High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace sla...High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.展开更多
The issue of concrete carbonation has gained importance in recent years due to the increase use in supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete mixtures. While there is general agreement that concrete carbonat...The issue of concrete carbonation has gained importance in recent years due to the increase use in supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete mixtures. While there is general agreement that concrete carbonation progresses at maximum at a relative humidity of about 60%, the rate may differ in the case of cements blended with SCMs, especially with high-volume fly ash replacements. In this study, the effect of high-volume fly ash concrete exposed to low ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions (57%) and accelerated carbonation (4% CO2) is investigated. Twenty-three concrete mixtures were produced varying in cementitious contents (310, 340, 370, and 400 kg/m3), water-to-cementitious materials ratio (0.45 and 0.50), and fly ash content (0%, 15%, 30%, and 50%) using a low and high-calcium fly ash. The specimens were allowed 1 and 7 days of moist curing and monitored for their carbonation rate and depth through phenolphthalein measurements up to 105 days of exposure. The accelerated carbonation test results indicated that increasing the addition of fly ash also led to increasing the depth of carbonation. Mixtures incorporating high-calcium fly ash were also observed to be more resistant against carbonation than low-calcium fly ash due to the higher calcium oxide (CaO) content. However, mixtures incorporating high-volume additions (50%) specimens were fully carbonated regardless of the type of fly ash used. It was evident that the increase in the duration of moist curing from 1 day to 7 days had a positive effect, reducing the carbonation depth for both plain and blended fly ash concrete mixes, however, this effect was minimal in high-volume fly ash mixtures. The results demonstrated that the water-to-cementitious ratio (W/CM) had a more dramatic impact on carbonation resistance than the curing age for mixtures incorporating 30% or less fly ash replacement, whereas those mixtures incorporating 50% showed minor differences regardless of curing age or W/CM. Based on the compressive strength results, carbonation depth appeared to decrease with increase in compressive strength, but this correlation was not significant.展开更多
粉煤灰由于含有钙镁等碱土金属氧化物导致其浆液呈碱性,直接充填井下采空区易污染地下水源。利用陕北矿区府谷电厂粉煤灰开展组分测试、浆液pH值特性测试及固碳降碱试验,基于浆液pH值与OH−浓度理论关系对粉煤灰固碳降碱反应过程进行阶...粉煤灰由于含有钙镁等碱土金属氧化物导致其浆液呈碱性,直接充填井下采空区易污染地下水源。利用陕北矿区府谷电厂粉煤灰开展组分测试、浆液pH值特性测试及固碳降碱试验,基于浆液pH值与OH−浓度理论关系对粉煤灰固碳降碱反应过程进行阶段划分并提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果表明:①粉煤灰含CaO、MgO、K_(2)O等碱土金属氧化物,溶于水浆液呈高碱特性,浆液pH值随浆液浓度增大而增大,当粉煤灰浆液质量分数≥30%时,浆液pH值不受质量分数影响且粉煤灰碱土金属氧化物与水反应生成OH−速率较快,溶于水20 min,OH^(−)浓度饱和;②粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化反应生成方解石型CaCO_(3),每1 kg粉煤灰可矿化封存29.57 g CO_(2);③粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化粉煤灰固碳降碱过程中pH变化曲线呈“倒S”型,按降pH速率分为慢速(Ⅰ)、快速(Ⅱ)、慢速(Ⅲ)3个阶段,3个阶段的pH值分界点分别为11.39、7~8且第I阶段无法消除;④降pH与降碱不是同一概念,降碱指的是降浆液中OH−浓度,降pH第I阶段对应快速降碱阶段,降pH第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段对应深度降碱阶段;⑤决定粉煤灰固碳量的主要为降pH第I阶段,而非pH下降速率较大的第Ⅱ阶段,第I阶段CO_(2)利用率约为30.78%,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段CO_(2)总利用率约为9.04%;⑥基于粉煤灰固碳降碱过程阶段划分及反应装置降碱速率、容积的差异性,提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果对分析粉煤灰固碳降碱机理,提高粉煤灰固碳降碱效率,促进粉煤灰处置工业化应用具有重要意义。展开更多
This study aimed at assessing the usefulness of carbon microfiber (CMF) in improving the compressive-toughness of sodium metasilicate-activated calcium aluminate/Class F fly ash foamed cement at hydrothermal temperatu...This study aimed at assessing the usefulness of carbon microfiber (CMF) in improving the compressive-toughness of sodium metasilicate-activated calcium aluminate/Class F fly ash foamed cement at hydrothermal temperatures of up to 300°C. When the CMFs came in contact with a pore solution of cement, their surfaces underwent alkali-caused oxidation, leading to the formation of metal (Na, Ca, Al)-complexed carboxylate groups. The extent of this oxidation was enhanced by the temperature increase, corresponding to the incorporation of more oxidation derivatives at higher temperatures. Although micro-probe examinations did not show any defects in the fibers, the enhanced oxidation engendered shrinkage of the interlayer spacing between the C-basal planes in CMFs, and a decline in their thermal stability. On the other hand, the complexed carboxylate groups present on the surfaces of oxidized fibers played a pivotal role in improving the adherence of fibers to the cement matrix. Such fiber/cement interfacial bonds contributed significantly to the excellent bridging effect of fibers, resistance to the cracks development and propagation, and to improvement of the post-crack material ductility. Consequently, the compressive toughness of the 85°-, 200°-, and 300°C-autoclaved foamed cements reinforced with 10 wt% CMF was 2.4-, 2.9-, and 3.1-fold higher than for cement without the reinforcement.展开更多
文摘High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.
文摘The issue of concrete carbonation has gained importance in recent years due to the increase use in supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete mixtures. While there is general agreement that concrete carbonation progresses at maximum at a relative humidity of about 60%, the rate may differ in the case of cements blended with SCMs, especially with high-volume fly ash replacements. In this study, the effect of high-volume fly ash concrete exposed to low ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions (57%) and accelerated carbonation (4% CO2) is investigated. Twenty-three concrete mixtures were produced varying in cementitious contents (310, 340, 370, and 400 kg/m3), water-to-cementitious materials ratio (0.45 and 0.50), and fly ash content (0%, 15%, 30%, and 50%) using a low and high-calcium fly ash. The specimens were allowed 1 and 7 days of moist curing and monitored for their carbonation rate and depth through phenolphthalein measurements up to 105 days of exposure. The accelerated carbonation test results indicated that increasing the addition of fly ash also led to increasing the depth of carbonation. Mixtures incorporating high-calcium fly ash were also observed to be more resistant against carbonation than low-calcium fly ash due to the higher calcium oxide (CaO) content. However, mixtures incorporating high-volume additions (50%) specimens were fully carbonated regardless of the type of fly ash used. It was evident that the increase in the duration of moist curing from 1 day to 7 days had a positive effect, reducing the carbonation depth for both plain and blended fly ash concrete mixes, however, this effect was minimal in high-volume fly ash mixtures. The results demonstrated that the water-to-cementitious ratio (W/CM) had a more dramatic impact on carbonation resistance than the curing age for mixtures incorporating 30% or less fly ash replacement, whereas those mixtures incorporating 50% showed minor differences regardless of curing age or W/CM. Based on the compressive strength results, carbonation depth appeared to decrease with increase in compressive strength, but this correlation was not significant.
文摘粉煤灰由于含有钙镁等碱土金属氧化物导致其浆液呈碱性,直接充填井下采空区易污染地下水源。利用陕北矿区府谷电厂粉煤灰开展组分测试、浆液pH值特性测试及固碳降碱试验,基于浆液pH值与OH−浓度理论关系对粉煤灰固碳降碱反应过程进行阶段划分并提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果表明:①粉煤灰含CaO、MgO、K_(2)O等碱土金属氧化物,溶于水浆液呈高碱特性,浆液pH值随浆液浓度增大而增大,当粉煤灰浆液质量分数≥30%时,浆液pH值不受质量分数影响且粉煤灰碱土金属氧化物与水反应生成OH−速率较快,溶于水20 min,OH^(−)浓度饱和;②粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化反应生成方解石型CaCO_(3),每1 kg粉煤灰可矿化封存29.57 g CO_(2);③粉煤灰与CO_(2)发生矿化粉煤灰固碳降碱过程中pH变化曲线呈“倒S”型,按降pH速率分为慢速(Ⅰ)、快速(Ⅱ)、慢速(Ⅲ)3个阶段,3个阶段的pH值分界点分别为11.39、7~8且第I阶段无法消除;④降pH与降碱不是同一概念,降碱指的是降浆液中OH−浓度,降pH第I阶段对应快速降碱阶段,降pH第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段对应深度降碱阶段;⑤决定粉煤灰固碳量的主要为降pH第I阶段,而非pH下降速率较大的第Ⅱ阶段,第I阶段CO_(2)利用率约为30.78%,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段CO_(2)总利用率约为9.04%;⑥基于粉煤灰固碳降碱过程阶段划分及反应装置降碱速率、容积的差异性,提出两级耦合的粉煤灰高效矿化方法。研究结果对分析粉煤灰固碳降碱机理,提高粉煤灰固碳降碱效率,促进粉煤灰处置工业化应用具有重要意义。
文摘This study aimed at assessing the usefulness of carbon microfiber (CMF) in improving the compressive-toughness of sodium metasilicate-activated calcium aluminate/Class F fly ash foamed cement at hydrothermal temperatures of up to 300°C. When the CMFs came in contact with a pore solution of cement, their surfaces underwent alkali-caused oxidation, leading to the formation of metal (Na, Ca, Al)-complexed carboxylate groups. The extent of this oxidation was enhanced by the temperature increase, corresponding to the incorporation of more oxidation derivatives at higher temperatures. Although micro-probe examinations did not show any defects in the fibers, the enhanced oxidation engendered shrinkage of the interlayer spacing between the C-basal planes in CMFs, and a decline in their thermal stability. On the other hand, the complexed carboxylate groups present on the surfaces of oxidized fibers played a pivotal role in improving the adherence of fibers to the cement matrix. Such fiber/cement interfacial bonds contributed significantly to the excellent bridging effect of fibers, resistance to the cracks development and propagation, and to improvement of the post-crack material ductility. Consequently, the compressive toughness of the 85°-, 200°-, and 300°C-autoclaved foamed cements reinforced with 10 wt% CMF was 2.4-, 2.9-, and 3.1-fold higher than for cement without the reinforcement.
