Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain.Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required.To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI)for winter wheat production,field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015.Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI),micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1)and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2)increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%,respectively,while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%.Regardless of the rainfall pattern,MSI(i.e.,MSI1 or MSI2)either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield,while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%,compared to TFI.Applying the same volumes of irrigation water,MSI(i.e.,MSI3,micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water)increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%,respectively,compared to TFI.Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time,it reduced soil layer compaction,and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer,which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period.In conclusion,MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%compared to TFI,and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Optimizing water-saving irrigation schemes for rice(Oryza sativa L.)using DSSAT-CERES-Rice model

Rice is one of the major crops in China,and enhancing the rice yield and water use efficiency is critical to ensuring food security in China.Determining how to optimize a scientific and efficient irrigation and drainage scheme by combining existing technology is currently a hot topic.Crop growth models can be used to assess actual or proposed water management regimes intended to increase water use efficiency and mitigate water shortages.In this study,a CERES-Rice model was calibrated and validated using a two-year field experiment.Four irrigation and drainage treatments were designed for the experiment:alternate wetting and drying(AWD),controlled drainage(CD),controlled irrigation and drainage for a low water level(CID1),and controlled irrigation and drainage for a high water level(CID2).According to the indicators normalized root mean square error(NRMSE)and index of agreement(d),the calibrated CERES-Rice model accurately predicted grain yield(NRMSE=6.67%,d=0.77),,shoot biomass(NRMSE=3.37%,d=0.77),actual evapotranspiration(ETa)(NRMSE=3.83%,d=0.74),irrigation volume(NRMSE=15.56%,d=0.94),and leaf area index(NRMSE=9.69%,d=0.98)over 2 a.The calibrated model was subsequently used to evaluate rice production in response to the four treatments(AWD,CD,CID1,and CID2)under 60 meteorological scenarios which were divided into wet years(22 a),normal years(16 a),and dry years(22 a).Results showed that the yield of AWD was the largest among four treatments in different hydrological years.Relative to that of AWD,the yield of CD,CID1,and CID2 were respectively reduced by 5.7%,2.6%,8.7%in wet years,9.2%,2.3%,8.6% in normal years,and 9.2%,3.8%,3.9% in dry years.However,rainwater use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were the greatest for CID2 in different hydrological years.The entropy-weighting TOPSIS model was used to optimize the four water-saving irrigation schemes in terms of water-saving,labor-saving and high-yield,based on the simulation results of the CERES-Rice model in the past 60 a.These results showed that CID1 and AWD were optimal in the wet years,CID1 and CID2 were optimal in the normal and dry years.These results may provide a strong scientific basis for the optimization of water-saving irrigation technology for rice.

川渝地区农业绿色高效用水科技攻关方向与对策建议

川渝地区农业种植面积大、从业人员多、产业份额大、战略意义强,但该地区长期面临严重的季节性干旱和工程性缺水,且农业绿色高效用水发展水平与经济发展、区域地位并不匹配,需提高农业节水抗旱减灾保产能力和水资源利用效率,推动川渝现代节水农业高质量发展。总结了川渝地区农业用水现状和高水效农业发展面临的问题,分析了该地区农业绿色高效用水的实际需求,在此基础上提出开展川渝农业绿色高效用水关键科技项目攻关、构建农业绿色高效用水专家智库、构建西南季节性干旱区农业绿色高效用水技术体系、建设特色水果产业节水科技创新中心、建立川渝农业绿色高效用水产业联盟等一系列对策建议。

高密度栽培条件下灌水量对河西灌区玉米群体质量及水分利用效率的影响

提高种植密度是玉米产量持续增长的重要措施,探讨高密度栽培下的合理灌溉定额对保障玉米高产及水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。2023年4—10月在河西灌区张掖节水农业试验站开展田间试验,研究高密度栽培条件下不同灌水量(270.0、390.0、510.0、630.0 mm)对玉米群体质量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,玉米的干物质量、产量呈增加趋势,高灌水量(630.0 mm)下的干物质量和产量均最高,中等灌水量(510.0 mm)下干物质量、产量分别高达32013.36、16000.31 kg/hm2,仅比高灌水量处理分别低2.89%、3.13%,而在390.0、270.0 mm灌水量下显著降低。各处理的光合势、生长速率随生育进程的推进先增加后降低,其中吐丝期后20 d达到最大,且随灌水量增加而增大;吐丝期后20 d至灌浆中期,510.0、390.0 mm灌水量下的光合势下降幅度为0.38%、2.40%,生长速率下降幅度为26.16%、30.19%,均低于高灌水量处理和低灌水量(270.0 mm)处理。玉米水分利用效率随灌水量、耗水量增加先上升后下降,390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理下水分利用效率分别为26.21、25.14 kg/(hm2·mm),差异不显著;而产量最高的高灌水量处理及耗水量最低的低灌水量处理仅为22.77、23.98 kg/(hm2·mm),均低于390.0、510.0 mm灌水量处理。综合考虑玉米产量与水分利用效率等指标,在种植密度为11.70万株/hm2条件下,510.0 mm为玉米生育期适宜灌水量,可实现增产节水目标。

京郊山区果园高效灌溉技术研究与应用

北京地区有大量的山区果园,分布在京郊西南部、北部与东北部,与平原区果园相比,山区果园的地形一般较为复杂,地形存在落差,存在大量的坡地且坡度较大,果园灌溉的供水条件较差等特征。文章结合切身的技术服务工作,以房山区佛子庄乡东班各庄村北山坡苹果园为对象,通过采集果园地理信息数据,现场踏勘,工程测绘,结合果树生长状况及实际管理措施等,从果园高效节水灌溉技术适宜性选配出发,应对山坡地形变化引起压力不均匀变异进行压力补偿,面向复杂地形地质条件,开展水肥药一体化灌溉系统集成,是山坡高效灌溉技术推广的关键。

新疆灌区农业节水发展现状与对策建议

水是新疆可持续发展的生命线,也是新疆农业发展的瓶颈。农业是新疆用水大户,占经济社会总用水量的90%以上,南疆农业用水占比更高。新疆节水潜力重点在农业,农业节水是新疆经济社会可持续发展的根本出路。为提高新疆农业水资源利用效率,促进农业高质量发展,本文梳理回顾了新疆灌区农业节水发展历程,分析了农业节水发展现状及存在问题,结合新时期国家对新疆农业发展的新定位、新要求,提出了大力发展适水型现代农业、加大高效节水工程建设、持续推进降盐节水、加强数字化灌区建设、加强农业节水宣传培训、健全农业节水服务体系等对策建议,以期为新疆现代农业可持续发展和保障国家粮棉油安全提供有力支撑。

滴灌条件下施氮量对不同氮效率水稻品种物质积累及养分吸收的影响

研究滴灌条件下施氮量对不同氮效率品种关键生育时期干物质积累和氮素吸收转运及产量的影响,为干旱半干旱区滴灌水稻高产高效生产提供技术参考。试验于2021—2022年开展,以氮高效品种(T-43)和氮低效品种(LX-3)为供试材料,采用裂区设计;设置4个施氮水平,分别为N0(0 kg hm^(-2))、N1(150 kg hm^(-2))、N2(300 kg hm^(-2))和N3(450 kg hm^(-2))。分析滴灌水稻在抽穗期和成熟期干物质积累、氮素吸收利用及产量对施氮量的响应差异。结果表明:(1)施用氮肥可以增加滴灌水稻干物质积累量(1.99%~26.02%)和氮素积累量(25.67%~97.69%),提高水稻产量(23.75%~66.75%);但过量施氮(450 kg hm^(-2))会减小对干物质积累的促进作用,导致结实率和穗粒数下降,使氮素主要集中在秸秆中,最终降低水稻对氮素的利用效率。(2)在同一施氮条件下,T-43的有效穗数、结实率、抽穗期叶片和穗部干物质及氮素积累量均高于LX-3(分别为1.65%~5.19%、0.42%~8.47%、7.61%~19.68%、19.81%~40.73%、19.81%~30.23%和20.14%~49.65%),最终产量高于LX-3(4.23%~28.47%)。(3)氮素利用效率对施氮量的响应存在品种间差异(P<0.05)。与LX-3相比,T-43有更高的氮肥农学利用效率、氮素回收率和氮肥偏生产力(分别高1.05%~25.23%、5.86%~20.05%和10.09%~18.01%)。综上所述,在滴灌栽培条件下,选用氮高效品种(T-43),配施300 kg hm^(-2)氮肥表现出更佳的氮素吸收转运能力和更高的产量,能更好地利用养分资源,是本试验最佳的品种和施氮量组合方式。

不同灌溉方式下无花果需水规律及作物需水量预报

探究不同灌溉方式下无花果需水规律及作物需水量的预报对无花果生产具有重要的研究和指导意义。根据广东省水利重点科研基地2022年5月至2023年12月的无花果种植数据,分析不同灌水方式下无花果需水规律,推求作物系数曲线,结合Hargreaves-Samani模型和单作物系数法,基于公共天气预报进行无花果需水量预报。结果表明:不同灌水方式中沟灌的需水量最大,2023年日均需水量为2.44mm/d,其次是喷灌和地面滴灌,日均需水量分别为2.23mm/d和2.04mm/d,地下滴灌需水量最小,为1.92mm/d,5-9月为无花果需水旺盛期。采用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的单作物系数法推求出试验站无花果Kc作物系数曲线,作物系数地下滴灌<地面滴灌<喷灌<沟灌。气温预报精度较高,最低气温的预报精度优于最高气温的预报精度。经过率定的Hargreaves-Samani模型具有良好的ET0预报精度,相关系数平均值可达0.86。4种灌溉方式无花果作物需水量预报精度低于ET0预报,相关系数范围为0.68~0.74。无花果作物需水量预报模型可以提供未来两周内的无花果需水量,为灌溉决策者提供信息,有利于农民提前安排水资源的分配。

山东省高水效农业发展对策研究

高水效农业是一种精准、高效、科学的新型农业用水体系,发展高水效农业,对缓解农业用水紧缺、保障粮食安全意义重大。本文基于山东省农业节水现状,深入探讨高水效农业概念,指出山东省发展高水效农业存在的主要问题,并提出对策措施,可为新时期更高效率、更高标准的节水农业发展提供参考。

一种农业自动化灌溉系统的高效能设计研究

以进一步提升农业自动化灌溉系统的作业效率为研究目标,选取其核心结构组件布局作为研究对象,基于通信控制优化理念展开高效能设计研究。结合自动化灌溉系统的运行机理,从通信网络架构分层角度入手,建立灌溉系统参数计算处理模型。针对系统软件控制和硬件配置完成优化,选定灌溉作物进行灌溉试验,结果表明:此通信网络架构理念下的控制优化布局,可实现灌溉系统的响应准确率与决策准确率同步提升,系统运行稳定有效;整体系统的灌溉效率可达94.55%,满足智能化灌溉控制设计要求,具有很好的应用推广价值。研究结果对于灌溉系统向智能化精准化提升有较好的启示意义。

高标准农田项目的高效节水灌溉技术研究

对于不同行业及领域来说,农业是其发展基础,同样是产业结构里的关键类型,而且农业发展方面的工作依旧在进一步落实,不同地区的政府都对农业发展给予了高度的关注和扶持,高标准农田项目建设同样在逐渐推进,在此过程中,文章针对龙门镇高效节水灌溉技术进行了研究。

华南双季稻低碳高产栽培技术研究进展

分析了华南双季稻田CH4和N2O排放量,从低碳品种筛选、节水减排灌溉、化肥减量增效等方面介绍了华南双季稻低碳高产关键技术及其集成应用情况。综述了华南双季稻低碳高产栽培技术研究的主要进展、存在问题和今后工作重点。华南双季稻低碳高产栽培技术节水节肥、减排控污、增产增收,实现了低碳与高产的协调,应用前景好。目前,该技术主要存在可用品种少、种植模式单一、推广难度大等问题;今后,在加大政策支持的同时,亟需加强品种筛选、模式集成、基础理论等方面的研究,以确保国家粮食安全,实现碳达峰碳中和的目标。

高低畦种植模式下水氮耦合对冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响

高低畦种植是在生产实践中摸索出的一套节水增产的冬小麦种植模式,尽管已被山东省列为农业主推技术,但由于建立时间尚短,其背后机理研究仍较薄弱,很大程度上制约了该模式的完善与推广应用。为探索高低畦冬小麦最佳的水氮管理制度,于2020—2022年开展田间试验,设置3个灌水定额(W1:120 mm、W2:90 mm、W3:60 mm)和3个施氮水平(N1:300 kg/hm^(2)、N_(2):240 kg/hm^(2)、N3:180 kg/hm^(2)),以水氮充足的平作种植为对照(CK,灌水定额120 mm,施氮量300 kg/hm^(2)),测定了不同生育期土壤含水率、成熟期地上部生物量和产量,并计算了麦田耗水量、水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和净利润等指标。结果表明:(1)与平作种植相比,高低畦种植的麦田耗水量无明显差异,但冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和净利润分别提高14.8%~17.6%、15.9%~16.9%、14.8%~17.6%和58.9%~112.6%,说明高低畦种植模式具有增产与节水有机统一的良好潜力。(2)灌水水平和施氮水平均对高低畦种植麦田耗水量产生极显著影响(P<0.01);高低畦种植模式的产量、地上部生物量、水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和净利润的水氮耦合效应明显;W2N2与W1N1产量差异不显著(P>0.05),而水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力也显著增加(P<0.05);说明适量节水减氮不会显著降低产量,且可获得较高的水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力。二元二次回归分析得出,当耗水量为536.3~559.4 mm(灌水定额为99.2~115.4 mm),施氮量246.5~299.4 kg/hm^(2)时,可以使高低畦种植模式冬小麦产量、水分利用效率和净利润的综合效益最大化。研究为冬小麦高低畦种植模式下水氮优化管理策略的构建提供理论依据和技术支撑。

高效节水灌溉工程的设计与研究

以某高效节水灌溉工程为例,通过节水灌溉方案、滴灌方案、水源方案的比选,确定最佳灌溉方案。根据工程实际情况,设计灌溉系统、管网结构,同时对灌水器选型、系统设计流量及扬程确定进行分析。最后对首部枢纽工程设计进行详细阐述。

农业高效节水灌溉技术在蔬菜种植中的应用

我国农业灌溉用水利用率低一直困扰着广大农户,特别是蔬菜开花期与结果期,需水量大,为确保产量,必须灌溉。灌溉方法不当,灌溉水利用率会下降。本文以番茄为例,采用农业高效节水灌溉技术中使用频率较高的滴灌灌溉技术和渗灌灌溉技术,并结合高、中、低灌水下限,分析农业高效节水灌溉技术与灌水下限对番茄生长过程中株高、茎粗、根系生长情况及果实产量的影响,以期为更加适宜蔬菜种植的农业高效节水灌溉技术的研发提供参考。

现代节水型灌区建设探索与实践——以镫口灌区为例

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农业水利灌溉技术的应用是推进乡村振兴的有效途径。剖析高效节水灌溉技术的应用意义,对节水措施在农业水利灌溉工程中存在的问题进行具体分析,并从有效宣传树立节水意识、建立健全水资源监管体制、科学规划可供水资源分配等方面提出解决措施。