascorbic acid, dicamba, glutamine into the Aa medium at the concentration of 4,40, 100, 2, and 5 mg L^-1, respectively. By using the Adi medium and the scraping technique, the regeneration frequencies of the mature embryos of CB037, Lunxuan 987, Hart 6172, Yangmai 6, Bobwhite, Zheng 9023, Shi 4 185, and Jimai 20 became 85.6, 60,1, 46.0, 42.1,42.0, 34.0, 33.0, and 32.0%, respectively, which were about 5-8 times higher than that obtained from the conventional culture mediums and techniques. This novel regeneration system could be helpful in wheat transformation.

Growth traits and nitrogen assimilation-associated physiological parameters of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under low and high N conditions

In this study, 14 wheat cultivars with contrasting yield and N use efficiency （NUE） were used to investigate the agronomic and NUE-related traits, and the N assimilation-associated enzyme activities under low and high N conditions. Under deficient-N, the cultivars with high N uptake efficiency （UpE） and high N utilization efficiency （UtE） exhibited higher plant biomass, yields, and N contents than those with medium and low NUEs. The high UpE cultivars accumulated more N than other NUE type cultivars. Under sufficient-N, the tested cultivars showed similar patterns in biomass, yield, and N content to those under deficient-N, but the varietal variations in above traits were smaller. In addition, the high UpE cultivars displayed much more of root biomass and larger of root length, surface area, and volume than other NUE type cultivars, indicating that the root morphological traits under N deprivation are closely associated with the plant biomass through its improvement of the N acquisition. The high UtE cultivars showed higher activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, nitrite reductase （NIR）, and gluta- mine synthetase （GS） at stages of seediling, heading and filling than other NUE type cultivars under both low and high N conditions. Moreover, the high UpE and UtE cultivars also displayed higher photosynthetic rate under deficient-N than the medium and low NUE cultivars. Together, our results indicated that the tested wheat cultivars possess dramatically genetic variations in biomass, yield, and NUE. The root morphological traits and the N assimilation enzymatic acitivities play critical roles in regulating N accumulation and internal N translocation under the N-starvation stress, respectively. They can be used as morphological and biochemical references for evaluation of UpE and UtE in wheat.

Effect of high-nitrogen fertilizer on gliadin and glutenin subproteomes during kernel development in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Nitrogen(N),a macronutrient essential for plant growth and development,is needed for biosynthesis of protein and starch,which affect grain yield and quality.Application of high-N fertilizer increases plant growth,grain yield,and flour quality.In this study,we performed the first comparative analysis of gliadin and glutenin subproteomes during kernel development in the elite Chinese wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 under high-N conditions by reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography and twodimensional difference gel electrophoresis(2D-DIGE).Application of high-N fertilizer led to significant increases in gluten macropolymer content,total gliadin and glutenin content,and the accumulation of individual storage protein components.Of 126 differentially accumulated proteins(DAPs)induced by high-N conditions,24 gliadins,12 high-molecularweight glutenins,and 27 low-molecular-weight glutenins were significantly upregulated.DAPs during five kernel developmental stages displayed multiple patterns of accumulation.In particular,gliadins and glutenins showed respectively five and six accumulation patterns.The accumulation of storage proteins under high-N conditions may lead to improved dough properties and bread quality.

Analysis on High-yield Experience and Protective Measures of Wheat and Corn: A Case Study of Jieshou City in Anhui Province

This paper summarized the experience in high yield of wheat and corn in Jieshou City and made a further study on the supporting measures for the high yield of wheat and corn on this basis.

Characteristics of lodging resistance of high-yield winter wheat as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation managements

High yields of wheat are mainly obtained through a high level of nitrogen and irrigation supplementation.However,excessive nitrogen and irrigation supplication increase the risk of lodging.The main objectives of this work were to clarify the capacity of lodging resistance of wheat in response to nitrogen and irrigation,as well as to explore the effective ways of improving lodging resistance in a high-yield wheat cultivar.In this study,field experiments were conducted in the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons.A wheat cultivar Jimai 22(JM22),which is widely planted in the northern of Huang-Huai winter wheat region,was grown at Tai’an,Shandong Province,under three nitrogen rates and four irrigation treatments.The lodging risk was increased with increased nitrogen rate,as indicated by increasing lodging index(LI)and lodging rate across both growing seasons.With nitrogen increasing,the plant height,the basal internode length and the center of gravity height,which were positively correlated with LI,increased significantly.While the density of the basal 2nd internode(for culm and leaf sheath)and cell wall component contents,which were negatively correlated with LI,decreased conspicuous along with nitrogen increased.Increasing irrigation supplementation increased the 2nd internode culm wall thickness,breaking strength and leaf sheath density within limits which increased stem strength.Among the treatments,nitrogen application at a rate of 240 kg ha^(-1) and irrigation application at 600 m^(3)ha^(-1) at both the jointing and anthesis stages resulted in the highest yield and strongest stem.A suitable plant height ensures suffcient biomass for high yield,and higher stem stiffness,which was primarily attributed to thicker culm wall,greater density of the culm and leaf sheaths and higher cell wall component contents are the characteristics that should be taken into account to improving wheat lodging resistance.

Composition and Content of High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits and Their Effects on Wheat Quality

Sedimentation values, flour glutenin macropolymer (GMP) contents, composition and contents of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits (GS) of 233 flour samples were determined. Our data indicated that subunit 1 occurred more frequently at Glu-A1 , subunit pair 7 + 8 at Glu-B1 and 2 + 12 at Glu-D1. The significant relationships between Glu-1 quality score and total HMW glutenin content, sedimentation value and GMP content suggested that the composition of HMW-GS affects wheat quality strongly. Moreover, the total content of HMW-GS was correlated with certain quality parameters more significantly. Relationship between subunit 5 + 10 content and breadmaking quality was better than others, but 2 + 12, 7 + 8, 7 + 9 and 4 + 12 also correlated with certain quality parameters significantly. The contents of total HMW-glutenin, x-type subunits and y-type subunits related with sedimentation value, flour GMP content, and Glu-1 quality score more strongly than that of individual subunit or subunit pair. The flour GMP content, with excellent correlation to sedimentation value, total contents of HMW glutenin, x- and y-type subunits and many other quality parameters, could be an ideal indicator of breadmaking quality at earlier generations for breeding purpose for its simple procedure and small scale.

High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunit Composition of Chinese Wheat Germplasm

The objective of the present study was to characterize the high molecular glutenin subunits （HMW-GS） composition and the presence of 1B/1R translocation in newly developed wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） germplasm, which have one or more traits that are useful in wheat improvement. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and acid polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis （A-PAGE） were used to detect HMW-GS composition and the presence of 1B/1R wheat-rye （Secale cereale L.） chromosome translocation in the wheat germplasm. Bread-making quality scores of these lines were determined. A high level of variations in HMW-GS encoded by Glu-1 locus was observed. Sixteen major HMW-GS, with 30 combinations, were detected. The percentage of cultivars with more than two desirable subunits was 38.7%. Thirteen cultivars had bread-making quality scores of 10 in combination with one or two desirable agronomical traits, such as high-yield potential, dwarfing stem, resistance to diseases, and/or tolerance to abiotic stress. Sixty-eight （36.6%） cultivars possessed 1B/1R translocation. The newly developed germplasm with HMW-GS for good quality can be promising resources for improving bread-making quality of wheat.

High-yield and High-efficiency Standardized Cultivation Technique for Wheat Interplanting with Peanuts

Through wheat interplanting with peanuts,it is able to make full use of the light and heat resources in the growing season to achieve high yield of both wheat and peanuts in two seasons of one year.Wheat interplanting with peanuts is one of the main cultivation methods of wheat and oil crop double cropping system,and has very broad development prospects in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.This paper summarized high-yield the high-efficiency and standardized cultivation techniques for wheat interplanting with peanuts,including crop rotation,proper deep ploughing,balanced fertilization,rational matching of fine varieties,interplanting at suitable time,sowing according to certain specification,and enhancing the field management.This can be used as reference for high-yield and high-efficiency standardized cultivation technique for wheat interplanting with peanuts.

7^(OE)+8^(*)亚基对东北强筋小麦品种品质性状影响研究

小麦品质改良是东北春麦区强筋小麦育种的主要目标之一。Glu-B1位点7^(OE)+8^(*)亚基为超强筋小麦品种必备基因。为了明确该亚基在东北春麦区强筋小麦遗传背景下的品质遗传效应,本研究利用分子标记和选择回交相结合的手段,将7^(OE)+8^(*)亚基定向导入到强筋小麦品种龙麦26和龙麦35(Glu-B1位点均为7+9亚基)的遗传背景之中,对BC_(5)F_(1)、BC_(6)F_(1)群体和自交BC6F2鉴定获得的纯合品系进行7^(OE)+8^(*)亚基遗传效应评价。结果表明,在强筋小麦品种龙麦26(7+9)和龙麦35(7+9)遗传背景下转入7^(OE)+8^(*)亚基后,其干面筋、面筋指数、形成时间、稳定时间、断裂时间、拉伸面积、延伸性和最大抗延阻力等品质指标3年平均分别提高1.3%(P=0.82)和1.8%(P=0.49)、6.6%(P=0.59)和4.7%(P=0.37)、55.0%(P=0.24)和35.8%(P=0.56)、44.5%(P=0.43)和32.8%(P=0.73)、41.4%(P=0.31)和30.0%(P=0.66)、28.0%(P=0.05)和23.4%(P=0.37)、6.5%(P=0.47)和5.8%(P=0.42)、19.5%(P=0.31)和18.0%(P=0.38);Zeleny沉降值2年平均分别提高6.8%和11.4%。以上结果表明,在2个强筋小麦品种遗传背景下,Glu-B1位点转入7^(OE)+8^(*)亚基较7+9亚基对各项品质指标改良均存在正向效应,但提高幅度存在差异,对形成时间、稳定时间、断裂时间、最大抗延阻力、拉伸面积等衡量面筋质量的指标提高幅度更大,表明该亚基对面筋质量改良效应显著。综上所述,7^(OE)+8^(*)亚基可作为东北春麦区强筋小麦遗传背景下品质性状进一步改良的优选基因,为超强筋小麦育种的重要基因资源。

引进美国小麦种质资源抗病性及品质性状鉴定

为了挖掘新的种质资源,本研究对引自美国的442份小麦材料对白粉病和条锈病的抗病性、蛋白含量以及高分子量麦谷蛋白(HMW-GS)亚基组成进行了鉴定分析。抗病性鉴定结果显示,153份材料抗白粉病,27份抗条锈病,6份兼抗两种病害。蛋白质含量达到GB/T 17892-1999《优质小麦强筋小麦》一等(粗蛋白质含量≥15.0%)的样品有143份。高分子量麦谷蛋白检测发现,供试材料共含18种HMW-GS亚基和100种不同亚基组合类型,其中N,7+9,5+10出现次数最多,优质亚基1、2*、7^(oe)、17+18、5+10的材料分别占总材料数的25.6%、5.2%、27.8%、7.7%和25.6%,含7^(oe),5+10亚基的有36份,含2*,5+10亚基的有1份,含2*,7^(oe)亚基的有7份。综合抗病性及品质分析结果显示,PI 17738等11份材料至少抗1种病害,且蛋白含量≥15.0%,湿面筋含量≥35.0%,同时含有稀有优质亚基。以上11份材料可作为我国优质、抗病小麦培育亲本,为我国小麦抗病和品质遗传改良提供优异基因源。

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型(DRAINMOD)模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60 cm加深至120 cm,排水间距由120 m加密至20 m时,稻作期排水量与总氮(TN)输出负荷增加9.0%~22.2%、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)输出负荷增加4.0%~16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%~23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120 cm,间距为120~20 m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%~35.3%、NH_(3)-N输出负荷减少7.6%~27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%~40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60 cm加深至120 cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。

小麦品种石4366优质节水栽培技术规程

《小麦品种石4366优质节水栽培技术规程》(DB 1301/T 440—2022)规定了小麦品种石4366实现优质节水栽培的基础条件,小麦主要生育期的群体和个体指标,以及配套的关键栽培技术。该标准适用于石家庄市麦区及相关适宜地区灌溉麦田。

陇鉴系列抗旱优质冬小麦品种选育实践及成效

为了持续推进寒旱区冬小麦品种选育与应用,以陇鉴系列冬小麦品种为例,回顾和讨论了陇东地区冬小麦育种目标、基因背景来源、主要方法措施、品种改良进展和推广应用情况。提出今后的冬小麦育种工作应以抗旱优质为主,兼顾抗条锈病、白粉病等的育种目标,采用辅助选择和多生态鉴定方法相结合的后代选择方法,保持抗寒抗旱和抗条锈病的优势,同时要加强矮秆丰产品种、抗白粉病品种的筛选,加快寒旱区优质小麦推广应用。

超高压处理对“和尚头”小麦淀粉结构和特性的影响

该文以西北特产的旱地“和尚头”小麦粉为材料,采用超高压处理对小麦淀粉进行改性,并研究改性淀粉的结构和特性。实验结果表明,与原淀粉相比,100~400 MPa处理下,小颗粒淀粉所占的比重增加(P<0.05),随着处理压力的增加,淀粉颗粒膨胀和聚集,粒径变大;400 MPa处理下的溶解度和膨胀度分别比原淀粉降低了27.32%和8.84%;100 MPa压力处理后,淀粉的T_(O)、T_(P)、T_(C)及ΔH均显著下降(P<0.05),处理压力达到400 MPa以上,检测不到热力学相关数据,表明此条件下小麦淀粉可能完全凝胶化。综上,压力超过400 MPa时,改性淀粉的结构和特性变化显著。

不同氮效率小麦品种的籽粒灌浆特性

为明确不同氮效率小麦品种的籽粒灌浆特性及其与产量和氮效率的关系,于2019—2021年选取高产氮高效(HH)、高产氮低效(HL)和低产氮低效(LL)小麦品种为试验材料,利用Logistics模型在大田生产条件下模拟籽粒灌浆进程,分析产量构成参数,探究不同氮效率小麦的籽粒灌浆特性差异及其与氮利用效率的关系。结果表明,不同类型品种间的籽粒灌浆特性均存在较大差异。不同品种的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率均表现为HH>HL>LL,达到最大灌浆速率时的籽粒质量则表现为HL>HH>LL,HH与HL之间差异不明显。灌浆活跃期和有效灌浆时间均表现为HH<HL<LL。与HL和LL相比,HH表现出灌浆启动早、灌浆速度快和有效灌浆时间缩短等特性,这可能与品种的氮效率有关。