Wear Patterns and Mechanisms of Cutting Tools in High Speed Face Milling

High speed machining has received an important interest because it leads to an increase of productivity and a better workpiece surface quality. However, at high cutting speeds, the tool wear increases dramatically due to the high temperature at the tool-workpiece interface. Tool wear impairs the surface finish and hence the tool life is reduced. That is why an important objective of metal cutting research has been the assessment of tool wear patterns and mechanisms. In this paper, wear performances of PCBN tool, ceramic tool, coated carbide tool and fine-grained carbide tool in high speed face milling were presented when cutting cast iron, 45# tempered carbon steel and 45# hardened carbon steel. Tool wear patterns were examined through a tool-making microscope. The research results showed that tool wear types differed in various matching of materials between cutting tool and workpiece. The dominant wear patterns observed were rake face wear, flank wear, chipping, fracture and breakage. The main wear mechanisms were mechanical friction, adhesion, diffusion and chemical wear promoted by cutting forces and high cutting temperature. Hence, the important considerations of high speed cutting tool materials are high heat-resistance and wear-resistance, chemical stability as well as resistance to failure of coatings. The research results will be great benefit to the design and the selection of tool materials and control of tool wear in high-speed machining processes.

CUTTING REGULARITY AND DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS BY USING COMPOSITE COOLING LIQUID IN WIRE CUT ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINE WITH HIGH WIRE TRAVELING SPEED

The analysis of cutting regularity is provided through using and comparing two typical cooling liquids. It is proved that cutting regularity is greatly affected by cooling liquid＇s washing ability. Discharge characteristics and theoretic analysis between two electrodes are also discussed based on discharge waveform. By using composite cooling liquid which has strong washing ability, the efficiency in the first stable cutting phase has reached more than 200 mm^2/min, and the roughness of the surface has reached Ra〈0.8 μm after the fourth cutting with more than 50 mm^2/min average cutting efficiency. It is pointed out that cutting situation of the wire cut electrical discharge machine with high wire traveling speed （HSWEDM） is better than the wire cut electrical discharge machine with low wire traveling speed （LSWEDM） in the condition of improving the cooling liquid washing ability. The machining indices of HSWEDM will be increased remarkably by using the composite cooling liquid.

High Speed Cutting Inconel 718 with Coated Carbide and Ceramic Inserts

High speed machining (HSM) technology is one of important aspects of advanced manufacturing technology. Nickel-based superalloys have been widely used in the aircraft and nuclear industry due to their exceptional thermal resistance and the ability to retain mechanical properties at elevated temperatures of service environment over 700 ℃. However, they are classified as difficult-to-cut materials due to their high shear strength, work hardening tendency, highly abrasive carbide particles in the microstructure, strong tendency to weld and form built-up edge and low thermal conductivity. They have a tendency to maintain their strength at high temperature that is generated during machining. The Inconel 718 workpiece material used in the experiment was in the hot forged and annealed condition. The commercially available inserts (all inserts were made by Kennametal Inc.) were selected for the tests, a PVD TiAlN coated carbide, a CVD/PVD TiN/TiCN/TiN coated carbide and a CVD Al 2O 3/TiC/TiCN coated carbide were used at the cutting speed range about 50～100 m/min. Three kinds Sialon grade inserts with various geometry and cutting angles were used at the cutting speed range from 100 m/min to 300 m/min. For evaluating the inserts machinability when high speed cutting Inconel 718, Taylor Formula within certain cutting speeds, an high speed cutting experiment of tool life was carried out to establish the models of tool life by means of rapid facing turning test. The conclusions drawn from the turning of Inconel 718 with silicon nitride based ceramic; PVD and CVD coated carbide inserts are as follows: Studies on tool wear in high speed machining. The thorough investigations and studies were made on the tool wear form, wear process and wear mechanism in high speed cutting of difficult-to-machine materials with ceramic tools and with coated carbides. The major wear mechanisms of nickel-based alloys are interactions of abrasive wear, adhesion wear, micro-breakout and chipping. Optimization analysis on the application of high speed machining. Based on the experimental results, the optimal cutting parameters were determined for machining of Inconel 718 at high speed. The recommendation of tool inserts for high speed cutting inconel 718 were ceramic inserts of KY2000 with negative rake angle and KY2100 with round type, the PVD coated carbide insert KC7310 was recommended for its lower price.

Mesoplasticity Approach to Studies of the Cutting Mechanism in Ultra-precision Machining

There have been various theoretical attempts by researchers worldwide to link up different scales of plasticity studies from the nano-, micro- and macro-scale of observation, based on molecular dynamics, crystal plasticity and continuum mechanics. Very few attempts, however, have been reported in ultra-precision machining studies. A mesoplasticity approach advocated by Lee and Yang is adopted by the authors and is successfully applied to studies of the micro-cutting mechanisms in ultra-precision machining. Traditionally, the shear angle in metal cutting, as well as the cutting force variation, can only be determined from cutting tests. In the pioneering work of the authors, the use of mesoplasticity theory enables prediction of the fluctuation of the shear angle and micro-cutting force, shear band formation, chip morphology in diamond turning and size effect in nano-indentation. These findings are verified by experiments. The mesoplasticity formulation opens up a new direction of studies to enable how the plastic behaviour of materials and their constitutive representations in deformation processing, such as machining can be predicted, assessed and deduced from the basic properties of the materials measurable at the microscale.

Tool Failure Analysis in High Speed Milling of Titanium Alloys

In high speed milling of titanium alloys the high rate of tool failure is the main reason for its high manufacturing cost. In this study,fractured tools which were used in a titanium alloys 5-axis milling process have been observed both in the macro scale using a PG-1000 light microscope and in the micro scale using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) respectively. These observations indicate that most of these tool fractures are the result of tool chipping. Further analysis of each chipping event has shown that beachmarks emanate from points on the cutting edge. This visual evidence indicates that the cutting edge is failing in fatigue due to cyclical mechanical and/or thermal stresses. Initial analyses explaining some of the outlying conditions for this phenomenon are discussed. Future analysis regarding determining the underlying causes of the fatigue phenomenon is then outlined.

HIGH SPEED MILLING OF GRAPHITE ELECTRODE WITH ENDMILL OF SMALL DIAMETER

Graphite becomes the prevailing electrode material in electrical discharging machining （EDM）currently.Orthogonal cutting experiments are carried out to study the characteristics of graphite chip formation process.High speed milling experiments are conducted to study tool wear and cutting forces.The results show that depth of cut has great influence on graphite chip formation.The removal process of graphite in high speed milling is the mutual result of cutting and grinding process. Graphite is prone to cause severe abrasion wear to coated carbide endmills due to its high abrasiveness nature.The major patterns of tool wear are flank wear,rake wear,micro-chipping and breakage. Cutting forces can be reduced by adoption of higher cutting speed,moderate feed per tooth,smaller radial and axial depths of cut,and up cutting.

Grey Relational Optimization of Turning Parameters in Dry Machining of Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Zr Based Coated Tools

The present work aims at the microstructural characterization of TiAlZrN/ Al2O3 and TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coatings deposited via lateral rotating cathodes. The coatings were deposited using Lateral Rotating Cathodes (LARC) technology. The deposited coatings were studied for its cross sectional morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Energy Dispersive Spectrometry was also conducted along the cross section to determine the elemental composition. Micro Vickers hardness test was conducted to determine the hardness of the coatings. The scanning electron microscope images showed that TiAlZrN/Al2O3 coatings showed preferred columnar grain orientation with multilayered structure while TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coatings exhibit a dense grain structure. The TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coating shows a hardness of 31.58 GPa while TiAlZrN/Al2O3 coating shows a hardness of 25.40 GPa. Dry turning tests were performed on AISI 304 stainless steel. The TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coatings show reduced flank wear. Both the coatings even under severe cutting conditions impart surface roughness of less than 1.5 μm.

Research on dynamic characteristics of high speed milling force based on discontinuous functions

This paper begins with a consideration of the influence of feed per revolution upon the depth of a cut and the impact of the machining method on the direction of tool pressure average and subsequent description of efficient cutting directions and the methods for load cell orientation. The paper goes further into the key conclusions concerning the dependences of the cutting depth at high-speed milling as in the case of discontinuous functions. It ends with recommendations offered for positioning of load cells for cut-up milling and cut-down milling.

Cutting force and its frequency spectrum characteristics in high speed milling of titanium alloy with a polycrystalline diamond tool

In this paper, a series of experiments were performed by high speed milling of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) by use of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools. The characteristics of high speed machining (HSM) dynamic milling forces were investi- gated. The effects of the parameters of the process, i.e., cutting speed, feed per tooth, and depth of axial cut, on cutting forces were studied. The cutting force signals under different cutting speed conditions and different cutting tool wear stages were analyzed by frequency spectrum analysis. The trend and frequency domain aspects of the dynamic forces were evaluated and discussed. The results indicate that a characteristic frequency in cutting force power spectrum does in fact exist. The amplitudes increase with the increase of cutting speed and tool wear level, which could be applied to the monitoring of the cutting process.

高速铣削-激光切割机床数控加工高精度控制技术

激光切割机铣削过程中会因工件变形导致表面出现凹凸不平或波浪状,表面局部区域高低不等,致使机床的浮动轴偏离实际运动轨迹,影响工件铣削加工的质量。为此,提出一种高速铣削-激光切割机床数控加工高精度控制技术。采用运动学理论、矩阵转换函数建立激光切割机床运动数学模型,利用PLC控制器、伺服驱动器及电机等搭建激光切割机床高速铣削加工控制模型,使用负反馈控制算法、位移误差函数控制机床铣削加工浮动轴运动,即当浮动轴执行上浮或者下浮运动时,若浮动轴运动轨迹偏离预设轨迹,调节PLC控制器参数来驱动电机控制作业,使其反向运动,直到落在预设轨迹上,实现铣削加工的高精度控制。实验结果表明,所提技术工件的铣削加工质量高,高速铣削过程中上浮点、下浮点控制误差最大值分别为6 mm、6 mm,铣削加工控制的响应时间为6.8 ms。

高速线切割机床上丝辅助装置设计

现有高速线切割机床的上丝装置在上丝过程中易发生断丝与张紧力不均衡现象,降低了机床切削稳定性和工件加工质量。通过分析现有装置的结构,提出增加推力球轴承,以防止锁紧螺母跟转而导致储丝盘卡顿引起断丝;根据丝线的拉力计算出弹簧压缩量及其他相关参数。经I-DEAS软件建模、装配、仿真表明,该装置可以满足生产要求。

钛合金高速超声振动车削表面完整性及耐磨损性能试验研究

在可替代性弱且常被用于制造航空发动机关键部件的前提下,钛合金等难加工材料的高效高质切削面临挑战。针对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V加工表面完整性不佳和使役性能有待提升难题,开展了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的高速车削试验,分析了高速超声振动切削技术对钛合金Ti-6Al-4V表面完整性和已加工表面耐磨损性能的改善效果,进而为钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的高质量加工提供理论支撑。结果表明,相比于普通切削,高速超声振动切削有效降低了钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的表面粗糙度,提高了表面强度和表面残余压应力,以及增强了耐磨损性能。

Inconel 718镍基高温合金高速切削仿真与刀具磨损机理研究

Inconel 718高温合金因强度高和导热系数低导致其切削加工性较差,采用陶瓷刀具高速切削Inconel 718时存在磨损快、寿命短等问题。通过仿真和试验对比分析,研究切削用量对切削力、切削温度和刀具磨损的影响规律,并获取高速切削过程中刀具前、后刀面温度场和应力场的动态分布规律,为镍基高温合金的高速切削及刀具设计制备提供指导依据。结果表明,切削速度对切削力和切削温度的影响程度小于背吃刀量和进给量;在选择切削参数时,优先选取较高的切削速度;沟槽磨损是抑制陶瓷刀具耐用度的关键因素,主要失效机理是黏结磨损。

复杂结构的铝合金锻件高速切削加工方法研究

以支臂零件为例,展示了零件的典型结构,并对零件进行了工艺性分析。根据零件的特点,从零件的毛坯形式、工艺装备的设计、加工设备的选择以及典型的加工工序等方面出发,设计了一套适宜的加工方案。基于高速切削加工技术的特点,详细描述了零件在高速切削情况下的加工与编程方法,并通过对零件的实际加工,验证了加工方案的可行性,进而总结出复杂结构的铝合金锻件数控高速切削的加工方法及合理的切削参数。

Tool Life and Surface Integrity in High-speed Milling of Titanium Alloy TA15 with PCD/PCBN Tools

Titanium alloys are widely used in aeronautics that demand a good combination of high strength, good corrosion resistance and low mass. The mechanical properties lead to challenges in machining operations such as high process temperature as well as rapidly increasing tool wear. The conventional tool materials are not able to maintain their hardness and other mechanical prop- erties at higher cutting temperatures encountered in high speed machining. In this work, the new material tools, which are poly- crystalline diamond （PCD） and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride （PCBN） tools, are used in high-speed milling of Ti-6.5AI-2Zr-IMo-IV （TA15） alloy. The performance and wear mechanism of the tools are investigated. Compared to PCBN tool, PCD tool has a much longer tool life, especially at higher cutting speeds. Analyses based on the SEM and EDX suggest that attrition, adhesion and diffusion are the main wear mechanisms of PCD and PCBN tools in high-speed milling of TA 15. Oxida- tion wear is also observed at PCBN tool/workpiece interface. Roughness, defects, micro-hardness and microstructure of the ma- chined surface are investigated. The recorded surface roughness values with PCD/PCBN tools are bellow 0.3 μm at initial and steady cutting stage. Micro-hardness analysis shows that the machined surface hardening depth with PCD and PCBN tools is small. There is no evidence of sub-surface defects with PCD and PCBN tools. It is concluded that for TA15 alloy, high-speed milling can be carried out with PCD/PCBN tools.

Tool wear during high speed turning in situ TiC_p/TiB_w hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite

Chipping, adhesive wear, abrasive wear and crater wear are prevalent for both the polycrystalline diamond （PCD） and the carbide tools during high speed turning of TiCp/TiBw hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V （TC4） matrix composite （TMCs）. The combined effects of abrasive wear and diffusion wear caused the big crater on PCD and carbide tool rake face. Compared to the PCD, bigger size of crater was found on the carbide tool due to much higher cutting temperature and the violent chemical reaction between the Ti element in the workpiece and the WC in the tool. However, the marks of the abrasive wear looked much slighter or even could not be observed on the carbide tool especially when low levels of cutting parameters were used, which attributes to much lower hardness and smaller size of WC combined with more significant chemical degradation of carbide. When cutting TC4 using PCD tool, notch wear was the most significant wear pattern which was not found when cutting the TMCs. However, chipping, adhesive wear and crater wear were much milder when compared to the cutting of titanium matrix composite. Due to the absence of abrasive wear when cutting TC4, the generated titanium carbide on the PCD protected the tool from fast wear, which caused that the tool life for TC4 was 6-10 times longer than that for TMCs.

基于高速钢对TC4钛合金的车削研究

文章针对TC4钛合金车削进行了探索性研究,并对TC4钛合金材料进行了分析。通过对刀具参数、切削参数、切削液的合理选择,以及多次车削试验和分析,确定了适用于TC4钛合金材料零件的高速钢车削加工方法,并验证了不同的参数在车削过程中对钛合金零件加工的影响。该研究为钛合金材料零件采用高速钢车削提供了可参考的相关依据,具有一定的应用价值。

钻削高速钢钻头的寿命研究

高速钢切削加工性能差,采用传统的加工方法钻削高速钢零件容易出现刀具寿命短、易损坏等问题。文章从刀具结构、涂层选择、加工冷却方式、加工程序等方面进行了针对性优化。经过多次切削试验表明,优化后钻头刀具寿命明显延长,钻头加工时所受轴向钻削力减少约50%。

超声椭圆振动切削装置应用现状及发展综述

椭圆振动切削装置可很好地解决高性能材料的硬脆性加工难的问题。椭圆振动切削装置通过给刀具施加超声振动使刀具与工件分离,这种方式可降低切削力,提高工件表面的加工质量。该文首先介绍了该装置的切削原理,其次对其结构特点和研究现状做了分析,最后对该装置的性能特性进行了总结。目的是通过对这类装置的介绍和性能分析,使超精密加工领域的相关科研工作者和技术人员较好地掌握类似装置的性能特性,为后续加工装置的优化设计提供理论参考。