A review of high performance computing applications in high-speed rail systems

Further improving the railway innovation capacity and technological strength is the important goal of the 14th Five-Year Plan for railway scientific and technological innovation.It includes promoting the deep integration of cutting-edge technologies with the railway systems,strengthening the research and application of intelligent railway technologies,applying green computing technologies and advancing the collaborative sharing of transportation big data.The high-speed rail system tasks need to process huge amounts of data and heavy workload with the requirement of ultra-fast response.Therefore,it is of great necessity to promote computation efficiency by applying High Performance Computing(HPC)to high-speed rail systems.The HPC technique is a great solution for improving the performance,efficiency,and safety of high-speed rail systems.In this review,we introduce and analyze the application research of high performance computing technology in the field of highspeed railways.These HPC applications are cataloged into four broad categories,namely:fault diagnosis,network and communication,management system,and simulations.Moreover,challenges and issues to be addressed are discussed and further directions are suggested.

The Changing Face of High Performance Computing in the United States

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Development of Operational Technology for Meteorological High Performance Computing

As an important branch of information technology, high-performance computing has expanded its application field and its influence has been expanding. High-performance computing is always a key area of application in meteorology. We used field research and literature review methods to study the application of high performance computing in China’s meteorological department, and obtained the following results: 1) China Meteorological Department gradually established the first high-performance computer system since 1978. High-performance computing services can support operational numerical weather prediction models. 2) The Chinese meteorological department has always used the relatively advanced high-performance computing technology, and the business system capability has been continuously improved. The computing power has become an important symbol of the level of meteorological modernization. 3) High-performance computing technology and meteorological numerical forecasting applications are increasingly integrated, and continue to innovate and develop. 4) In the future, high-performance computing resource management will gradually transit from the current local pre-allocation mode to the local remote unified scheduling and shared use. In summary, we have come to the conclusion that the performance calculation business of the meteorological department will usher in a better tomorrow.

EEA algorithm model in estimating spread and evaluating countermeasures on high performance computing

This work started out with the in-depth feasibil-ity study and limitation analysis on the current disease spread estimating and countermea-sures evaluating models, then we identify that the population variability is a crucial impact which has been always ignored or less empha-sized. Taking HIV/AIDS as the application and validation background, we propose a novel al-gorithm model system, EEA model system, a new way to estimate the spread situation, evaluate different countermeasures and analyze the development of ARV-resistant disease strains. The model is a series of solvable ordi-nary differential equation (ODE) models to es-timate the spread of HIV/AIDS infections, which not only require only one year’s data to deduce the situation in any year, but also apply the piecewise constant method to employ multi- year information at the same time. We simulate the effects of therapy and vaccine, then evaluate the difference between them, and offer the smallest proportion of the vaccination in the population to defeat HIV/AIDS, especially the advantage of using the vaccination while the deficiency of using therapy separately. Then we analyze the development of ARV-resistant dis-ease strains by the piecewise constant method. Last but not least, high performance computing (HPC) platform is applied to simulate the situa-tion with variable large scale areas divided by grids, and especially the acceleration rate will come to around 4 to 5.5.

Evaluation of the Application Benefit of Meteorological High Performance Computing Resources

The meteorological high-performance computing resource is the support platform for the weather forecast and climate prediction numerical model operation. The scientific and objective method to evaluate the application of meteorological high-performance computing resources can not only provide reference for the optimization of active resources, but also provide a quantitative basis for future resource construction and planning. In this paper, the concept of the utility value B and index compliance rate E of the meteorological high performance computing system are presented. The evaluation process, evaluation index and calculation method of the high performance computing resource application benefits are introduced.

The future is frozen:cryogenic CMOS for high-performance computing

Low temperature complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)or cryogenic CMOS is a promising avenue for the continuation of Moore’s law while serving the needs of high performance computing.With temperature as a control“knob”to steepen the subthreshold slope behavior of CMOS devices,the supply voltage of operation can be reduced with no impact on operating speed.With the optimal threshold voltage engineering,the device ON current can be further enhanced,translating to higher performance.In this article,the experimentally calibrated data was adopted to tune the threshold voltage and investigated the power performance area of cryogenic CMOS at device,circuit and system level.We also presented results from measurement and analysis of functional memory chips fabricated in 28 nm bulk CMOS and 22 nm fully depleted silicon on insulator(FDSOI)operating at cryogenic temperature.Finally,the challenges and opportunities in the further development and deployment of such systems were discussed.

Carbonation Resistance of Sulphoaluminate Cement-based High Performance Concrete

The influences of water/cement ratio and admixtures on carbonation resistance of sulphoaluminate cement-based high performance concrete （HPC） were investigated. The experimental results show that with the decreasing water/cement ratio, the carbonation depth of sulphoaluminate cement-based HPC is decreased remarkably, and the carbonation resistance capability is also improved with the adding admixtures. The morphologies and structure characteristics of sulphoaluminate cement hydration products before and after carbonation were analyzed using SEM and XRD. The analysis results reveal that the main hydration product of sulphoaluminate cement, that is ettringite （AFt）, decomposes after carbonation.

HIGH PERFORMANCE SPARSE SOLVER FOR UNSYMMETRICAL LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH OUT-OF-CORE STRATEGIES AND ITS APPLICATION ON MESHLESS METHODS

A new direct method for solving unsymmetrical sparse linear systems（USLS） arising from meshless methods was introduced. Computation of certain meshless methods such as meshless local Petrov-Galerkin （MLPG） method need to solve large USLS. The proposed solution method for unsymmetrical case performs factorization processes symmetrically on the upper and lower triangular portion of matrix, which differs from previous work based on general unsymmetrical process, and attains higher performance. It is shown that the solution algorithm for USLS can be simply derived from the existing approaches for the symmetrical case. The new matrix factorization algorithm in our method can be implemented easily by modifying a standard JKI symmetrical matrix factorization code. Multi-blocked out-of-core strategies were also developed to expand the solution scale. The approach convincingly increases the speed of the solution process, which is demonstrated with the numerical tests.

A NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE SPARSE STATIC SOLVER IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS WITH LOOP-UNROLLING

In the previous papers, a high performance sparse static solver with two-level unrolling based on a cell-sparse storage scheme was reported. Although the solver reaches quite a high efficiency for a big percentage of finite element analysis benchmark tests, the MFLOPS （million floating operations per second） of LDL^T factorization of benchmark tests vary on a Dell Pentium IV 850 MHz machine from 100 to 456 depending on the average size of the super-equations, i.e., on the average depth of unrolling. In this paper, a new sparse static solver with two-level unrolling that employs the concept of master-equations and searches for an appropriate depths of unrolling is proposed. The new solver provides higher MFLOPS for LDL^T factorization of benchmark tests, and therefore speeds up the solution process.

Creep experimental test and analysis of high-performance concrete in bridge

Factors that have effect on concrete creep include mixture composition,curing conditions,ambient exposure conditions,and element geometry.Considering concrete mixtures influence and in order to improve the prediction of prestress loss in important structures,an experimental test under laboratory conditions was carried out to investigate compression creep of two high performance concrete mixtures used for prestressed members in one bridge.Based on the experimental results,a power exponent function of creep degree for structural numerical analysis was used to model the creep degree of two HPCs,and two series of parameters of this function for two HPCs were calculated with evolution program optimum method.The experimental data was compared with CEB-FIP 90 and ACI 209(92) models,and the two code models both overestimated creep degrees of the two HPCs.So it is recommended that the power exponent function should be used in this bridge structure analysis.

玄武岩石粉对HPC工作性及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

研究了玄武岩石粉的粒径和替代率0、10%、20%、30%(等质量替代水泥)对高性能混凝土(HPC)工作性和抗氯离子渗透性能的影响,并结合压汞分析技术从微观角度探讨了玄武岩石粉的作用机理。结果表明:随着玄武岩石粉粒径和替代率的增加,HPC的流动度和初凝时间均呈增大趋势;随着玄武岩石粉替代率的增加,HPC的电通量先减小后增大;随着玄武岩石粉粒径的增加,HPC的电通量呈增大趋势;玄武岩石粉的粒径对HPC抗氯离子渗透性能的影响与其替代率紧密相关,当替代率较低时,粒径越小,HPC的抗氯离子渗透性能越好,而当替代率较高时,减小粒径对HPC抗氯离子渗透性能的改善效果不大;玄武岩石粉的填充效应和潜在活性可以提高基体的密实度,从而提高HPC的抗氯离子渗透性能。

基于并行计算和遗传算法的钢-UHPC华夫板组合梁优化设计

为实现钢-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)华夫板组合梁结构快速经济合理的设计,提出了基于并行计算与遗传算法的结构优化设计方法.通过Python建立了并行计算平台,使Abaqus和Python能够执行同步数值模拟和数据处理,以成本最小化为目标,采用遗传算法对钢-UHPC华夫板组合梁进行了优化,验证了所提方法的可行性.结果表明,遗传算法中密集的分析任务可以并行化并分配给不同的计算资源以提高计算效率;使用并行计算可以提高8.6倍的优化效率;并行计算和串行计算的CPU平均使用率分别为82%和18%.本文方法的成功应用可为其他类型结构的优化设计提供参考.

Parallel Optical Interconnect Technology: Combination of Higher Performance and Lower Energy Consumption

This paper analyzes the physical potential, computing performance benefi t and power consumption of optical interconnects. Compared with electrical interconnections, optical ones show undoubted advantages based on physical factor analysis. At the same time, since the recent developments drive us to think about whether these optical interconnect technologies with higher bandwidth but higher cost are worthy to be deployed, the computing performance comparison is performed. To meet the increasing demand of large-scale parallel or multi-processor computing tasks, an analytic method to evaluate parallel computing performance ofinterconnect systems is proposed in this paper. Both bandwidth-limit model and full-bandwidth model are under our investigation. Speedup and effi ciency are selected to represent the parallel performance of an interconnect system. Deploying the proposed models, we depict the performance gap between the optical and electrically interconnected systems. Another investigation on power consumption of commercial products showed that if the parallel interconnections are deployed, the unit power consumption will be reduced. Therefore, from the analysis of computing influence and power dissipation, we found that parallel optical interconnect is valuable combination of high performance and low energy consumption. Considering the possible data center under construction, huge power could be saved if parallel optical interconnects technologies are used.

Towards Auction-Based HPC Computing in the Cloud

Cloud computing is expanding widely in the world of IT infrastructure. This is due partly to the cost-saving effect of economies of scale. Fair market conditions can in theory provide a healthy environment to reflect the most reasonable costs of computations. While fixed cloud pricing provides an attractive low entry barrier for compute-intensive applications, both the consumer and supplier of computing resources can see high efficiency for their investments by participating in auction-based exchanges. There are huge incentives for the cloud provider to offer auctioned resources. However, from the consumer perspective, using these resources is a sparsely discussed challenge. This paper reports a methodology and framework designed to address the challenges of using HPC （High Performance Computing） applications on auction-based cloud clusters. The authors focus on HPC applications and describe a method for determining bid-aware checkpointing intervals. They extend a theoretical model for determining checkpoint intervals using statistical analysis of pricing histories. Also the latest developments in the SpotHPC framework are introduced which aim at facilitating the managed execution of real MPI applications on auction-based cloud environments. The authors use their model to simulate a set of algorithms with different computing and communication densities. The results show the complex interactions between optimal bidding strategies and parallel applications performance.

Use of Stone Dust in the Design of High Performance Concrete

This research evaluated the suitability of stone dust in the design and production of High Perfor-mance Concrete (HPC). HPC mix was designed, tested, costed and a comparison of concrete classes used in the market (Class 25, 30 and 35) done using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA). The cost benefit was analyzed using Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV). Laboratory tests established the properties concrete obtained from the design mix. Compressive strength, slump, and modulus of elasticity were tested and analyzed. Structural analysis using BS 8110 was done for a 10 storey office building to establish the structural member sizes. Members obtained from concrete Classes 25, 30, 35 and the new compressive strengths from HPC (Class 80) were obtained and compared. Analysis was done for structural members’ sizes and area freed as a result of de-signing with HPC as well as the steel reinforcement used. To justify the initial cost of HPC if ado- pted, the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) was used to estimate increased costs versus income resulting from increased let table space created. The minimum class of concrete used in design was limited to Class 25 N/mm2. The research shows that it is possible to manufacture high strength concrete using locally available stone dust. The stone dust sampled from Mlolongo quarries achieved a characteristic strength of 86.7 N/mm2 at a water cement ratio of 0.32. With the results structural analysis of a 10 storey office structures with columns spaced at 8 meters center to center was de-signed using the four classes and results compared. There was a reduction of columns from 1.2 m wide to 0.65 m wide (over 45%) when concrete class changes from Class 25 to Class 80 creating over 3% of the total space area per floor. Cost benefit analysis using Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) presented business case for the use of HPC. With Class 80, the IRR was at 3% and NPV being 8% of the total initial investment. The steel reinforcement increased by 8.64% using Class 30, 11.68% using Class 35 and reduced by 8.37% at Class 80. Further analysis needs to be done to understand the trend of steel reinforcement keeping all the member sizes the same. In this study the member sizes were optimized based on the steel reinforcement and serviceability. This paper provides useful information to design Engineers and Architects and inform future design of multi storey structures.

Analysis of Starting Performance of High PowerFactor Induction Motor with Floating Windingin Parallel Connection with Capacitors

In this paper, by using a matrix technique, a dynamic model of high power factor induction motor with floating winding in parallel connection with capacitors is established. Then, the starting performance of this motor is analyzed by computer simulation. By comparison of the tested and computed results, which are in good agreement, the dynamic model and simulative method are verified.

Intrusion Detection Using Federated Learning for Computing

The integration of clusters,grids,clouds,edges and other computing platforms result in contemporary technology of jungle computing.This novel technique has the aptitude to tackle high performance computation systems and it manages the usage of all computing platforms at a time.Federated learning is a collaborative machine learning approach without centralized training data.The proposed system effectively detects the intrusion attack without human intervention and subsequently detects anomalous deviations in device communication behavior,potentially caused by malicious adversaries and it can emerge with new and unknown attacks.The main objective is to learn overall behavior of an intruder while performing attacks to the assumed target service.Moreover,the updated system model is send to the centralized server in jungle computing,to detect their pattern.Federated learning greatly helps the machine to study the type of attack from each device and this technique paves a way to complete dominion over all malicious behaviors.In our proposed work,we have implemented an intrusion detection system that has high accuracy,low False Positive Rate(FPR)scalable,and versatile for the jungle computing environment.The execution time taken to complete a round is less than two seconds,with an accuracy rate of 96%.

面向高性能计算的互连网络拥塞控制分析与评估

随着高性能计算技术的发展,高性能计算系统的网络节点数量不断增长,高性能计算应用对网络性能的要求越来越高,高性能互连网络的拥塞控制面临很大的压力与挑战。针对高性能计算互连网络的特点,研究高效、低开销的拥塞控制方法,是确保高性能互连网络性能和稳定性的关键。针对高性能计算系统中互连通信的核心问题,对主流的拥塞控制方法进行分析和实验比较;基于高性能计算系统的结构特点和通信特性,设计用于大规模模拟仿真的数据流模型和流文件生成工具,并提出一种拥塞控制综合评价指标;使用所提出的数据流模型,在较大规模网络中对不同拥塞控制方法进行模拟,并基于所提出的评价指标对几种拥塞控制方法的性能进行分析和评估。提出的分析和评估技术可以对高性能互连网络的拥塞控制方法进行更客观和准确的分析与评估。

遗传-蚁群算法在高性能计算任务调度中的应用

针对目前高性能计算任务调度策略利用率低、负载不均衡等问题,设计一种基于遗传-蚁群算法的高性能计算任务调度算法(GA-ACO)。GA-ACO分为两个阶段,第一阶段通过遗传算法缩小空间快速搜索到优秀解,紧接着将其转化为蚁群算法的初始信息素;第二阶段提出一种基于蚁群信息素的全局更新策略对收敛速度做出优化。实验分析表明,与蚁群算法和遗传算法相比,该算法缩短了任务完成时间,降低了节点负载率。

面向高性能计算环境的多维自适应授权访问策略

高性能计算能力是国家综合实力和创新能力的重要体现,是支撑我国科技持续发展的关键技术之一。随着高性能计算的发展,越来越多领域的科研人员开始关注并使用高性能计算环境。高性能计算环境目前面临资源有限、用户数目增多等挑战。为保证环境的安全性、提高环境资源的利用率,需设置一定的授权访问策略来约束用户的访问行为。本文针对高性能计算环境服务对象用户和应用社区或业务平台,基于机器学习算法对用户行为进行分析获取相关属性,设计并实现了一种多维自适应授权访问策略(MAAC)。实验表明,MAAC可实现对环境资源有效和灵活访问控制,同时该策略的决策时间可控制在1 ms内,与策略响应时间相比可忽略不计。