High Temperature Superconductivity in the Past Twenty Years Part 2——Towards to Practical Applications

After discovering high temperature superconducting materials 20 years ago, the preparation of applicable HTS materials has been pursued along with HTS mechanism and characteristic study. At present, the focus on the applied HTS technology has been moving to the industrial preparations from the laboratory research stage, and the technology has been well verified for practical applications from small to large scales. The fabrication techniques of engineering HTS materials are being industrialized; and various HTS devices are also on the way towards practical applications. This paper provides a comprehensive summary on the applied high temperature superconductivity with regard to various applicable HTS materials, their preparation techniques and charac- terization, and applications in a wide range.

A Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Drive for HTS Maglev Transportation Systems

A permanent magnet linear synchronous motor （PMLSM） for a high temperature superconducting （HTS） maglev system has been studied, including the motor structure, control strategy, and analysis techniques. Finite element analysis （FEA） of magnetic field is conducted to accurately calculate major motor parameters. Equivalent electrical circuit is used to predict the drive＇s steady-state characteristics, and a phase variable model is applied to predict the dynamic performance. Preliminary experiment with a prototype has been made to verify the theoretical analysis and the HTS-PM synchronous driving technology.

Summary of the First Generation High Temperature Superconducting Wire: Processing, Characterization and Applications

Silver-clad （Bi,Pb）2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10＋x long wires produced by powder-in-tube techniques, which have been recognized as the first generation of the High Temperature Superconducting （HTS） wires, are expected to apply widely especially in strong current applications. In this work, the processing, characterization and application of the silver-clad （Bi,Pb）2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ol0＋x HTS wires are summarized. The HTS wires are fabricated using the combination of powder-in-tube technique, and the resulting wires are fully characterized by the means of chemical analyses, microstructural observation, electrical and magnetic measurements. The relationship among fabrication parameters, chemical and microstructural characteristics, and electrical and magnetic properties are analyzed. Applications of the HTS wires have also been introduced according to their strong current behaviors with various prototype devices made.

各向异性衬底上的高温超导(HTS)微带天线

分析了各向异性衬底上的高温超导微带天线特性。选取两种典型的高温超导各向异性介质———GaNdA lO3和SrLaA lO4作为高温超导微带天线的衬底,采用各向异性媒质中的谱域矩量法,对微带天线的输入阻抗和辐射效率进行了计算。计算和分析结果表明,高温超导衬底的各向异性特性会影响高温超导微带天线的性能,而且这种影响因衬底而异,同时,衬底特性随温度的变化也将影响天线的性能。

LabVIEW and PCI DAQ Card Based HTS Test and Control Platforms

This paper introduces the relevant parameters and related characteristics of the LabVIEW and PCI6221 data acquisition （DAQ） card, describes in detail the approach of building the measure and control platform of virtual instrument （VI） using LabVIEW and PCI6221, specifically discusses the system＇s application in high temperature superconductor （HTS） research including the test of HTS volt-ampere characteristics and the HTS magnetic energy storage. The experiments prove that the VI test and control system is easy to build and convenient to use.

Numerical modelling of high-temperature superconducting dynamos:A review

The high‐temperature superconducting(HTS)dynamo enables injection of large DC currents into a superconducting coil,without the need for thermally‐inefficient current leads.Because of this important advantage,there is significant interest in using such technology to energise superconducting coils in superconducting rotating machines and NMR/MRI magnets.Despite the extensive experimental work carried out over the past decade,there was–until very recently–considerable confusion and debate regarding the physical origin of the HTS dynamo’s DC output voltage.Numerical modelling has played a key role in elucidating the underlying physics of such devices and several different numerical models have now been developed as useful and cost‐effective tools to not only explain and further examine experimental results,but also optimise and improve dynamo designs.This review summarises all of the developments in this important area over recent years,including modelling the open‐circuit voltage behaviour in 2D and 3D,the definition of a new benchmark problem for the HTS modelling community,investigating key dynamo parameters,modelling dynamic coil charging behaviour and calculating losses.A view towards the future is provided,including the outstanding challenges and the developments required to address these.

A MAGNETO-MECHANICAL FULLY COUPLED MODEL FOR GIANT MAGNETOSTRICTION IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR

This paper presents a fully coupled model to account for the flux pinning induced giant magnetostriction in type-Ⅱ superconductors under alternating magnetic field The superconductor E-J constitutive law is characterized by power law where the critical current density is assumed to depend exponentially on the flux density. The governing equations of the two-field problem （i.e., the interactions of elastic and magnetic effects） are formulated in a two-dimensional model. The magnetostriction curves and magnetization loops are calculated over a wide range of parameters. The effects of applied magnetic field frequency f and amplitude B0 and critical current density on magnetostriction and magnetization are discussed. Results show that the critical current density of high temperature superconductor （HTS） YBCO has a significant effect on the magnetization and magnetostriction. The pinning-induced magnetostriction which has been observed in experiment can be qualitatively simulated by this model.

高温超导线圈的性能研究与应用进展

以铜基氧化物超导体为代表的高温超导材料,在液氮温度下将呈现特殊的超导性。使用铜基氧化物超导带材制作的高温超导超导线圈,具备无电阻、高载流、低重量等优势,因此在强磁体、限流器、储能、电机等领域得到广泛应用。由于超导线圈处于“力-电-磁”的复杂工作环境,需要对其机械性能、交流损耗、失超等进行研究。为此,本文综述和分析了高温超导线圈的研究和应用进展。

高温超导磁悬浮列车振动特性分析及其参数可行域研究

高温超导磁悬浮列车在运行时由于轨道不平顺和风阻等因素的影响,导致悬浮间隙发生改变,列车的悬浮力特性使其具有恢复到原平衡位置的能力,在恢复过程中引起了列车的振动,需要研究列车的自由振动行为。通过试验平台测试得到不同悬浮间隙下高温超导体和永磁轨道之间的悬浮力,构造悬浮力的经验公式,基于经验公式建立列车自由振动下的动力学模型。利用无量纲化方法对动力学模型进行处理得到弱非线性系统,利用多尺度法对弱非线性系统进行解析求解,将近似解析解与数值解进行对比验证其正确性。基于近似解析解得到自由振动时列车的位移和最大加速度表达式,研究系统参数比阻尼和比刚度对最大加速度的影响规律,研究表明最大加速度随着比阻尼和比刚度的增大而增大。基于磁悬浮列车安全性和舒适性标准,提出一种判断系统参数可行域的解析方法,研究表明可行域呈现近似的三角形区域,并处于三角形的内部。这些研究结果为该类型磁悬浮列车磁轨关系的参数设计提供依据。

高温超导运动磁场电磁Halbach初级结构直线感应磁悬浮电机

提出一种高温超导运动磁场电磁Halbach初级结构的直线感应磁悬浮电机,该电机通过在初级高温超导电磁Halbach绕组中通入三相交变电流产生运动的交变磁场,与其在次级导体中感应出的涡流磁场相互作用产生悬浮力和推进力。介绍了该电机的结构和原理,利用矢量磁位和边界条件对电磁Halbach阵列所产生的磁场进行解析计算,得到电机各部分磁通密度的表达式,建立电机的数学模型。通过研究分析,设计制造了一台铜绕组样机进行相关实验研究,验证解析计算的合理性。

高温超导材料与技术的发展及应用

近一个世纪以来,超导理论、超导材料和超导应用技术已经取得了重大的发展,尤其是新近发展的具有很高实用性能的高温超导(HTS)材料与技术,已开始从实验研究走向实际应用阶段．该文简要介绍了高温超导(HTS)材料的发现历史,阐述了HTS带材、块材和薄膜的制备工艺及特性,总结了HTS材料在强电和弱电领域中的应用发展现状．

基于IGBT开关的超导电感脉冲输出实验研究

为实现高温超导电感脉冲功率输出,在对多种断路开关特性比较的基础上,提出了基于IGBT开关的超导电感模块化脉冲输出方案。在该方案的基础上建成了一套基于IGBT开关的脉冲输出回路,利用实验室的高温超导磁体进行了一系列的试验,最终在负载上得到峰值约为40 A,上升沿约为200μs的单电感放电脉冲波形和多电感放电叠加的脉冲波形。试验结果表明,用IGBT作为断路开关控制磁体能量以实现脉冲功率输出的技术方案是可行的。

基于免疫算法的高温超导故障限流器Pareto多目标优化配置

针对高温超导故障限流器(high temperature superconductor-fault current limiter,HTS-FCL)的全网优化配置问题,提出了一种基于免疫算法的高温超导故障限流器Pareto多目标优化配置新方法。该方法综合考虑了限流器的成本和限流效果这2个优化目标。首先介绍了HTS-FCL的基本结构和原理,分析了安装高温超导故障限流器对原系统自阻抗的影响,提出了一种基于短路电流变化率的灵敏度计算方法,该方法可以缩小搜索空间,提高算法效率。然后分别建立了限流器成本评价子函数、限流效果评价子函数和多目标评价函数,制定了基于免疫算法的多目标Pareto优化算法流程,并在传统免疫算法的基础上提出了一种改进型的等成本倒位算子,通过仿真验证表明该算子较常规的免疫算法,能更好地收敛到最优解。最后以IEEE 39标准节点系统为例,实现了HTS-FCL的全网优化配置,验证了新方法的有效性,并求得了在综合考虑限流器成本和限流效果下的Pareto最优解集,设计者可以根据自己的意愿和实际情况在所求得的Pareto最优解集中选择合适的最优方案。

结构参数对高温超导直线感应电机电磁性能的影响

设计了一种新型高温超导直线感应电机,初级线圈为Bi-2223/Ag高温超导线圈,采用单层整距集中绕组结构排列。高温超导直线感应电机临界电流的大小主要由电机初级槽漏磁通密度决定,电磁力的大小主要由空气主磁通和次级感应板涡流决定。电机结构参数对电机磁场的分布影响很大。使用有限元法比较分析了恒流条件下电机槽宽、槽高和绕组匝数对电机稳态和瞬态电磁性能的影响,研究了电机结构参数对电机最大槽漏磁通密度、电机推力和电机垂向力的影响。

轴–径向磁通全超导同步电动机的磁场分析

为了简化传统超导电机的低温冷却系统,提出一种新型轴–径向磁通全超导同步电动机,分析该电机的结构特点和工作原理。利用三维有限元法计算了电机的空载磁场分布,对不同轴向超导励磁绕组下的磁场以及轴向磁路对径向磁路的影响进行分析,分析结果通过空载反电动势实验得到了验证。在样机结构基础上,提出一种新型转子结构方案,分析了2种转子结构下的气隙磁场,并对气隙磁密的谐波含量进行了比较,得出一些有益的结论,为该新型大容量电动机的优化设计和性能分析提供参考。

EAST纵场磁体系统16kA高温超导电流引线的研究

在全超导磁约束核聚变装置EAST中,采用高温超导电流引线将处于室温的电源连接处于超临界氦温区的超导磁体上。为降低实验过程中的运行成本,EAST装置中纵场磁体的电流引线采用混合式结构。电流引线测试结果表明引线符合设计要求。

300MJ环状高温超导储能磁体的优化设计

介绍了300M J环状高温超导储能磁体优化设计的步骤。为了提高优化设计的效率,减少常规寻优方法的计算量,将改进的粒子群优化算法引入到高温超导储能磁体的优化设计中,给出了用B i-2223超导线材进行300M J环状储能磁体设计的优化结果,并采用商用电磁场有限元分析软件ANSYS对本文关于环状螺线管系统磁场、能量计算方法的正确性进行了验证。

35kV超导电缆终端电流引线的绕包型绝缘设计

目前电流引线大多采用挤包型绝缘结构,为改进引线绝缘性能,提出对35kV超导电缆终端电流引线采用绕包型绝缘结构设计。选择了一种在低温条件下仍具有较好电气性能和机械性能的聚丙烯层压纸(LPP)对电流引线进行绕包,并等间距地加入铝箔作为电容屏以改善电流引线的电场分布。通过计算和仿真分析可知,加入4层铝箔对绝缘层电场分布的改善效果最为显著。电气性能测试表明该35kV电流引线完全符合电气性能要求。该绕包型绝缘设计的特点为:绝缘层可以骤冷,且不会遇低温开裂;改善了轴向与径向电场和绝缘层的抗电老化性能,提高了绝缘层的击穿电压。

35kJ高温超导储能磁体的优化设计

介绍了35kJ高温超导储能磁体的设计步骤。为了减少常规寻优方法的计算量,将加权粒子群优化算法(WPSO)引入到高温超导储能磁体的优化设计中,给出了用B i-2223超导线材进行35kJ储能磁体设计的优化结果,分析了高温超导线材的各向异性对磁体临界电流的影响,并比较了两种不同的单螺线管磁体结构在不同优化目标的情况下,超导线材用量和杂散磁场的分布的变化。

电力系统动模实验用50kJ高温超导储能磁体的设计研究

介绍了 2 0 K下对电力系统动模实验用 5 0 k J高温超导储能磁体的设计步骤 ,给出了用 Bi- 2 2 2 3单根超导带进行5 0 k J磁体线圈的设计和优化结果 ,分析了高温超导体的各向异性对磁体临界电流的影响和磁体漏磁的分布 ,并讨论了用单根高温超导带组成的超导体和用多根高温超导带组成的超导体设计的储能磁体的特性参数对改善电力系统动态特性的能力的影响。