Review and Comprehensive Analysis of Composition and Origin of High Acidity Crude Oils

High acidity crude oils have an advantage over normal oils in terms of their price,but can cause corrosion and refinery problems.They are the so-called opportunity crudes and likely to be important reserved resources in the 21st century.Researches on high acidity crude oils are becoming more and more profound.Based on the existing research achievements,this article has given an overview of the chemical composition and acid distribution of high acidity oils,and also analyzed their origin types and potential influence factors.

Novel efficient procedure for biodiesel synthesis from waste oils with high acid value using 1-sulfobutyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate ionic liquid as the catalyst

Preparation of biodiesel from waste oils containing 72% of free fatty acids catalyzed by a novel Br?nsted acidic ionic liquid 1-sulfobutyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate([BHSO_3MIM][HSO_4]) was systematically investigated.The optimum molar ratio of methanol to waste oils,catalyst amount,reaction temperature and reaction time were 8/1,10%(based on the mass of waste oils),140°C and 6 h,respectively,under which the obtained yield of biodiesel reached 94.9%.Also,[BHSO_3MIM][HSO_4] as a catalyst still retained around 97% of its original catalytic activity after successive re-use of 5 batches(6 h per batch),showing the excellent operational stability.Moreover,the acidic IL [BHSO_3MIM][HSO_4] was able to ef ficiently catalyze conversions of waste oils with different amounts of FFAs(free fatty acids) into biodiesel,and showed tremendous application potential.Therefore,an ef ficient and environmentally friendly catalyst is provided for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste oils with high acid value.

Leaching behavior of metals from limonitic laterite ore by high pressure acid leaching

The leaching behavior of metals from a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore was investigated by high pressure acid leaching process for the extraction of nickel and cobalt.The effects of sulfuric acid added,leaching temperature,leaching time and liquid/solid（L/S） ratio on metals extraction were examined.More than 97% Ni,96% Co,93% Mn,95% Mg and less than 1% Fe are extracted under optimum conditions.Analysis of the high pressure acid leaching residue by chemical and XRD analysis indicates that the residual iron and sulfur are mainly present in phases of hematite and alunite,respectively.The high pressure leaching process provides a simple and efficient way for the high recovery of nickel and cobalt from laterite ore,leaving residue as a suitable iron resource.

Vanadium(Ⅳ)solvent extraction enhancement in high acidity using di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid with[Cl^(-)]present:an experimental and theoretical study

Separation of vanadium from black shale leaching solution at low pH is very meaningful,which can effectively avoid the generation of alkali neutralization slag and the resulting vanadium loss.In this study,coordination mechanism of vanadium in acid leaching solution at low pH was investigated with the intervention of chloride ions.Under the conditions of pH 0.8,di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid concentration of 20%,phase ratio of 1:2,and extraction time of 8 min,the vanadium extraction could reach 80.00%.The Fourier transform infrared and electrospray ionization results reveal that,despite the fact that the chloride ion in the leachate could significantly promote vanadium extraction,the chloride ion does not enter the organic phase,indicating an intriguing phenomenon.Among Cl^(-)-V,SO_(4)^(2-)-V,and H_(2)O-V,the V-Cl bond is longer and the potential difference between coordinate ions and vanadium is smaller.Therefore,Vo^(2+)gets easily desorbed with chloride ions and enter the organic phase.At the same time,the hydrogen ions of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid also enter the water phase more easily,which reduces the pH required for the extraction reaction.

Preparation of high acidity coefficient slag wool fiber with blast furnace slag and modifying agents

Preparation of high acidity coefficient slag wool fiber with molten slag and modifying agents is considered to be a positive approach for value-added utilization of blast furnace slag. In order to achieve the multi-purposes of fiber-forming, energy saving, and waste heat recovery, the modifying agents that can improve the acidity coefficient of slag effectively, economically, and environmentally were investigated. Three agents with different acidity coefficients were adopted to modify slag and manufacture wool fibers. The effect of agent and slag proportion on the melting temperature and viscosity of molten slag was studied at a fixed acidity coefficient of 1.8 and 2.0. The results indicate that the sample modified with high acidity coefficient agent and high slag proportion has lower melting temperature and viscosity. The effect of agent and slag temperature on the fiber diameter was also investigated when the acidity coefficient of slag is 2.0. At a fixed slag proportion of 50 wt.%, the mean diameter decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing viscosity coefficient. Besides, the temperature drops caused by the addition of agents and energy consumption of samples for heating the slag were also analyzed.

Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.

Chlorogenic Acid Maintains Glucose Homeostasis through Modulating the Expression of SGLT-1,GLUT-2,and PLG in Different Intestinal Segments of Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Objective To reveal the effects and related mechanisms of chlorogenic acid(CGA)on intestinal glucose homeostasis.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups:normal chow(NC),high-fat diet(HFD),HFD with low-dose CGA(20 mg/kg,HFD-LC),and HFD with high-dose CGA(90 mg/kg,HFD-HC).The oral glucose tolerance test was performed,and fast serum insulin(FSI)was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The m RNA expression levels of glucose transporters(Sglt-1 and Glut-2)and proglucagon(Plg)in different intestinal segments(the duodenum,jejunum,ileum,and colon)were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.SGLT-1 protein and the morphology of epithelial cells in the duodenum and jejunum was localized by using immunofluorescence.Results At both doses,CGA ameliorated the HFD-induced body weight gain,maintained FSI,and increased postprandial 30-min glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion.High-dose CGA inhibited the HFD-induced elevation in Sglt-1 expression.Both CGA doses normalized the HFD-induced downregulation of Glut-2 and elevated the expression of Plg in all four intestinal segments.Conclusion An HFD can cause a glucose metabolism disorder in the rat intestine and affect body glucose homeostasis.CGA can modify intestinal glucose metabolism by regulating the expression of intestinal glucose transporters and Plg,thereby controlling the levels of blood glucose and insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis.

Development Prospect and Strategies of High Oleic Acid Rapeseed in Hengyang City

On basis of characteristics and use way of high oleic acid rapeseeds, the research detailed significance in developing high oleic acid industry and performed analysis on relationship between research progress and development status at home and abroad, as well as natural conditions, industry basis and development potential in Hengyang. The research concluded that Hengyang takes advantages in developing high oleic acid industry and proposed development suggestions and countermeasures in Hengyang.

Enhanced Acid/Base Catalysis in High Temperature Liquid Water

Two novel and environmentally benign solvent systems, organic acids-ennchea high temperature liquid water （HTLW） and NH3-enriched HTLW, were developed, which can enhance the reaction rate of acid/base-catalyzed organic reactions in HTLW. We investigated the decomposition of fructose in organic acids-enriched HTLW, hydrolysis of cinnamaldehyde and aldol condensation of phenylaldehyde with acetaldehyde in NH3-enriched HTLW. The experimental results demonstrated that organic acids-enriched or NH3-enriched HTLW can greatly accelerate acid/base-catalyzed organic reactions in HTLW.

Study on Brewing Characteristics of High α-acid and High β-acid Hops

[Objectives] Columbus and Tsingtao Flower were selected to brew Ale beer, thereby studying the brewing characteristics of high α-acid and high β-acid content hops. [Methods] The content of diacetyl and bitterness in beer were determined by a spectrophotometer at 335 and 275 nm, respectively. With pH=8.2 as the end point of potentiometric titration, the total acid content in beer was calculated by acid-base titration method, and sensory evaluation for beer was conducted. [Results] The results show that α-acid is an important factor affecting the production and reduction rate of diacetyl in beer. The production and reduction rate of diacetyl in high α-acid hops were lower than those in high β-acid hops; iso-α-acid was the main source of bitterness in beer, and high α-acid hops had more significant bitter value than high β-acid hops; and malt acid compounds and fermentation production were the main source of total acid in beer, and high α-acid and high β-acid hops had a little effect on total acid in beer. In sensory evaluation, high α-acid hops were more effective than high β-acid hops in terms of zest of the mouthfeel, foaming retention and alcohol fragrance, while in clarity, high α-acid hops were lower than high β-acid hops. [Conclusions] Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that the brewing characteristics of high α-acid hops are better than those of high β-acid hops.

Highly Sensitive Detection of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization Using Au-Gated AlInN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor-Based Sensors

Gallium nitride- （GaN） based high electron mobility transistors （HEMTs） provide a good platform for biological detection. In this work, both Au-gated AlInN/GaN HEMT and AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensors are fabricated for the detection of deoxyribonucleic acid （DNA） hybridization. The Au-gated AIInN/GaN HEMT biosensor exhibits higher sensitivity in comparison with the AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensor. For the former, the drain-source current （VDS = 0.5 V） shows a clear decrease of 69μA upon the introduction of 1μmolL^-1 （μM） complimentary DNA to the probe DNA at the sensor area, while for the latter it is only 38 μA. This current reduction is a notable indication of the hybridization. The high sensitivity can be attributed to the thinner barrier of the AlInN/GaN heterostructure, which makes the two-dimensional electron gas channel more susceptible to a slight change of the surface charge.

Simultaneous determination of 12,13-dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture by high performance liquid chromatography

A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture. A Grace Apollo Cl8 column （250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm） was used as the stationary phase and the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and aqueous phosphoric acid （0.2%, v/v）. Gradient elution was carried out at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature was 30 ℃. An ultraviolet （UV） detector was used with a selected wavelength of 240 nm. Calibration curves were linear within the concentration range of 4.6-45.75 μg/mL for 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin （r〉0.9999） and 106.9-1068.9μg/mL for glycyrrhizic acid （r〉0.9999）, respectively. Recoveries were 102.18% for 12, 13-dihydroxyeuparin and 101.17% for glycyrrhizic acid. The method developed could be applied to the simultaneous determination of 12, 13- dihydroxyeuparin and glycyrrhizic acid in Yanyanfang mixture.

Effect of High Digestible Essential Amino Acids on Weight Gains and Carcass Compositions of Laying Hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high digestible essential amino acids （DEAA） on weight gains and carcass compositions of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty lsa Brown hens in five replications per treatment （12 birds/replicate） were used. Six experimental diets which contained of treatment 1 （negative control） as the conventional layer diet are recommended by NRC （1994） while another dietary treatments; treatments 2 （positive control）, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were formulated to meet 100%, 110%, 120%, 130% and 140% of Standard Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels （SIDLL） without crude protein minimum, while methionine （Met）, threonine （Thre） and tryptophan （Tryp） as related by Ideal Protein Concept （IPC） which suggested by NRC （1994） and INRA （2004）. However, metabolizable energy （ME）, calcium and available phosphorus （Avai P） levels of all experimental diets were meet requirement as recommended by NRC （1994）. The experiment was assigned in CRD and laying hens fed dietary treatments from 28 to 44 weeks of age and cage was the experimental unit （3 hens/cage）. The result shown that percentages of thigh （TP）, feet （FP）, drumstick （DP）, heart （HP）, liver （LP） and gizzard （GP） were not affected by dietary treatment. However, weight gains （WG） and percentage of dressed weight （DWP）, eviscerate weight （EWP） and breast （BP） were increased （P 〈 0.05） and abdominal fat was reduced （P 〈 0.05） when birds fad diets containing 130% of SIDLL as compared with control group and another dietary treatments, when increasing the DEAA levels upper to 130% of SIDLL. The result indicated that diets formulated without crude protein minimum and increased DEAA resulted in increasing the efficiency of converting metabolizable energy （ME） to net energy （NE） for increasing weight gain and improved meat products while fat deposition in carcass composition was reduced.

OPTICALLY ACTIVE AMINO ACIDS WITH HIGHLY BRANCHED SIDE CHAIN (I) SYNTHESIS OF D- AND L- 2-AMINO-5,5-DIMETHYLHEXANOIC ACID AND 2-AMINO-6,6-DIMETHYLHEPTANOIC ACID

The title compounds were prepared by the enzymatic resolution of the corresponding N-acetylated DL-amino acids methyl esters, which were obtained from t-butyl chloride via an 8-step synthesis.

Pathological Changes in Rabbit Retina and Its Relationship with Glutamic Acid after Injuries from High-Speed Bullets

Purpose:To observe the pathological changes in rabbit retinas and the measure of glutamic acid levels in the vitreous body after suffering from high-speed bullet injuries.Methods:Rabbits eyeball contusion models were established with high-speed bullets,i.e,the rabbits eyes were shot with a fixed air rifle at a speed of 90 m/s.(using plastic bullets,weighing 0.201 g,on average).Retinal tissues treated with HE staining and were prepared for light microscopy examination and glutamate levels were tested at different time points after the injury.Results:Edema,exudation,hemorrhage,and rupture were evident in rabbit retinas following bullet injuries.Meanwhile,glutamate levels gradually increased as time proceeded.Conclusion:Visual impairment is related with retinal damages after high-speed bullet injuries.Increased glutamate concentration serves as a potential factor for aggravating retinal injuries.

High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Urinary Trans,Trans-Muconic Acid Excreted by Workers Occupationally Exposed to Benzene

Objective To investigate the relationship between trans, trans-muconic acid （ttMA） as benzene metabolite of occupational workers and benzene concentration in air. Methods A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography was developed to determine the level of urinary ttMA. ttMA was extrated from urinary samples in liquid-liquid phase a ODS （2） （5u） column （Ф4.6 min× 150 mm） and detected at wavelength 264 nm in a UV detector using vanillic acid as an internal standard. The mobile phase was acetaticacid/tetrahydrofuran/methanol/water （v/v, 1：2：10：87）. The method was validated with 56 urine samples collected from occupationally benzene-exposed individuals. Results A correlation coefficient （r = 0.9963 ） was found for ttMA ranging 0.10-10.00 μg/mL. The limit of detection was 0.10μ g/mL. The recovery and reproducibility were generally over 90%. There was a positive correlation between ttMA and benzene level in air. The equation was Y=0.859＋0.108C （before work, r=0.6200） or Y=1.980＋0.179C （after work, r=0.7930）. Conclusion This method can be used to determine and control the level of urinary ttMA in those who are occupationally exposed to benzene.

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine was investigated to assess the effects of sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, leaching temperature, and the stirring speed on the leaching rates of zinc and iron. The results showed that the sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, and leaching temperature strongly influenced the leaching of zinc and iron, whereas stirring speed had little influence. Zinc was mainly leached and the leaching rate of iron was low when the sulfuric acid concentration was less than 100 g/L. At sulfuric acid concentrations higher than 100 g/L, the leaching rate of iron increased quickly with increasing sulfuric acid concentration. This behavior is attributed to iron-bearing minerals such as zinc ferrite in zinc calcine dissolving at high temperatures and high sulfuric acid concentrations but not at low temperatures and low sulfuric acid concentrations.

One step graft copolymerization of acrylic acid and sodium styrene sulfonate onto high-density polyethylene film by preirradiation method

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) films were irradiated by 60Co gamma ray with a dose of 100 kGy in air and then immersed in aqueous solution of acrylic acid (AA) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) at different temperature. The effects of grafting conditions such as temperature, reaction time, Mohr’s salt concentration, and total concentration of monomer on grafting yield were studied. Both grafting yield of AA and SSS onto HDPE respectively increases with total concentration of monomers. The highest grafting yield was observed at 3 mol/L monomers where the grafted PE swelled to the largest extent in the monomers mixture. The grafting yield increases with reaction time and then levels off. At higher temperature, the grafting yield decreases with Mohr’s salt concentration, but increases at low temperature when Mohr’s salt concentration is 0.083%. Which can be interpreted that in the presence of Fe2+ diperoxides and hydroperoxides may decompose at low temperature to form radical which can initiate the grafting. The physical and chemical properties of grafting films were also investigated.

Analysis of Amino Acids in Houttuynia Cordata Thunb. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD)

[Objectives] The biologically active compounds of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. as a medicinal and edible plant are well documented. However, amino acid as an important indicator of the value of H. cordata is little reported. [Methods] Amino acids of the H. cordata were analysed by pre-column derivatization with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzne(CDNB) coupled to HPLC/DAD. The optimized conditions of the amino acids derivatized by CDNB were followed: 110 ℃ of hydrolysis temperature, 1∶12 of the equivalent proportion between amino acid and CDNB, 80 min of derivatization reaction time and 80 ℃ of derivatization reaction temperature. The method was used to determine the amino acids of H. cordata samples from 11 different geographical sites in Guizhou. [Results] The results suggested that the contents of 17 amino acids were quite variable at different H. cordata samples. [Conclusions] This study will provide a basis for the quality evaluation of H. cordata nutrition.

Modulating Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Lipids and Glucose Metabolism and Expression of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α in Golden Hamsters Fed on High Fat Diet

Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α） in these effects. Methods Twenty male golden hamsters were randomly divided into CGA treatment group （n=10, given peritoneal injection of CGA solution prepared with PBS, 80 mg CGA/kg body weight daily）, and control group （n=10, given PBS i.p. at the average volume of the treatment group）. Animals in both groups were given 15% high fat diet. Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the level of biochemical parameters in fasting serum and tissues and the expression of hepatic mRNA and protein PPAR-α were determined. Results Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the levels of fasting serum triglyceride （TG）, free fatty acid （FFA）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, glucose （FSG）, and insulin （FSI） were significantly lower in the GGA treatment group than in the control group. CGA also led to higher activity of hepatic lipase （HL） lower contents of TG and FFA in liver, and lower activity of lipoprotein lipase （LPL） in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CGA significantly elevated significantly elevated the expression level of mRNA and protein expression in hepatic PPAR-α. Conclusion CGA can modify lipids and glucose metabolism, which may be attributed to PPAR-α facilitated lipid clearance in liver and improved insulin sensitivity.