Experimental investigation on using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with high water cut in enhanced oil recovery

CO_(2) emulsions used for EOR have received a lot of interest because of its good performance on CO_(2)mobility reduction.However,most of them have been focusing on the high quality CO_(2) emulsion(high CO_(2) fraction),while CO_(2) emulsion with high water cut has been rarely researched.In this paper,we carried out a comprehensive experimental study of using high water cut CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion for enhancing oil recovery.Firstly,a nonionic surfactant,alkyl glycosides(APG),was selected to stabilize CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion,and the corresponding morphology and stability were evaluated with a transparent PVT cell.Subsequently,plugging capacity and apparent viscosity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion were measured systematically by a sand pack displacement apparatus connected with a 1.95-m long capillary tube.Furthermore,a high water cut(40 vol%) CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion was selected for flooding experiments in a long sand pack and a core sample,and the oil recovery,the rate of oil recovery,and the pressure gradients were analyzed.The results indicated that APG had a good performance on emulsifying and stabilizing CO_(2) emulsion.An inversion from H_(2)O/CO_(2) emulsion to CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with the increase in water cut was confirmed.CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsions with lower water cuts presented higher apparent viscosity,while the optimal plugging capacity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion occurred at a certain water cut.Eventually,the displacement using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion provided 18.98% and 13.36% additional oil recovery than that using pure CO_(2) in long sand pack and core tests,respectively.This work may provide guidelines for EOR using CO_(2) emulsions with high water cut.

Optimization of Injection Parameters for Profile Control and Flooding in an Oilfield during High Water Cut Period

In order to improve the effect of water control and oil stabilization during high water cut period, a mathematical model of five point method well group was established with the high water cut well group of an Oilfield as the target area, the variation law of water cut and recovery factor of different injection parameters was analyzed, and the optimization research of injection parameters of polymer enhanced foam flooding was carried out. The results show that the higher the injection rate, the lower the water content curve, and the higher the oil recovery rate. As the foam defoamed when encountering oil, when the injection time was earlier than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the better the oil displacement effect would be. When the injection time was later than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the worse the oil displacement effect would be. The larger the injection volume, the lower the water content curve and the higher the recovery rate. After the injection volume exceeded 0.2 PV, the amplitude of changes in water content and recovery rate slowed down. The optimal injection parameters of profile control agent for high water content well group in Oilfield A were: injection rate of 15 m3/d, injection timing of 80% water content, and injection volume of 0.2 PV.

Ultrasonic method for measuring water holdup of low velocity and high-water-cut oil-water two-phase flow

Oil reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are in the middle and late exploitation periods in China＇s onshore oil fields are mostly in the high-water-cut production stage.This stage is associated with severely non-uniform local-velocity flow profiles and dispersed-phase concentration（of oil droplets） in oil-water two-phase flow,which makes it difficult to measure water holdup in oil wells.In this study,we use an ultrasonic method based on a transmission-type sensor in oil-water two-phase flow to measure water holdup in lowvelocity and high water-cut conditions.First,we optimize the excitation frequency of the ultrasonic sensor by calculating the sensitivity of the ultrasonic field using the finite element method for multiphysics coupling.Then we calculate the change trend of sound pressure level attenuation ratio with the increase in oil holdup to verify the feasibility of the employed diameter for the ultrasonic sensor.Based on the results,we then investigate the effects of oildroplet diameter and distribution on the ultrasonic field.To further understand the measurement characteristics of the ultrasonic sensor,we perform a flow loop test on vertical upward oilwater two-phase flow and measure the responses of the optimized ultrasonic sensor.The results show that the ultrasonic sensor yields poor resolution for a dispersed oil slug in water flow（D OS/W flow）,but the resolution is favorable for dispersed oil in water flow（D O/W flow） and very fine dispersed oil in water flow（VFD O/W flow）.This research demonstrates the potential application of a pulsed-transmission ultrasonic method for measuring the fraction of individual components in oil-water two-phase flow with a low mixture velocity and high water cut.

Wall Sticking of High Water-Cut, Highly Viscous and High Gel-Point Crude Oil Transported at Low Temperatures

Some crude oils with high water cut have the capability to flow below the oil gel point, while the oil particles adhere to the pipe wall in the form of paste, also called "wall sticking". Wall sticking is a serious problem during the pipeline transportation, leading to partial or total blockage of the pipeline and energy wastage. In this paper, a series of laboratory flow loop experiments were conducted to observe the wall sticking characteristics of crude oil with high water cut, high viscosity and high gel point at low transportation temperatures. The effects of shear stress and water cut on the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the wall sticking rate and occurrence temperature were lower under stronger shear stress and higher water cut conditions. A criterion of wall sticking occurrence temperature(WSOT) and a regression model of wall sticking rate were then established. Finally, the software was developed to calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines of crude oils with high water-cut. It was able to predict the wall sticking thickness of gelled oil and then calculate the pressure drop along the pipelines. A typical case study indicated that the prediction results obtained from the software were in agreement with actual measured values.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Application of New Water Flooding Characteristic Curve in the High Water-Cut Stage of an Oilfield

The oil production predicted by means of the conventional water-drive characteristic curve is typically affected by large deviations with respect to the actual value when the so-called high water-cut stage is entered.In order to solve this problem,a new characteristic relationship between the relative permeability ratio and the average water saturation is proposed.By comparing the outcomes of different matching methods,it is verified that it can well reflect the variation characteristics of the relative permeability ratio curve.Combining the new formula with a reservoir engineering method,two new formulas are derived for the water flooding characteristic curve in the high water-cut stage.Their practicability is verified by using the production data of Mawangmiao and Xijiakou blocks.The results show that the error between the predicted cumulative oil production and production data of the two new water drive characteristic curves is less than the error between the B-type water drive characteristic curve and the other two water drive characteristic curves.It is concluded that the two new characteristic curves can be used to estimate more accurately the recoverable reserves,the final recovery and to estimate the effects of water flooding.

A Method for Calculating Oil Field Relative Permeability Curve by Using Water Drive Characteristic Curve in High Water Cut Stage

With the production of strong bottom water reservoir, it will soon enter the ultra-high water cut stage. After entering the ultra-high water cut period, the main means of stable production is liquid extraction. Large liquid volume has a certain impact on the physical property distribution and fluid seepage law of the oilfield. The relative permeability curve measured according to the industry standard is not used for the prediction of development indicators and the understanding of the dynamic law of the oilfield. In order to understand the characteristics of water drive law in high water cut stage of water drive oilfield, starting from the water drive characteristic curve in high water cut stage, the method for calculating the relative permeability curve is deduced. Through numerical simulation verification and fitting the actual production data, it is confirmed that the obtained relative permeability curve is in line with the reality of the oilfield, It can provide some guiding significance for understanding the production law and water drive law of strong bottom water reservoir in ultra-high water cut stage.

Measurement of water holdup in oil-in-water emulsions in wellbores using microwave resonance sensor

In this study,we propose a new method for water holdup measurement of oil-in-water emulsions with a microwave resonance sensor(MRS).The angle and length of the electrode plate are optimized by HFSS simulation software.Using a vector network analyzer(VNA),a static calibration experiment is conducted,and the resonant frequency distribution of oil-in-water emulsions is analyzed within an 80%–100%water holdup range.In addition,we observe and analyze the micron-sized oil bubble structure in the emulsifi ed state with an optical microscope.On this basis,a dynamic experiment of oil-in-water emulsions with high water cut and low velocity in a vertical upward pipe is conducted.S_(21) response curves of the MRS are obtained by the VNA under diff erent working conditions in real time.Finally,we analyze the relationship between the resonant frequency and water cut.Experimental results show that the MRS has an average resolution of 0.096%water cut for high water cut oil-in-water emulsions within the frequency range of 2.2–2.8 GHz.

高含水油井关停后剩余油再富集速度研究

高含水断块油藏开发末期构造高部位油井在关井一段时间后,会产生剩余油再富集现象。目前关于剩余油再富集速度的研究中,对剩余油运移过程的影响因素考虑不够全面,影响计算精度。针对该问题,在对运移中剩余油再富集受力分析的基础上建立小油滴状和柱状剩余油再富集速度模型,通过正交试验确立2种剩余油再富集速度的主要敏感因素,并建立了2种剩余油再富集速度及再富集时间图版。研究结果表明:存在驱替压差时,储层渗透率为影响2种剩余油再富集速度的主控因素;当储层渗透率一定,驱替压差的增大和原油黏度的减小有利于2种剩余油再富集速度的增大;同一注采井距位置处的小油滴距离孔隙中滞留柱状剩余油越近,聚集过程中剩余油再富集时间越长,但数值上增加不多。该研究对高含水油藏剩余油再富集潜力区评价具有借鉴意义。

缓交联高强度封堵剂研究进展

综述了目前油田主要应用的封堵剂的发展情况,介绍了含水率较高的油田实施窜流封堵技术,分析了不同类型的深部封堵剂优劣特性及适用情况,总结和展望了未来缓慢交联的封堵剂技术的发展趋势。

江苏油田复杂小断块高含水油藏注采井网优化技术

江苏油田复杂小断块油藏经过长期的注水开发后,目前处于中高含水开发期。现阶段储层非均质性对注采井网的影响更加突出,局部存在低效无效注水循环问题,亟需优化调整注采井网。根据非均质油藏剩余油富集类型和影响因素,在原井网基础上,利用油藏数值模拟方法,开展相控条件下的注采井网优化技术政策研究。根据模拟结果,确立了抽稀井网和转注高含水油井两种注采井网优化技术的政策界限,指导陈2断块、韦2断块注采井网优化调整,取得了良好的应用效果,为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果提供了技术支撑。

海上高含水油井分段开采的选井方法应用研究

海上边底水油藏一旦见水会迅速进入高含水阶段,而分段开采可以达到抑制高含水和延长油井寿命的目的。因此,可利用分段开采机理模型对含水上升影响因素进行敏感性分析,研究高含水油井分段开采的选井方法依据,并利用数值模拟方法进行验证。结果表明:1)底水油藏水平井含水上升影响因素敏感性大小排序为黏度>高低渗级差>高渗条带比例>最大产液>高渗段渗透率。2)根据生产动态、水平段地质资料及邻井资料将海上底水油藏高含水水平井见水模式分为线性见水全面水淹、点状见水局部水淹和多点见水全面水淹,其中点状见水局部水淹模式可进行分段开采。以典型井A1为例,利用所建选井方法流程判断含水率曲线为线状见水特征,开井含水高,水平段渗透率分段特征明显,Ⅲ-1小层水淹程度较高,A1井跟部水淹严重,且由于第1套夹层遮挡,A1井趾部水淹程度较低,为点状见水模式局部水淹,符合分段开采特征。3)针对点状见水局部水淹水平井,采用分段开采进行稳油控水,利用数值模拟方法模拟预测,分段开采方案开发较不分段方案产油量和采收率得到显著提升,验证了选井方法及分段开采的适用性。提出的选井方法流程可为现场水平井分段开采选井研究提供方法依据。

海上油田“双高”阶段低效井综合治理研究

X油田是渤海典型的化学驱结束后续水驱油田,目前处于高含水及高采出程度的“双高”阶段,为解决开发生产过程中低产低效井逐渐增多且治理难度逐渐增加的问题,对油田储层沉积微相、地层物性参数、剩余油挖潜历程、开发方式转变、注采井网调整、增产措施影响等因素开展研究,分析低效井成因主要包括储层条件导致含水突升、井网不完善导致能量下降、过筛管压裂后采油井出砂等。针对不同成因低效井开展了分类治理研究,提出了区域流场调整、分层系开发、防砂筛管补贴等治理措施。20202021年矿场实践表明,对X油田12口低效井实施针对性的治理措施,单井平均高峰日增油达18 m^(3),预测治理有效期内将累增油21×10^(4)m^(3),该油田的低效井治理技术使油藏生产能力得到有效释放,为同类海上油田低效井治理提供了参考和借鉴。

渤海陆相砂岩油田高含水期整体加密调整技术现状及展望

渤海在生产陆相砂岩油田探明原油地质储量占渤海总探明原油地质储量超80%,目前主力油田均已进入高含水开发期,受海上平台丛式井网开发方式制约,持续稳产难度加大。为进一步改善油田开发效果、提高油田采收率,近10多年来攻关形成了油藏精细描述、剩余油定量评价、注采井网加密调整、纵向注采细分等4项整体加密调整关键技术,建立了两种海上陆相砂岩稠油油田立体井网开发模式,应用于绥中36-1、秦皇岛32-6等20多个在生产油田整体加密调整,共实施开发井超过1000口,主力油田采油速度提高1.5倍以上、采收率提高10个百分点以上。本文系统总结了渤海油田高含水期整体加密调整关键技术和实践认识,并对今后特高含水期开发技术发展进行了展望,对推动海上油田中长期持续稳产和高效开发具有重要借鉴意义。

一种高温高压井用小直径切割器设计及性能研究

针对高温高压小水眼油气井下管柱切割问题,设计了一种外径为Φ36 mm的小直径切割器,首次采用切割器两端同时起爆方式对钻杆进行切割,对其作用过程进行了仿真,并通过地面试验和井下试验对切割器的切割效果进行了验证。结果表明:该切割器能够在压力为95 MPa、温度为160℃的井下进行切割作业,实现对水眼大于等于Φ41 mm的多种规格钻杆的切割,且一次性切断钻杆,切割后切割装置接头无粘连、翻边小。本研究可为工程测井和油气资源的深层勘探开发提供技术支持。

基于卷积神经网络和迁移学习的特高含水油井生产预测

油井的实时生产监测对油田的辅助生产和精细化管理有重要意义。然而,针对仅有小样本生产数据、数据波动大且有缺失的特高含水期油井,传统的机器学习算法无法实现良好的生产预测。提出一种基于卷积神经网络和迁移学习的多任务生产预测方法。该方法不仅可以实现时间和空间上特征的自适应提取,还可以改善模型在小样本数据上的预测性能。结果表明:相比于基准模型,产液量和动液面的平均绝对误差分别降低31.26%和60.81%,决定系数分别提高1.89%和7.59%。基于迁移学习的MTCNN模型提高小样本数据油井的生产预测精度,实现了特高含水油井产液量和动液面的实时预测,对抽油机系统的效率优化、油井边缘设备智能化有参考意义。

国外中高渗透率高含水油田开发技术新进展

中高渗透率高含水油田一般位于成熟油区,具有地质认识清楚、配套设施完善、勘探成功率高、最小经济门槛低等优势。近年来,针对中高渗透率高含水油田采出程度高、产量递减速度快、井况问题严重、吨油生产碳排放量大等难题,国际石油公司着力技术创新和成本控制,在油藏模拟、油气工程、改善水驱、提高采收率等方面持续发力,不断取得新进展。如俄罗斯RFD公司开发的tNavigator油藏模拟平台实现了千万至十亿节点的模拟。水平井多级水力压裂、新型鱼骨刺井、超短半径水平井等油气工程技术促进了老油田增产稳产。智能水驱技术因其特有的经济性、环境友好性及高效性,引起广泛关注。纳米智能驱油技术有望解决聚驱提高采收率技术难以解决的波及效率低、费用高、储层伤害等问题。这些技术对国内中高渗透率高含水油田的持续开发具有积极的借鉴作用。

油田密井网条件下井震匹配构造表征技术及应用

特高含水老油田井网密,剩余油高效挖潜要求精细刻画构造在三维空间展布特征。在对油田资料信息特点、开发需求以及构造解释和构造建模两种方法在构造表征方面的优势与不足分析基础上,总结出井震匹配构造表征方法。方法包含不同井网井震标定及层位解释、断点落实及断层解释、动态信息断层检验、深度域断点二次组合、井震匹配断层建模,地震约束层位建模6个关键步骤,详细分析每个步骤中井震匹配的关键要素。该方法将地震资料空间识别构造特征的优势和井信息在构造表征中的定位、判别作用结合起来,对断层及微幅度构造进行准确描述。结果表明,采用该方法建立的构造模型精度高,对剩余油精准预测及挖潜有积极的指导作用。

特高含水油藏不同井网流场调整模拟与驱油效率

流场调整是注水开发油田特高含水后期挖掘剩余油的有效手段。注水开发油田进入高含水开发期后,油水井间逐步形成优势流场,注入水无效循环,降低油藏开发效果。根据流场调整的工作原理,利用Python语言进行编程,建立由标准行列式井网排列为基础的流场调整模型,并进行网格划分,分别将井网流场流线转变角度27°、45°,采用有限差分方法,对流场调整前后的优势流场范围进行二维数值模拟,得出九点法和五点法调整井网模拟显示驱油效率高,M形井网驱油效率相对较低,转流线调整45°效果较好。上述流场调整模拟效果对井网调整提高高含水油藏原油采收率具有一定参考价值。

水平井不均衡水淹挖潜对策研究

水驱油藏水平井见水时间迥异,水淹机理复杂,调整难度大,给水平井的高效开发带来一系列难题。高含水期水平井水淹问题的研究大多停留在水淹模式的定性识别,对矿场实际应用的指导性不强。以江苏油田已投入开发水平井为研究对象,基于水平井水淹程度定量评价,明确了不同类型水平井的水淹状况;通过开展岩心驱替实验,研究了水平井平面水驱规律和流场优化调整方式,以期为水平井开发提供借鉴。